CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the study

Adolescents are individuals who biologically go through physical transition, changes in their

abilities to think abstractly also multi-dimensionally, and socially get prepare for adult roles

(Arnett, 2007). These individuals are one sixth of the world’s population with a substantial

proportion of global disease and injury burden leading to grave danger (World Health

Organization, 2019). A considerable fraction of individuals’ morbidity and mortality is

attributable to communicable diseases, which was associated with inadequate sanitary conditions

and poor hygiene practices globally (World Health Organization, 2009; Omidvar & Begum,

2010).

Millions of individuals specifically children who are among the vulnerable populations were at

risk of suffering from water, sanitation, and hygiene-related diseases (UNICEF, 2015).

UNESCO/UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank (2000); United Nations Children’s Fund (2012); and

World Health Organization (2012) submitted that health and health related issues are prevalent

among adolescents in low-income countries, which was relatively due to adolescents’ needs. The

disease burden trends which are significantly high in developing countries showed that about

62% and 31% of all mortalities were identified in Africa and Southeast Asia respectively (Curtis,

Danquah, & Aunger, 2009; World Health Organization, 2009b). The rising diseases associated

with poor personal hygiene practices were more apparent in the slum areas due to high

population density, spread of respiratory infection, inadequate water supply, lack of sanitary

facility, diarrhoea and warm infestation, inadequate nutrition leading to anaemia, malnutrition

and vitamin deficiency (Raghava, 2005; Ilesanmi, 2016).

1
However, the most common diseases associated with poor personal hygiene comprise diarrhoeal

diseases, skin diseases, worm infestations and dental diseases. Although, the major is infections,

the primary causes include contaminated water and poor sanitation, as well as poor hygienic

practices. This lack of personal hygiene along with poor sanitation facilitates person-to-person

transmission of infection. Infection and malnutrition form a vicious circle and retard children’s

physical development (Sarkar, 2013). The recurrent attacks of infections repeatedly compound

the existing poor health of adolescents, which could result in death (Department of Drinking

Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, & Government of India, 2004). The conditions

even worsen mostly among slum community with poor socio-economic condition and

compromised living situation. The origins of many of the illnesses of adulthood also have their

roots in the health behaviours of childhood and adolescence. In addition, majority of the

adolescent illnesses are preventable through the promotion of hygienic practices (Sarkar, 2013).

More so, poor personal hygiene results to various health conditions comprising halitosis,

tonsillitis, throat infection, viral hepatitis specifically like hepatitis A & E, cholera, typhoid,

diarrheal diseases & food poisoning, cold, influenza, and sinusitis. In addition, lower respiratory

tract infection, ear discharge, boils, dental carries, periodontal diseases, dandruff, lice infestation,

scabies, ring worm, fungal infection, boils and many others (Walvekar, Naik, Wantamutte, &

Mallapur, 2006; Motakpalli, Indupalli, Sirwar, Jayaalakshmi, Bendigeri, & Jamadar, 2013;

Chaudhari, Mansuri, Singh, & Talsania, 2015; Gupta, Sharma, Sharma, & Meena, 2016).

According to Kumwenda (2019) hygiene is a condition or practice conducive to promoting

health and preventing the transmission of diseases or infections. The hygiene practices focus on

the prevention of disease through cleaning as one of the several involvements. Al-Rifaai, Al

Haddad and Qasem (2018) submitted that personal hygiene refer to the practice of maintaining

2
cleanliness and promoting and preserving body health. Personal hygiene comprises set of healthy

practices either inherited or deliberately learnt during various phases of individual’s life. Either

everyone develops hygienic practices and standards taught to them or learnt by themselves

(Mangal, Varghese, & Chauhan, 2019). Mostly, the need of personal hygiene practice is to

prevent or reduce the incidence and spread of communicable diseases. Adequate personal

hygiene practices are the fundamentals for the formation of a healthy community as well as

adolescents’ survival and development (Kumwenda, 2019; Mangal, Kumar, Varghese, &

Chauhan, 2019).

The adage that, “Health is Wealth‟ turns out to be a reality only where good personal hygiene

practices are followed by all the members of the society, right from person to family and other

bigger segments of the society. The level of personal hygiene of an individual is the cumulative

effect of his or her own efforts to be neat and clean both externally and internally (Mangal,

Kumar, Varghese, & Chauhan, 2019). Study showed that the practice of personal hygiene could

maintain high standard of care by individuals who are aware of the importance of personal

hygiene. It is important that adolescents practice personal hygiene to improve their health, which

will enable them, learn, live, grow and play their respective roles effectively in their various

communities (World Health Organization, 2014).

A fundamental strategy in promoting personal hygiene among adolescents is to engage in needs

assessment first of all, relating to the attitude, practice and factors influencing personal hygiene,

which could be a baseline information for intervention. Herein, lays the foundation of this study.

3
1.2. Statement of the problem

Poor personal hygiene currently in Nigeria is a public health problem associated with detrimental

health outcomes and it is one of the major problems in the country. A study conducted among

secondary school students in Ile- Ife, Nigeria, reported that more than 1.5 million children die

annually due to poor hygiene related problems and also that poor personal hygiene contribute to

cross transmission of microorganisms, gum infections, increased rate of infectious illnesses,

incidence of food borne outbreaks and reproductive tract infections (Ilesanmi, 2016). Some years

ago there was regular inspection of adolescents’ hygiene mostly in schools, which recently is no

longer a common practice (Olaseha, Schridar, & Babatola, 2003).

Recently, a study conducted, which aimed was to determine the knowledge, perception and

practices of personal hygiene among senior secondary schools in Ibadan North West Local

Government Area (LGA), reported that a considerable number of respondents engaged in bad

personal hygiene practices (73.8%). In addition, the study reported that barriers to control

infectious diseases in the community comprise inadequate sanitation, lack of knowledge about

the biology, ecology of some microbiology causing the diseases, and unfriendly environments

(Balogun, 2015). It is on this premise that the present study aim to assess the attitude towards

personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government,

Oyo State.

1.3. General objective

The broad objective of this study focuses on assessing the attitude and practice of personal

hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo

State.

4
1.4. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study will include the followings:

1. To determine the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu

Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State.

2. To assess the level personal hygiene practice among adolescents of Yemetu Community in

Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State.

3. To ascertain the factors influencing personal hygiene practice among adolescents of

Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State.

1.5. Research questions

The research questions of the study will include the followings:

1. What is the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community

in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State?

2. What is the level of personal hygiene practice among adolescents of Yemetu Community

in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State?

3. What are the factors influencing the practice of personal hygiene among adolescents of

Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State?

1.6. Hypotheses of the study

The hypotheses of the study are as follow:

H1: There was no significance association between sex and attitude towards personal hygiene

among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State.

H2: There was no significant association between age and practice of personal hygiene among

adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

5
 1.7. Significance of the study

The findings from this study, attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents was of

immense benefits to the future populace in the following ways:

I. It would form a baseline information in the design of community interventions targeted at

improving and promoting hygiene practices among adolescents in the community. More

so, equipping them with relevant knowledge as well as skill for taking responsibilities of

their health.

II. It would make available the gap in knowledge, attitude and inadequate practices, which

subsequent research work could use to explore.

III. It will reduce morbidity and mortality rate among adolescents.

IV. It would also ultimately aid policy formulation and implementation by different agencies

as it relates to behavioural prevention and control personal hygiene practice related

conditions in Nigeria, in order to promote adolescents health.

1.8. Delimitation of study

This study term of reference will cover the following areas:

 Personal hygiene

 Attitude towards personal hygiene

 Adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State.

 Self-structured questionnaire as an instrument for data collection.

 Statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) for data analysis.

 Use of trained research assistants.

6
1.9. Limitation of the study

This study encountered the following limitations such as the difficulty of getting responses from

the respondents and retrieval of the filled instruments on time. The challenge of inadequate

resources such as fund because this was self-sponsored

1.10. Operational definition of terms

Personal hygiene: Referred to those practices performed by an individual to care for one's

bodily health and well-being, through cleanliness.

Attitude: This refers to the behaviours students put up towards substance abuse

Practice: A normal way of operation, behaviour and performance

Adolescents: Young people in the process of developing from childhood into adulthood.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction

This chapter will focus on relevant literature under the following sub-headings:

 Conceptual framework for the study

 Theoretical framework of the study

 Conceptual review

Personal hygiene

Attitude

 Empirical review

Attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents

Practice of personal hygiene among adolescents

Factors influencing personal hygiene by adolescents

 Appraisal of reviewed literatures

8
2.1. Conceptual framework for the study

DEPENDENT
VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Fig 2.1. Conceptual framework of the study (Source: Wekpa, 2019)

Conceptual framework of the study

The conceptual framework for this study explains the ground whereby this study is

conducted and the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. Attitude

one of the key contributing factor for behavioural modification, in this study if the adolescents’

perceived attitude towards personal hygiene is positive it could predict the prevalence of such

9
behaviour. The independent variables include attitude, practice and factors influencing personal

hygiene, while dependent variable comprise practice of personal hygiene.

2.2. Theoretical framework

Theoretical framework has to do with models connected to the variables of study and pointing

out how such form the support on which the study should be centred (Nwankwo, 2013).

Reviewing relevant model that underlie this study. This study adopts behavioural model, which

is the Health Belief Model.

2.1.1. Health Belief Model

The basis of this theory is that actions are grounded on an individual’s intentions and behaviours

(Tarkang & Zotor, 2015). In the bit to promote effectiveness of health education programmes

public health researchers began constructing psychological models dated around 1950s

(Hochbaum, 1958; I. M. Rosenstock, 1966; Tarkang & Zotor, 2015). Demographic

characteristics involving socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity, and age were associated with

preventive health-related behaviour patterns, which is the patterns of behaviour predictive of

differences in morbidity and mortality, as well as differential use of health services (Rosenstock

1974).

According to Kimbi (2013), Becker and Rosenstock proposed HBM in 1958, which was an effort

to understand why several individuals failed to take advantage of the free screenings programme

made available for them. This theory suggests that person’s beliefs about health issues, perceived

benefits of action and barriers to action and self-efficacy exposed either engagement or lack of it

in health-promoting behaviour. A motivation, which could be signal to action, must also be

present in order to activate the health-promoting behaviour (Carpenter, 2010; Rosenstock, 1974).

10
The postulation of the theory basically, is that young children will adhere to health promoting

behaviours if they believe and are convinced that these behaviours will reduce either their

tendency to severity of diseases, and if they believe that the benefits of exercising the behaviour

overshadows the barriers to performance. For example, the theory pictures that adolescents with

poor personal hygiene practice will seek for help if their actions seem life threatened (Kimbi,

2013).

11
Fig 2.1. The Health Belief Model (Source: Laurenhan, 2013)

The theory has primarily four key constituents involving perceived susceptibility, perceived

severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. Perceived susceptibility, which is

adolescents’ estimation of the probability of poor personal hygiene being more complicated.

Perceived severity infers that the adolescents’ perception of how severe the health and social

consequences of poor personal hygiene would be (Kimbi, 2013). Perceived benefits are the

positive outcomes that the individual believes will happen due to the exercise of healthy

behaviour. For instance, if an adolescent believes that adhering to healthy or adequate personal

12
hygiene will improve his/her health and will ensure him/her a quality life as well as others.

He/she will seek the ways of promoting such behaviour. Perceived barriers are factors that made

it difficult for adolescents not to adhere to healthy behaviour (Kimbi, 2013). Factors, which

could include poor parenting, single parent, poverty, unfavourable environment etc. It is

significant to note that the vulnerability, severity, benefits and barriers all will refer to the

adolescents’ perceptions that may or may not be accurate. For example, adolescent may under

estimate the probability of a poor personal hygiene becoming severe or complicated, and he may

overestimate the barriers of preventing him/her from expressing a health promoting behaviour

(Kimbi, 2013).

Relevance of the health belief model to the present study

The focus of the HBM is on adolescents’ perception of susceptibility to complications arising

from the disease condition, and perception of the relative benefits and barriers to the healthy

behaviour. Therefore, the objective of interventions is to modify the adolescents’ unreasonable

perceptions towards poor personal hygiene. For instance, if an adolescent believes that he/she is

not at risk of preventable consequences by adhering to healthy behaviour, the goal of health

education would be to inform him/her of the potential risk of complications if they do not adhere

to positive and adequate personal hygiene behaviour. If he/she believes that poor personal

hygiene is not a factor for severe health condition, because many individuals take them to be a

norm, the goal of health education would be to inform him/her that such behaviour could lead to

several other consequential health problems. If he/she does not believe that practicing, positive

behaviour has benefits to himself and others in the society, the goal of health education would be

to inform him/her that practicing healthy behaviour could greatly improve health status and

quality of life to himself/herself and the society. If he/she believes that there are several barriers

13
adhering healthy behaviour. The objective of health education would be to help him/her

breakthrough, to overcome the perceived barriers (e.g. using simple concept of prevention is

better than cure to stimulate interest of adherence to positive behaviour) (Kimbi, 2013).

2.3. Conceptual review

2.3.1. Personal hygiene

Hygiene could be refer to as the study and practice of preventing illness or bring to an end the

spread of disease by keeping things clean. The concept could also mean set of practices linked

with the preservation of health and healthy living. It is an idea associated with medicine along

with personal, professional care and practices affecting most aspects of living; although it is most

often associated with disease preventive measures (Lord, 2013). According to Department of

Health Victoria State Australia (2013), hygiene is the science, which has to do with the

promotion of health.

According to Kumwenda (2019) hygiene is applied in various aspect of area with the aim to

prevent disease transmission and promoting health. The common types of hygiene comprise:

 Personal hygiene includes taking care of one’s body and clothes. This encompasses oral

hygiene, hand hygiene, hair hygiene, mouth hygiene, and menstrual hygiene.

 Water hygiene involves collection, transportation, storage, and use of water without

contaminating it.

 Food hygiene, which is the practical process of ensuring that food, is safe to eat and what

food handlers do to prevent contamination.

14
  Waste handling hygiene involves how solid, liquid, and gas wastes are handles from

generation, collection, storage, transportation, and disposal to prevention contamination

of the environment.

Leonard (2014) documented that personal hygiene simply mean taking care of every part of

one’s body comprising hands, legs, teeth, ears, hair, eyes and nose. People stay healthy or

become ill most of the time due to their own actions or behaviours.

According to Johnson (2015) personal hygiene implies all activities, actions and practices caused

to occur by someone to keep the body clean and healthy. The several benefits associated with

personal hygiene comprise prevention of diseases, quick recovery from illnesses, social

acceptance, emotional satisfaction and good personal appearance. Personal hygiene is also seen

as the first step to good grooming and good health and this involves all measures taken by

individuals to preserve his or her health (Johnson, 2015).

Personal hygiene is one of the essential areas of daily life. Personal hygiene could refer to as a

condition promoting sanitary practices to the self. A most individual may not understand what

good or bad personal hygiene poses. The prevention of transmissible diseases, like diarrhoea,

trachoma and lots more is highly possible via the application of proper personal hygiene. One

needs to learn the proper practice of personal hygiene and use it for the prevention and control of

important public health diseases that are prevalent in the society. In addendum, the practice of

personal hygiene is employed to prevent or reduce the incidence and spread of communicable

diseases (Open University, 2018).

The constituents of personal hygiene includes body hygiene (skin care), oral hygiene (oral care),

menstrual hygiene (personal hygiene for women), face hygiene, fingernail and toenail hygiene,

15
ear hygiene, hair hygiene (hair care), foot hygiene, armpit and bottom hygiene, clothes hygiene,

and handing washing (hand care) (Open University, 2018).

2.3.2. Attitude

Attitude refers to those element with the capacity of shaping someone’s outlook on a particular

matter these comprise one’s knowledge, values, feelings, motivation and self-esteem (Kind,

Jones, & Barmby, 2007; Van Aalderen-Smeets, Walma van der Molen, & Asma, 2012).

According to Jain (2014), study the phenomena attitude in recent times is gaining importance

due to its influence over an individual’s behaviour. In Wicker’s argument, social psychologists

assumption that attitudes have something to do with social behaviour is one possible reason for

the popularity of the concept attitude (Jain, 2014).

A constructed framework in the bit to define attitude towards science in the context of primary

school teachers, adapted the model of attitude by Eagly and Chaiken, which included a new

major category such as perceived control, with subcategories, which are self-efficacy as well as

context dependency (Van Aalderen-Smeets et al., 2012). The appraisal of existing works on

attitude revealed that, apart from cognition, affect and behaviour, the belief that one could

succeed in doing a particular task, which is self-efficacy (explain in fig 2.1). And the influence of

context factors comprising availability of instructional material and time, which implies context

dependency, also played a role in the construction of teachers’ attitudes towards teaching science

(Vossen et al., 2018).

16
Fig 2.1 Theoretical framework for attitude towards science (source: Van Aalderen-Smeets et

al., 2012)

Various attitudes within the broad context of definition, is the readiness of the psyche to act or

react in a particular manner. There was still the assertion that attitudes mostly come in pairs, one

conscious and the other unconscious(Jung, 1971; Jain, 2014). Correspondingly, Ajzen and

Fishbein (1977) stated that attitudes were held in relation to some aspect of the person’s sphere,

comprising another person, a physical object, a behaviour, or a policy. Thus, the way someone

reacts to his environments is termed attitude. Baron and Byrne (1984) referred attitudes as

relatively lasting clusters of feelings, beliefs, and behavioural tendencies directed towards

specific individuals, ideas, objects or groups.

Jain (2014) expressed that attitude usually is not passive; rather it exerts a dynamic influence on

behaviour. Allport (1935) submitted that attitude is a mental or neural state of readiness,
17
organized via experience, exercising a directive or dynamic influence on somebody’s response to

all objects and situations whereby it is connected. More so, the tendency to respond to some

object or situation. Attitude is referred to the summary evaluation of an object or thought

(Malhotra, 2005).

2.4. Empirical review

2.4.1. Attitude of personal hygiene among adolescents

Gebreeyessus and Adem (2018) study aimed at revealing the status and gaps on knowledge,

attitude, and practice of hygiene among Kotebe Metropolitan University students. A cross-

sectional design with the use of structured questionnaire for data collection among 360 students.

The results revealed that responses on attitude questions overall showed 56.2% of the responses

were favourable, while 43.8% of the responses were unfavourable. Although, only about 35.0%

of the respondents fully answered the acceptable attitude based questions, while majority of them

did not.

According to Wahed, Kaukab, and Saha (2013) attitude-related studies were impacted by sex

among other variables. The attitude question such as, “Sharing drinking cups is a sign of

affection or liking one another”, was not correctly answered by both sexes with an insignificant

statistical difference, whereas, other attitude questions showed a statistically significant

difference between the sexes (Gebreeyessus & Adem, 2018).

Nahimana et al. (2017) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude and practice of hygiene and

sanitation in a Burundian refugee camp: implications for control of a Salmonella typhi outbreak.

Submitted that most respondents reported that preventing hygiene related condition such typhoid

fever, the following should be observed washing hands with soap before eating (87.3%),

18
drinking boiled water (75.7%) and washing hands before cooking, cooking food thoroughly and

eating food while hot (75.7%).

Adetunji, Baothman, Alserhan, Almunyif and Samaren (2018) carried a study aimed at

determining the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of personal hygiene among

food handlers in south region of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study conducted

among 50 food handlers with the use of both questionnaire and checklists. The study submitted

that almost 62% of the surveyed food handlers strongly agree with false statement that covering

mouth when coughing could prevent infection. The results showed good attitude towards

wearing jewellery (60%), cutting hair (86%) preparing food without gloves (92%). The overall

mean of the food handlers was 2.92 (95% CI 2.75-3.09) with SD=0.5 corresponding to 66 (95%

CI 61-72). As shown in the result of the study suggested that educational level have a significant

(p=0.001) impact on the attitude of the participants. Particularly, those who had secondary school

have significant difference compared to illiterate food handler. On the other hand, socio-

demographic factors did not show a significant impact on attitude.

2.4.2. Practice of personal hygiene among adolescents

Nahimana et al. (2017) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude and practice of hygiene and

sanitation in a Burundian refugee camp: implications for control of a Salmonella typhi outbreak.

A cross-sectional survey with the use of structured KAP questionnaire for data collection. They

found out that respondents do not follow the correct hand washing practices recommended by

World Health Organization (WHO). They also observed that there were erecting of several

temporary structures close to pit latrine, preparation of food close to wastewater drainage

ditches, use of open wastewater ditches as playground for children as well as placement of pipes

carrying clean water inside wastewater drainage ditches. According to Nahimana et al. (2017)

19
participants who had spent more than six months in the camp (OR 1.86, p = 0.008) and those

over 35 years old were less likely to wash their hands before eating and after using the latrine.

On the other hand, respondents who were employed were more likely to wash their hands (OR

0.49, p = 0.001).

Sarkar (2013) carried out a study, which assessed the knowledge and practice of personal

hygiene among the primary school children living in a slum area of Kolkata, India. The study

adopted cross sectional observational design using pre designed, pre-tested and structured

questionnaire for data collection. The study found that 65.12% and 81.97% of male and female

students respectively obtained good scores of personal hygiene practice. Although, the mean

score obtained by the female students was significantly higher than that of the male students (p <

0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of personal hygiene practice

among Hindu and Muslim students.

According Adetunji, Baothman, Alserhan, Almunyif and Samaren (2018) in their study

documented that food handlers seem to have a good practice about wearing clean cloth and avoid

jewellery inside restaurant. Over half (54%) of those food handlers surveyed did not adhere with

wearing gloves on both hands. In general, the practice of food handlers in issues regarding to

personal hygiene seems to be good.

Mangal et al. (2019) studied on to assess the level of personal hygiene and its associated factors

as well as its effect on morbidity level of schoolchildren in a rural belt of southern Rajasthan. A

cross-sectional conducted among 250 students in VIII to XII. The study found out that only

about 22% students scored above 75% and were categorized as those who had good practice of

personal hygiene. They submitted that the age of students, parents’ literacy, and household

income were significantly associated with the practice of personal hygiene. The common

20
morbidities like head lice and dental caries were found gender sensitive in the study area. The

negative association between disease score and personal hygiene score implied that the disease

burden of children could be minimized with higher personal hygiene practices.

Ilesanmi (2016) conducted a study on knowledge and practices of personal hygiene among

senior secondary school students of Ambassadors College, Ile- Ife, Nigeria. A cross- sectional

study among 280 sample of respondents. The results submitted that majority of the respondents

had good hygienic practices, which include taking bath (99.6%), brushing teeth (98.2%) and

washing hands (65.9%).

2.4.3. Factors influencing personal hygiene by adolescents

Provision of personal hygiene facilities and materials is an important factor that can promote

personal hygiene, which is the responsibility of the parents, school and the community.

Adolescents need various materials in the community school and home before they can

effectively carry out personal hygiene. For instance, in the school materials needed include a

good restroom, potable and regular water supply for drinking and washing of hands and other

items, personal plates, cups and spoons, water bottles, towels or napkins and a neat and decent

environment (Balogun, 2015).

Ratnaprabha, Kumar and Kumar (2018) conducted a study on assessing the practices and factor

associated with personal hygiene among the government high schoolchildren of a rural area in

Central Karnataka. A cross sectional study, which self-administered questionnaire was used in

data collection among 213 respondents. The results documented that girls comparatively had

better hygiene practices than boys and those with higher maternal education had better hygiene

practices. Although, no association was found with class of the child, father’s education, or

socioeconomic status. Students who had awareness regarding diseases transmitted by poor

21
personal hygiene had better hygiene practices, especially those who were aware of diseases

transmitted by unclean hands (P < 0.05) compared to awareness regarding diseases transmitted

by unclean dress, unclean drinking water, and unclean surroundings. Omidvar and Begum (2010)

submitted that factors known to affect personal hygiene were age, socioeconomic status and lack

of awareness regarding healthy menstrual practices.

2.5. Appraisal of reviewed literature

This chapter reviewed relevant literature related to attitude towards personal hygiene among

adolescents. The study looked at various literatures under major sub-headings such as conceptual

framework for the study that consist of viewed the independent and dependent variables for this

research work and their relations. Theoretical framework, which adopted the most common

behavioural health model known as health belief model that primarily has four key constituents

involving perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers

(Kimbi, 2013). In addition, conceptual review comprising concept of Personal hygiene, which

includes taking care of one’s body and clothes. This encompasses oral hygiene, hand hygiene,

hair hygiene, mouth hygiene, and menstrual hygiene (Kumwenda, 2019). Attitude, Allport

(1935) submitted that attitude is a mental or neural state of readiness, organized via experience,

exercising a directive or dynamic influence on somebody’s response to all objects and situations

whereby it is connected. More so, the literature reviews include empirical review, comprising

attitude towards personal hygiene, Gebreeyessus and Adem (2018) reported that 56.2% of the

responses were favourable, while 43.8% of the responses were unfavourable. As regards practice

of personal hygiene, Sarkar (2013) found that 65.12% and 81.97% of male and female students

respectively obtained good scores of personal hygiene practice. Although, the mean score

obtained by the female students was significantly higher than that of the male students (p < 0.05).

22
In addition, according to Balogun (2015) inadequate availability of a good restroom, potable and

regular water supply for drinking and washing of hands and other items, personal plates, cups

and spoons, water bottles, towels or napkins and a neat and decent environment were identified

as factors influencing personal hygiene.

23
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will focus on the following sub-headings such as research design, location of study,

population of the study, sample size, sample technique, instrument for data collection, and

reliability of instrument, validity of instrument, ethical consideration, data collection and data

analysis.

3.1. Research design

The study adopted cross section descriptive design as the research design, which has to do with

the gathering of data from a relatively large and representative of a given population at one

occurrence and at a particular time.

3.2. Location of study

The study was conducted in Yemetu Community of Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo

State, Nigeria. Ibadan North Local Government is one of the five (5) metropolitan local

government areas of Ibadan land or better put, one of the eleven (11) councils of Ibadan land and

one of the thirty-three (33) local councils areas of Oyo State. Ibadan created out of the old Ibadan

municipal council areas on 19th of September 1991. The Headquarter situates at quarter 87,

Agodi GRA opposite the government house and beside the state NYSC Secretariat (Ibadan North

Local Government Area, 2018).

It is bounded in the North by Akinyele local government; in the south by Ibadan South East local

government; in the east by Ibadan northeast local government and Lagelu while in the west by

Ibadan North West and idol local government. It falls under the Oyo south senatorial zone. It has

a land area of 420:00 square km inhabited by a projected population. The 2006 population census

24
estimated four hundred and fourteen thousand, five hundred and eight (414,508) people using

population growth rate 2.9%. The sex difference slightly differs; wit male having about 205,306

while female is 209,202 where women of reproductive age group takes 22% (88,193) of this total

population. It has twelve (12) political wards with about 259 settlements and people of different

nationalities and tribes who are predominantly Yoruba. The residents consist of public servants,

artisans, traders, transporters and students. It has three (3) dominant religions of Christianity,

Islam and traditional believers (Ibadan North Local Government Area, 2018).

More so, Oyo State Ministry of Education (2018) submitted that Ibadan North LGA has forty-

two secondary schools with the population of twenty-four thousand seven hundred forty-six

(24746) students.

3.3. Population of the study

The population for this study was comprised all adolescents in Yemetu Community of Ibadan

North LGA.

3.4. Sample size and Sampling technique

The sample techniques talks about how the researcher selects her sample for the study. Simple

random sampling technique was used to select five (3) big churches and five (3) big mosques

where they observe Jumat services and two (2) recreational centres out of the existing ones in the

Ibadan North. Convenience sampling technique was used to pick 20 volunteer adolescents from

each of the selected churches, mosques and 55 volunteer adolescents from the (2) recreation

centres, thus making 155 adolescents.

25
Inclusion criteria: Adolescents living in Yemetu Community

Exclusion criteria: Non-residents of Yemetu Community, and those who are not able to speak

English or Yoruba language.

3.5. Instrument of the study

The instrument for data collection included structured questionnaire. The questionnaire

instrument includes the following sections such: section “A” (Demographic Characteristics).

Section “B” (attitude towards personal hygiene) will adopt attitude score to measure positive and

negative attitude where the minimum score= 0 and maximum score= 7, <5 negative attitude and

5-7 positive attitude. Section “C” (personal hygiene practice) as regards the practice assessment

this study will adopt the instrument used by Ratnaprabha et al. (2018). The instrument was

modified to suit the present study, and will adopt scoring method to measure high and low

practice of personal hygiene where the minimum score=0 and maximum score=8, <6 low

practice and 6-8 high practice; and section “D” (Factors influencing personal hygiene).

3.6. Pilot study

About 20 copies of the instrument was subjected to a pilot study for testing. The instrument was

distributed to a fraction of population in Oje in Ibadan North Local Government Area that is not

part of the selected schools but shares similar characteristics.

3.7. Validity of the instrument

To ascertain the validity of this study, draft copy of the questionnaire was given to the researcher

supervisor and other experts in the area of hygiene practice and disease prevention unit of the

Adeoyo Hospital for their scrutiny. The correction made by them was effected to make the

instrument valid. Peers (2006) asserted that a good construct validity is one, which measure what

26
is thought to measure. As regards the validity of the instrument for this study, the supervisor, will

subject this instrument (questionnaire) to face and content validity through various scrutiny. Face

validity in a technical view means the extent to which the instrument measures what it purports

to measure. The suggestions of the supervisor will make the final draft of the instrument for the

study.

3.8. Reliability of the instrument

According to Peers (2006), reliability is another aspect of statistical conclusion validity of

measurement, which implies that consistent results was given by a measurement of instrument

when subjected repeatedly under near identical conditions. As regards the reliability of this

instrument for the study, a retest was done in an interval of week after the first testing. This

method is to help the researcher checked and controlled any potential effect that may adversely

affect the reliability of the instrument.

3.9. Data collection procedure

Immediately after the letter of permission was collected from the head of Primary Health Care

Tutors’ Course Federal Training Centre for Teachers of Health Sciences, University College

Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. The researcher and four trained research assistants will administer the

questionnaire to the participants and ensure 100% retrieval from respondents after filling the

instrument.

3.10. Method of data analysis

Data obtained from the administered questionnaires was coded and analysed using Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The demographic data was analysed using

percentage and frequency counts as well as research questions. This study adopted Chi-square

and regression statistical tools in testing all the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

27
3.11. Ethical consideration

This study ensured that respondents were not coerced and were allowed to participate in the

study voluntarily.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Results
The results from this study were based on the analysis of data collected, 151 (151) questionnaires
were distributed, retrieved, analysed and presented using tables with frequency and percentages.

Demographic data of respondents

Table 4.1 showing distribution of respondents’ age

Age of respondents Frequency Percent %

13-15 yrs. 61 40.4

16-18 yrs. 42 27.8

19 yrs. and above 48 31.8

Total 151 100.0

Fig: 3D Pie chart showing age of respondents

29
From the and figure table above it is revealed that respondents between ages 13-15yrs were
61(40.4%), respondents between ages 16-18yrs were 42(27.8%) while respondents aged 19yrs
and above were 48(31.8%)

Table 4.2 Showing distribution of respondents’ age

Sex of respondents Frequency Percent %

Male 42 27.8

Female 109 72.2

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1.1 Bar chart showing gender of respondents

Table and figure above showed that 42(27.8%) of respondents are males while 109(72.2%) are

females, invariably there were more females than males in this study.

30
Table 4.3 showing distribution of respondents religion

Religion of respondent Frequency Percent

Christian 90 59.6

Muslim 61 40.4

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1.2 Pi chart showing religion of respondents

The table and figure above that 90(59.6%) are Christians while 61(40.4%) are Muslims, findings

showed that there were more Christian respondents than Muslims in this study

31
Table 4.3 showing distribution of respondents’ religion
Marital status of Frequency Percent %
respondents
Single 103 68.2

Married 48 31.8

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1.3 Bubble chart showing marital status of respondents

Table and Figure above showed that 103(68.2%) of respondents are single while 48(31.8%) are
married; more single respondents are in this study than married respondents. This is expected, as
it is socially unexpected of respondents in this age group to be married.

32
Table 4.4 showing distribution of respondents’ occupational status

Occupation of respondents Frequency Percent %

employed 2 1.3

Non employed 149 98.7

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1.4 Pie chart showing employment status of respondents

From the table and figure above it is revealed that 2(1.3%) were employed in this study while

149(98.7%) are non-employed.

33
Table 4.5 showing occupation of father of respondents

Occupation of father Frequency Percent %

Student 48 31.8

Business owner/Trader 42 27.8

Artisan 61 40.4

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1.4 Pie chart showing occupation of father of respondents

From the table above it is revealed that 48(31.8%) that are students, 42(27.8%) are business
owners/trader 42(27.8%), Artisans are 61(40.4%)

34
Table 4.5 showing occupation of father of respondents

Occupation of mother Frequency Percent

Student 38 25.2

Business owner/Trader 68 45.0

Artisan 45 29.8

Total 151 100.0

Figure 1 5 Pie chart showing occupation of father of respondents

From the table and figure above showed that 38(25.2%) are students, 68(45.0%) are business
owners while 45(29.8%) are artisans.

35
 Research Questions

Research question one: What is the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of

Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

Table 4. showing distribution of respondents Attitude towards personal hygiene

Frequency Percent %
Do you like brushing your
teeth twice daily
Always 136 90.1
Occasionally 6 4.0
Never 6 4.0
Undecided 3 2.0
Bathing twice daily should be
Always 134 88.7
Never 11 7.3
Undecided 6 4.0

Do you like wearing clean

clothes
Always 129 85.4
Never 20 13.2
Undecided 2 1.3

Using toilet facility should be

done
Always 151 100.0
Washing hands with soap and
water using toilet facility
should be done
Always 151 100.0
Washing hands before meal
should be done
Always 151 100.0
Cutting grown nails should
be done
Always 151 100.0
Do feel good about myself
when ensuring cleaning

36
myself clean
Always 103 68.2
Occasionally 48 31.8
Do you get tired always
washing your clothes
Always 103 68.2
Never 48 31.8

Table above showed attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu

Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State, 136(90.1%) agreed to like brushing

their teeth twice daily always, 6(4.0) agreed to like brushing their teeth twice daily occasionally,

6(4.0%) never liked brushing their teeth twice daily, 3(2.0%) were undecided. 134(88.7%) like

agreed to bathing twice daily, 11(7.3%) never liked bathing twice daily, 6(4.0%) were undecided

129(85.4%) like wearing clean clothes always, 20(13.2%) never liked wearing clean clothes

always, 2(1.3%) were undecided.

151(100%) respondents like using toilet facility always when they feel pressed, 151(100%)

showed that washing hands with soap and water after toilet use should be done always,

151(100%) indicated that Washing hands before meal should be done always, 151(100%) of

respondents showed that Cutting grown nails should be done always, 103(63.2%) respondents

do feel good about self when ensuring cleaning themself clean always while 48(31.8%) Do feel

good about self when ensuring cleaning themself clean occasionally, 103(68.2%) always feel

they get tired when washing their clothes, 48(31.8%) never feel they get tired when washing

their clothes, from the above it can be deduced that respondents showed positive towards

personal hygiene.

37
What is the pattern of personal hygiene practice among adolescents of Yemetu Community in
Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State?
Table 4.7: Showing Practice of personal hygiene among respondents

Pattern of Practice for

personal hygiene
How many times do you Frequency Percent %
brush your teeth daily
Twice 111 73.5
once 40 26.5
How many times do you take
your bath daily
Twice 120 79.5
once 31 20.5
What do you use for bathing
Soap 103 68.2
Only water 48 31.8
How often do you wear
clean clothes
Daily 108 71.5
2-3times a week 1 .7
once weekly 42 27.8
How many times do you cut
your nails
once a week 137 90.7
twice in 2weeks 13 8.6
Missing 1 .7
Do you have toilet facility
at home
Yes 145 96.0
No 6 4.0
which is your source of
drinking water
Sachet water 98 64.9
Borehole water 53 35.1
Do you boil water before
drinking
Yes 105 69.5

38
No 46 30.5

From the table 4.7 above 111(73.5%) of respondents brush their teeth twice daily, 40(26.5%)

brush their teeth once daily. 120(79.5%) of respondents have their bath twice daily, 31(20.5%)

bath once, 103(68.2%) of respondents use soap for bathing, 48(31.8%) use only water for

bathing, 108(71.5%) of respondents wear clean clothes on a daily basis, 1(0.7%) of respondents

wear clean clothes 2 to 3 times a week while 42(27.8%) wear clean clothes once on a weekly

basis. 137(90.7%) cut their nails once a week, 13(8.6%) cut their nails twice in 2weeks 1(0.7%)

of respondents did not fill the item. 145(96.0%) of respondents have a toilet facility at home,

6(4.0%) of respondents do not have a toilet facility, 98(64.9%), of respondents take sachet water

as their source of drinking water, 53(35.1%) take bore hole as their source of drinking water,

105(69.5%) boil water before drinking while 46(30.5%) do not boil water before drinking.

Summarily majority of respondents in this study brush their teeth twice daily and have their bath

twice daily, majority of respondents bath with soap and wear clean clothes on a daily basis,

majority of respondents in this study cut their nails on a weekly basis while majority of

respondents have a toilet facility, finally, majority of respondents boil water before drinking.

Research question three: What are the factors influencing the practice of personal hygiene among

adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

Table 4.8: Showing Factors influencing Practice of personal hygiene among respondents
Factors influencing practice of Frequency Percentage %
personal hygiene

Lack of portable water

Strongly Agree 115 76.2

Agree 11 7.3

39
 Disagree 12 7.9
Strongly Disagree 13 8.6
Poverty

SA 119 78.8
A 8 5.3
D 13 8.6
SD 11 7.3
Un-conducive environment

SA 116 76.8
A 13 8.6
D 12 7.9
SD 10 6.6
Age can affect the practice of
personal hygiene
Frequency Percent%
SA 103 68.2
A 26 17.2
D 12 7.9
SD 10 6.6
Lack of hygiene education
SA 125 82.8
D 15 9.9
SD 11 7.3
Females practice personal
hygiene more than males
SA 109 72.2
SD 42 27.8
nature of work
SA 116 76.8
A 26 17.2
D 5 3.3
SD 4 2.6
My culture forbid taking
regular bath
SA 8 5.3
A 8 5.3
D 123 81.5
SD 12 7.9

40
Table above revealed that 115(76.2%) of respondents strongly agreed that lack of portable water

could influence personal hygiene, 11(7.3) agree that lack of portable water could influence

personal hygiene 12(7.9%) of respondents disagreed that lack of portable water could influence

personal hygiene while 13(8.6%) strongly disagreed that lack of portable water could influence

personal hygiene. 119(78.8%) of respondents strongly agreed that poverty could influence

personal hygiene 8(5.3%) agreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene, 13(8.6%) of

respondents disagreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene, 11(7.3%) of respondents

strongly disagreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene.

For un-conducive environment, 116(76.8%) of respondents strongly agreed that un-conducive

environment could influence personal hygiene 13(8.6%) agreed that un-conducive environment

could influence personal hygiene 12(7.9%) disagreed that un-conducive environment could

influence personal hygiene, 10(6.6%) strongly disagreed that un-conducive environment could

influence personal hygiene. 103(68.2%) of respondents strongly agreed that age can affect the

practice of personal hygiene, 26(17.2%) agreed that age can affect the practice of personal

hygiene, 12(7.9%) disagreed that age can affect the practice of personal hygiene, 10(6.6%)

strongly disagreed that age can affect the practice of personal hygiene.

125(82.8%) of respondents strongly agreed that lack of hygiene education could influence

personal hygiene, 15(9.9%) disagreed that lack of hygiene education could influence personal

hygiene, 11(7.3%) strongly disagreed that lack of hygiene education could influence personal

hygiene. 116(76.8%) of respondents strongly agree that nature of work could influence personal

hygiene, 26(17.2%) agreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene, 5(3.3%)

disagreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene while 4(2.6%) of respondents

strongly disagreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene.

41
Hypotheses testing

H0: There is no significant association between sex of respondents and attitude towards
personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local
Government, Oyo State.

Do you like brushing your teeth twice daily Total X2

Always Occasionall Never Undecided
y

Sex of Male 38 2 1 1 42 Value = .

509
respondents
Female 98 4 5 2 109 P= 0.91<
0.05
Total 136 6 6 3 151

From the chi-square table above X2 value of .509 diff (3) P > than 0.005 at o.91 hence we retain

the null hypotheses that there is no significant association between sex of respondents and

attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North

Local Government, Oyo State.

H0: There is no significant association between age and practice of personal hygiene among
adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

How many times do you brush Total X2

your teeth daily
Twice once
13-15 44 17 61 Value =.116
Age of respondents 16-18 31 11 42 P= 0.94
19 and above 36 12 48
Total 111 40 151

How many times do you take Total X2

your bath daily
Twice once
13-15 49 12 61 Value .051
Age of respondents 16-18 33 9 42 P= 0.97
19 and above 38 10 48

42
Total 120 31 151

From the tables above with a X2 value of 0.116 diff(2) P = 0.94 and X2 value of .051 diff(2) P =

0.97. Null hypotheses is retained and there is no significant association between age and practice

of personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local

Government, Oyo State

43
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the discussion of the major findings, summary and conclusion of the study are

presented.

5.1 Discussion of the Research Findings

This research was carried out to assess the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents

of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State. Findings revealed that in

this study, respondents between ages 13-15yrs were 40.4%, respondents between ages 16-18yrs

were 27.8% while respondents aged 19yrs and above were 31.8%. Findings further showed that

27.8% of respondents are males while 72.2% are females, invariably there were more females

than males in this study. It was further revealed that 59.6% of respondents are Christians while

40.4% of respondents are Muslims, findings showed that there were more Christian respondents

than Muslims in this study . It was shown by findings that 68.2% of respondents are single while

31.8% are married; more single respondents are in this study than married respondents, this

findings as it relates to marriage is expected, as it is socially unexpected of respondents in this

age group to be married. Findings revealed that 1.3% were employed in this study while 98.7%

are non-employed. Findings further revealed that 31.8% of respondents are students, 27.8% are

business owners/trader, Artisans are 40.4% findings showed that 25.2% are students, 45.0% are

business owners while 29.8% are artisans.

44
Research Questions

RQ 1. What is the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu

Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State
Findings from this study showed attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents of

Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State, 90.1% respondents agreed

to like brushing their teeth twice daily always, 4.0% of respondents agreed to like brushing their

teeth twice daily occasionally, 4.0% never liked brushing their teeth twice daily, 2.0% were

undecided. 88.7% like agreed to bathing twice daily, 7.3% never liked bathing twice daily, 4.0%

were undecided 85.4% like wearing clean clothes always, 13.2% never liked wearing clean

clothes always, 1.3% were undecided. 100% like Using toilet facility always when they feel

pressed, 100% showed that washing hands with soap and water after toilet use should be done

always, 100% indicated that Washing hands before meal should be done always, 100% of

respondents showed that Cutting grown nails should be done always, 63.2% Do feel good about

self when ensuring cleaning themself clean always while 31.8% Do feel good about self when

ensuring cleaning themself clean occasionally, 68.2% always feel they get tired when washing

their clothes, 31.8% never feel they get tired when washing their clothes, from the above it can

be deduced that respondents showed positive towards personal hygiene. This can be compared to

the findings of Nahimana et,al(2017) in a study on knowledge Attitude and practice of personal

hygiene where majority of respondents showed positive attitude towards personal hygiene as a

concept.

45
RQ 2. what is the pattern of personal hygiene practice among adolescents of Yemetu

Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

73.5% of respondents brush their teeth twice daily, 26.5% brush their teeth once daily. 79.5% of

respondents have their bath twice daily, 20.5% bath once, 68.2% of respondents use soap for

bathing, 31.8% use only water for bathing, 71.5% of respondents wear clean clothes on a daily

basis, 0.7% of respondents wear clean clothes 2 to 3 times a week while 27.8% wear clean

clothes once on a weekly basis. 90.7% cut their nails once a week, 8.6% cut their nails twice in

2weeks 0.7% of respondents did not fill the item. 96.0% of respondents have a toilet facility at

home, 4.0% of respondents do not have a toilet facility, 64.9%, of respondents take sachet water

as their source of drinking water, 35.1% take borehole as their source of drinking water, and

69.5% boil water before drinking while 30.5% do not boil water before drinking. Summarily

majority of respondents in this study brush their teeth twice daily and have their bath twice daily,

majority of respondents bath with soap and wear clean clothes on a daily basis, majority of

respondents in this study cut their nails on a weekly basis while majority of respondents have a

toilet facility, finally, majority of respondents boil water before drinking. This findings is

consistent with the findings of Aliu (2018) in a study of pattern of practice of personal hygiene in

a typical private secondary school where it was discovered that majority of respondents in their

study bath twice daily, brush their teeth twice daily and also ensured that they wore clean clothes

always.

RQ 3: What are the factors influencing the practice of personal hygiene among adolescents
of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

Findings revealed that 76.2% of respondents strongly agreed that lack of portable water could

influence personal hygiene, 7.3% of respondents agreed that lack of portable water could

46
influence personal hygiene 7.9% of respondents disagreed that lack of portable water could

influence personal hygiene while 8.6% of respondents strongly disagreed that lack of portable

water could influence personal hygiene. 78.8% of respondents strongly agreed that poverty could

influence personal hygiene 5.3% agreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene, 8.6% of

respondents disagreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene, 7.3% of respondents

strongly disagreed that poverty could influence personal hygiene. For un-conducive

environment, 76.8% of respondents strongly agreed that un-conducive environment could

influence personal hygiene 8.6% agreed that un-conducive environment could influence

personal hygiene 7.9% disagreed that un-conducive environment could influence personal

hygiene, 6.6% strongly disagreed that un-conducive environment could influence personal

hygiene. 68.2% of respondents strongly agreed that age can affect the practice of personal

hygiene, 17.2% of respondents agreed that age can affect the practice of personal hygiene, 7.9%

of adolescents in this study disagreed that age can affect the practice of personal hygiene, 6.6%

of respondents strongly disagreed that age can affect the practice of personal hygiene. 82.8% of

respondents strongly agreed that lack of hygiene education could influence personal hygiene,

9.9% of respondents disagreed that lack of hygiene education could influence personal hygiene,

7.3% strongly disagreed that lack of hygiene education could influence personal hygiene. 76.8%

of respondents strongly agree that nature of work could influence personal hygiene, 17.2%

respondents agreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene, 3.3% of adolescents in

this study disagreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene while 2.6% of

respondents strongly disagreed that nature of work could influence personal hygiene. Summarily,

lack of portable water, un-conducive environment, poverty, lack of hygiene education, nature of

work were identified by majority of respondents as factors that could influence personal hygiene

47
this findings is in alignment with the findings of Balogun (2015) who revealed that availability

of conducive environment with availability of water influenced respondents practice of personal

hygiene in their study.

Hypotheses

H0 There is no significant association between sex of respondents and attitude towards

personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local
Government, Oyo State.
With X2 value of .509 diff (3) P > than 0.005 at o.91 hence H 0 was retained that there is no

significant association between sex of respondents and attitude towards personal hygiene among

adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State. This finding

is not in alignment with the findings of Ratnaprabha, Kumar and Kumar (2018) who conducted a

study on assessing the practices and factors associated with personal hygiene among the

government high schoolchildren of a rural area in Central Karnataka.it was documented in their

findings that girls comparatively had better hygiene practices than boys.

H0 There is no significant association between age and practice of personal hygiene among
adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State
With an X2 value of 0.116 diff (2) P = 0.94 > 0.05 and X2 value of .051 diff (2) P = 0.97 > 0.05.

Null hypotheses was retained hence there is no significant association between age and practice

of personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local

Government, Oyo State, this finding is in contrast with the findings of Sekonda (2014) in a study

on correlates of personal hygiene practice among in-school adolescents in west Africa region

where age of adolescent was found to be significantly related to the practice of personal hygiene

among adolescents.

48
5.2 Summary

This research was carried out to assess the attitude towards personal hygiene among adolescents

of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State, Multi-stage sampling

technique was employed for this study at stage 1- Simple random sampling technique was used

to select five (3) big churches and five (3) big mosques where they observe Jumat services and

two (2) recreational centres out of the existing ones in the Ibadan North. Stage 2-Non-probability

sampling of Convenience sampling technique was used to pick 20 volunteer adolescents from

each of the selected churches, mosques and 55 volunteer adolescents from recreation centres,

thus making 155 adolescents. Additional 5 were added in other to prevent the case of subject

mortality making a total of 155 but only 151 duly filled and returned the questionnaires. Three

research questions were raised while two hypotheses were tested in this study

5.3 Conclusion

Based on findings in this study this study concludes with the following –

- Majority of respondents showed positive towards personal hygiene.

- Majority of respondents in this study brush their teeth twice daily and have their bath

twice daily, majority of respondents bath with soap and wear clean clothes on a daily

basis, majority of respondents in this study cut their nails on a weekly basis while

majority of respondents have a toilet facility, finally, majority of respondents boil water

before drinking.

- Lack of portable water, un-conducive environment, poverty, lack of hygiene education,

nature of work were identified by majority of respondents as factors that could influence

personal hygiene

49
 - There is no significant association between sex of respondents and attitude towards

personal hygiene among adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local

Government, Oyo State.

- There is no significant association between age and practice of personal hygiene among

adolescents of Yemetu Community in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State,

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study researcher recommends the following

- There should be constant enlightenment programs and public awareness and mass

campaign in Ibadan North Local government by both governmental and non-

governmental organizations to inform the populace on personal hygiene strategies that

can help prevent spread of negative outcomes associated with poor personal hygiene, use

of posters in churches and mosques of bathing daily and hand-washing can be a starting

point for such program which will continue to reinforce what adolescents in this area

already know about personal hygiene

- Adolescents in Ibadan North Local Government should be informed through special

target program that can be organized by the local government or other well-meaning

citizens in the area on the benefits of personal hygiene practice specifically during long

holiday period like this period, special retreat which will target areas such as personal

hygiene and other beneficial health topics can be used to enrich what adolescents know

about personal hygiene

- The local government and other well-meaning members of the community can also

sponsor media programs that will unravel everything that needs to be known about

50
 personal hygiene y the adolescents this will reach a lot of adolescents as they are

interested and captivated by programs on the media channels such as Radio, Television

and Social Media .

5.4 Suggestion for further studies

This same study can be replicated in another local government in Oyo state in a bid to compare

outcomes within a short period to this study or even in the nearest future

Some other factors not considered in this study such as location of adolescents or class level of

adolescents etc. can also be considered to make another study.

51
 REFERENCES

Adetunji, H., Baothman, M., Alserhan, F., Almunyif, A., & Samaren, H. (2018). Knowledge,

Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of Personal Hygiene among Food Handlers in the South

Region of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medical Research & Health

Sciences, 7(5), 96–102.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review

of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918.

Al-Rifaai, J. M., Al Haddad, A. M., & Qasem, J. A. (2018). Personal hygiene among college

students in Kuwait: A health promotion perspective. J Edu Health Promot., 7(92), 1–7.

Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison, Handbook of social psychology. Worchester,

MA: Clark University Press.

Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For? Child

Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x.

Balogun, A. B. (2015). Knowledge, perception and practices of PH among SSS in Ibadan North

West Local Government Area (LGA). University of Ibadan.

Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (1984). Social psychology understanding human interaction. Boston:

Allyn & Bacon.

Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in

predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25(8), 661–669.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521906

Chaudhari, A., Mansuri, S., Singh, A., & Talsania, N. (2015). A study on personal hygiene of

52
 school going and nonschool going children in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. Ntl J of

Community Med, 6(3), 437–441.

Curtis, V. A., Danquah, L. O., & Aunger, R. V. (2009). Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene

behaviour: an eleven country review. Health Educ Res, 4, 655–673.

Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, & Government of India.

(2004). Technical Note Series. School water supply, sanitation & hygiene education: India.

New Delhi: Department of Drinking Water Supply. Retrieved August 9, 2019, from

http://www.ddws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/%0Apdf/pdf/TechNoteSSHE_0.pdf

Department of Health Victoria State Australia. (2013). Personal Hygiene for kids. Government

of South. Retrieved August 10, 2019, from http://gov.aus

Gebreeyessus, G. D., & Adem, D. B. (2018). Knowledge , Attitude , and Practice on Hygiene

and Morbidity Status among Tertiary Students : The Case of Kotebe Metropolitan

University , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health,

2018(2094621), 9.

Gupta, R., Sharma, H., Sharma, I., & Meena, S. (2016). Association of Dental Diseases with

Personal Hygiene in School Children of Rural Rajasthan, India. IMJH, 2(9), 27–31.

Hochbaum, G. M. (1958). Public Participation in Medical Screening Programs: A Socio-

Psychological Study. Public Health Service Publication Washington, DC. Washington, DC.

Ilesanmi, O. T. (2016). Knowledge and practices of personal hygiene among senior secondary

school students of Ambassadors College, Ile- Ife, Nigeria. Texila International Journal of

Public Health, 4(4).

53
Jain, V. (2014). 3D Model of Attitude. International Journal of Advanced Research in

Management and Social Sciences, 3(3), 1–12. Retrieved from www.garph.co.uk

Johnson, J. O. (2015). The importance of good personal Hygiene. Hygiene expert.

Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological Types. In Collected Works. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press.

Kind, P., Jones, K., & Barmby, P. (2007). Developing attitudes towards science measures.

International Journal of Science Education, 29(7), 871–893.

Kumwenda, S. (2019). Challenges to hygiene improvement in developing countries. Blantyre.

https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80355

Laurenhan. (2013). Health belief model. Retrieved May 14, 2019, from

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Health_Belief_Model.pdf

Leonard, L. (2014). Hand washing, an easy way to prevent infection.

Lord, Q. (2013). Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th ed.). North Haven:

Paperback.

Malhotra, N. K. (2005). Attitude and affect: new frontiers of research in the 21st century.

Journal of Business Research, 58(4), 477–482.

Mangal, N., Kumar, D. L., Varghese, K. A., & Chauhan, M. (2019). A cross sectional study on

personal hygiene among rural school students in southern Rajasthan. International Journal

of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(6), 2646–2653.

Motakpalli, K., Indupalli, A. S., Sirwar, S. B., Jayaalakshmi, K. N., Bendigeri, N. D., & Jamadar,

D. C. (2013). A study on health hygiene among school children in rural field Practice area

54
 of AJIMS Mangalore in Karnataka: India. Int J Bioassays, 2(10), 1407–1410.

Nahimana, M.-R., Ngoc, C. T., Olu, O., Nyamusore, J., Isiaka, A., Ndahindwa, V., …

Rusanganwa, A. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice of hygiene and sanitation in a

Burundian refugee camp: implications for control of a Salmonella typhi outbreak. Pan

African Medical Journal, 8688, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.54.12265

Nwankwo, O. C. (2013). A practical guide to research writing; for students of research enterprise

(5th editio, pp. 62–159). University of Port Harcourt Press.

Olaseha, I. O., Schridar, M. K. C., & Babatola, G. O. (2003). Personal hygiene behaviour among

secondary school students in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology, 7(2), 100–

108.

Omidvar, S., & Begum, K. (2010). Factors influencing hygienic practices during menses among

girls from south India- A cross sectional study Factors influencing hygienic practices during

menses among girls from south India- A cross sectional study. J Prev Med Hyg, 2(12), 411–

423.

Peers, I. S. (2006). Statistical Analysis for Education and Psychology Researchers. London: The

Falmer Press.

Raghava, P. K. (2005). School Health. Ind. Jour. Of Com. Med, 30(4).

Ratnaprabha, G. K., Kumar, A., & Kumar, A. (2018). Practices regarding personal hygiene

among government high school students of a rural area in Central Karnataka. International

Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 7(6), 457–461.

https://doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2018.0206312032018

55
Rosenstock, I. (1974). Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education &

Behavior, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403

Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly,

44, 94–124.

Sarkar, M. (2013). Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata ,

India. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(16), 153–158.

Tarkang, E. E., & Zotor, F. B. (2015). Application of the Health Belief Model ( HBM ) in HIV

Prevention : A Literature Review. Central African Journal of Public Health, 1(1), 1–8.

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20150101.11

The Open University. (2018). Hygiene and Environmental Health Module: 3. Personal Hygiene.

Retrieved March 17, 2018, from

http://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=189&printable=1

UNESCO/UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank. (2000). Focusing Resources on Effective School

Health: A FRESH start to enhancing the quality and equity of education. World Education

Forum 2000, Final Report. Dakar, Senegal.

UNICEF. (2015). Water sanitation and hygiene. Retrieved August 7, 2019, from

https://www.unicef.org

United Nations Children’s Fund. (2012). Child friendly schools manual: Water, Sanitation and

Hygiene (WASH) in schools. Geneva, Switherland.

Van Aalderen-Smeets, S. I., Walma van der Molen, J. H., & Asma, L. J. (2012). Primary

teachers’ attitudes toward science: A new theoretical framework. Science Education, 96(1),

56
 158–182.

Vossen, T. E., Henze, I., Rippe, R. C. A., Driel, J. H. Van, Vries, M. J. De, Henze, I., … Vries,

M. J. De. (2018). Attitudes of secondary school students towards doing research and design

activities. International Journal of Science Education, 40(13), 1629–1652.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1494395

Wahed, T., Kaukab, S. S. T., & Saha, N. C. (2013). Knowledge, attitudes and preventive

practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine among urban high-risk groups:

findings of a cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 242.

Walvekar, P. R., Naik, V. A., Wantamutte, A. S., & Mallapur, M. D. (2006). Impact of child to

child programme on knowledge, attitude practice regarding diarrhoea among rural school

children. Indian J Community Med, 31(2), 56–59.

World Health Organization. (2009a). Better Health for Poor Children. Retrieved August 8, 2019,

from http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/a91061/en/index.html

World Health Organization. (2009b). Hand-washing could save the lives of millions of children.

Retrieved August 8, 2019, from http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?lng=en

World Health Organization. (2012). Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and

sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage. Geneva,

Switzerland.

World Health Organization. (2014). Cholera Media Centre Fact Sheets. Geneva.

World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Retrieved
March 26, 2019, from https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/adolescence/en/

57
58