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2017 Ankur JordanJournalofCivilEngineering
2017 Ankur JordanJournalofCivilEngineering
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ABSTRACT
In this paper, an attempt has been made to check the feasibility of concrete-filled steel tube columns in terms
of both performance and cost. An actual building, which was designed for steel sections as per IS800:2007,
was selected as the study frame. All the columns of the study frame were then replaced by equivalent concrete-
filled steel tube columns (both square and circular). Seismic performance evaluation of both frames was then
carried out and compared. It was found that seismic performance of concrete-filled steel tube column frame
was better than that of steel frame under both static and dynamic loading. It also proved to be more economical
than steel frame.
KEYWORDS: Concrete-filled tube columns, Steel columns, Dynamic loading, Static loading, Time
history analysis.
INTRODUCTION core in the radial direction and the steel tube does not
restrain the concrete core. At this point, the steel tube is
Concrete-filled steel tube columns have been subjected to compressive stresses, with no separation
increasingly used all over the world due to their inherent between the tube and the concrete core. However, when
advantages, particularly because of their favourable the applied load reaches the level of the uniaxial strength
behaviour under seismic loads. The steel tube of the concrete, micro-cracking of concrete is increased.
effectively confines the concrete core, providing a In this situation, the lateral expansion of the concrete
highly ductile response under compression and a high reaches its maximum, mobilizing the steel tube and
energy absorption capacity (Oliveira, 2009). The efficiently confining the concrete core. In this way, the
confinement introduced by the steel tube in the concrete ultimate capacity of concrete-filled steel tube columns is
core is an important aspect of the structural behaviour of higher than the sum of the resistance of their
concrete-filled steel tube columns. components, which are the steel tube and the concrete
The confinement effect in the first stages of loading core (Shanmugam and Lakshmi, 2001; Oliveira et al.,
can be neglected, since the Poisson coefficient of the 2009; Sakino et al., 2004).
concrete is smaller than the steel's coefficient. Only circular concrete-filled steel tube columns
Therefore, the steel tube expands faster than the concrete present this gain of load capacity due to confinement
effect (Shams and Saadeghvaziri, 1997; Schneider,
Received on 29/10/2015. 1998; Shanmugam and Lakshmi, 2001). Square and
Accepted for Publication on 18/12/2016. rectangular cross-sections do not show this behaviour.
The plane portions of the square section steel tube are For beam-column member;
lk
not rigid enough to resist the internal pressures due to ≤ 30;
D
expansion of the concrete core. Therefore, only the where,
concrete in the centre and in the corners of the cross- lk = effective buckling length of member.
section is effectively confined. D = minimum depth of cross-section.
concrete, “Fc” should be less than or equal to 60 N/mm2 sNcu =ultimate strength of steel tube column.
and the tensile strength of steel “σs” should be less than cNcr =buckling strength of concrete column.
1. Limiting Value of Width to Thickness Ratio Ultimate Compressive Strength (cNcu) of a Concrete
Column
Rectangular or square; B ≤ 1.5 735
st √F cNcu = cA * cru * Fc
D 23500
Circular; ≤ 1.5
st F where,
where, A =cross-sectional area of concrete column.
c
B = flange width of rectangular or square tube. Fc =design standard strength of filled concrete.
D = depth or diameter of circular tube.
cru =0.85: reduction factor for concrete strength.
t = wall thickness of steel tube.
Ultimate Buckling Strength (cNcr) of a Concrete
F = allowable stress of steel, smaller than yield stress Column
and 0.7 times the tensile strength (N/mm2). cNcr = cA * cσcr
2. Maximum Effective Length (lk) of Concrete-
Filled Steel Tube Members where,
for compression member; cσcr =critical stress of concrete column.
lk 2
≤ 50. For cλ1 ≤ 1; cσcr = cru * Fc
D 4
1+ cλ1 +1
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
For 1< cλ1; cσcr = 0.83 exp {Cc (1- cλ1)} cru * Fc π2sE sI
sNE =
lk2
cλ
Cλ1 = cε u sλ = slenderness ratio of steel tube.
π
1
0.93 ( cru * Fc ) ⁄4 x 103
cε u = sE =Young’s modulus of steel tube.
Cc = 0.568 + 0.00612 Fc sI =cross-sectional moment of inertia of steel tube
cλ = slenderness ratio of concrete column. column.
Ultimate Compressive Strength (sNcu) of a Steel Tube 4. Ultimate Bending Strength of a Concrete-Filled
Column
Steel Tube Beam-Column
sNcu = sA * Fs
Ultimate bending strength Mu of short concrete-
lk
filled steel tube beam-column ( < 12) subjected to axial
where, D
load Nu is calculated by the following equilibrium
sA =cross-sectionalarea of steel tube column.
equations:
Fs =design standard strength of steel tube. Nu = cNu + sNu
Mu = cMu + sMu
Ultimate Buckling Strength (sNcr) of a Steel Tube where, the strengths appearing on the right sides of
Column
the equations are based on stress block.
For sλ1 ≤ 1;
Nu = ultimate axial load on column.
sNcr = sA * Fs
cNu= ultimate compressive strength of filled concrete
For 0.3 ≤ sλ1 < 1;
portion.
sNu = ultimate compressive strength of steel portion.
sNcr = {1-0.545 (sλ1 - 0.3)} sA * Fs
cMu= ultimate bending strength of filled concrete
For 1.3 ≤ sλ1;
sNE portion.
sNcr =
1.3 sMu= ultimate bending strength of steel portion.
where,
sλ F
sλ1 =
π sE
xn
N.A
D cD
s σy
Figure (1): Stress block for ultimate bending strength for a square beam-column
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
Concrete Steel
st σcB
c β1 sσy β1 = 0.89
β2 = 1.08
xn N.A
D cD
β2 sσy
Figure (2): Stress block for ultimate bending strength for a circular beam-column
The interaction chart shown in Figure 3 for For other grades of materials, similar diagrams can be
compression with bending has been procured by using prepared by using stress blocks. The ultimate capacity
stress blocks and equilibrium equations for the M25 of concrete-filled steel tube columns can be easily
grade of concrete and Fe345 grade of structural steel. calculated using such interaction curves.
Figure (3): N-M interaction chart for square and circular concrete-filled steel tube
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
STUDY FRAME load and live load were considered as per IS875:1987
(part 1 and part 2). Lateral load was considered as per
An actual frame located at Vadodara City has been IS1893: 2000. Designed sections of beams and columns
selected for the study purpose. Plan of the building and are shown in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5. Steel sections are
the numbering system adopted for beams and columns designed as per IS 800:2007 and concrete-filled steel
are shown in Figure 4. Details of the building considered tube columns are designed as per the recommendations
are shown in Table 1. Concrete grade of M25 and previously mentioned.
structural steel grade of Fe345 have been used. Dead
Figure (4): Plan of building and numbering system of beams and columns
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
Circular CFT
Structure Steel Column Square CFT Column
Column
Time Period (sec) for the 1st mode 3.92 3.88 3.63
Base Shear in X-dir. (kN) 1527.83 1562.01 1581.96
Base Shear in Y-dir. (kN) 1622.64 1665.61 1678.66
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
20
18 Storey Drift (mm)
16
14
12
Storey
10
8
6
4
2 STEEL CIRCULAR CFT
0 SQUARE CFT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Figure (5): Comparison of maximum storey drift
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
2000
1000
-1000 STEEL
-2000 CIRCULAR CFT
45.88, -2650.11 45.885, -2605.6 SQ UARE CFT
-3000
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Time (Sec)
5.98, 9999.25
8000
4000
0
STEEL
-4000
CIRCULAR CFT
-8000
SQ UARE CFT
-12000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
8000
4000
-4000
STEEL
-8000 8.1, -8094.16 CIRCULAR CFT
8.1, -8519.11
SQUARE CFT
8.08, -9736.59
-12000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
15.684, 13213.22
8000
STEEL
-8000
CIRCULAR CFT
14.148, -13350.4 14.144, -13475.42 SQUARE CFT
-16000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (Sec)
10000
STEEL
-10000
CIRCULAR CFT
6.12, -18155.16 6.12, -17191.85
SQUARE CFT
-20000 6.12, -17076.93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
8000
-8000 STEEL
CIRCULAR CFT
-16000
SQUARE CFT
-24000
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time (Sec)
Figure (6): Acceleration response at roof joint for different ground motions
80
STEEL
-80
CIRCULAR CFT
SQ UARE CFT
-160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (Sec)
1600
Displacement (mm)
800
-800
8.92, -1631.2 STEEL
-1600 CIRCULAR CFT
9.3, -1749.6 9.32, -1763.1
SQ UARE CFT
-2400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Se c)
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
800
400
0
-400
-800
STEEL
-1200
9.48, -1711.4 CIRCULAR CFT
-1600
9.7, -1733 SQUARE CFT
-2000 9.66, -1735.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Se c)
800
-800
STEEL
-1600 CIRCULAR CFT
SQUARE CFT
-2400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (Sec)
800
400
-400 STEEL
-800 CIRCULAR CFT
12.4, -963.5 SQUARE CFT
12.36, -955
-1200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
800
Displacement (mm)
400
-400
STEEL
-800 2.78, -937.7 CIRCULAR CFT
2.785, -939.4
SQ UARE CFT
2.76, -945.6
-1200
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time (Sec)
Figure (7): Displacement response at roof joint for different ground motions
As observed from Figure 6, acceleration response is earthquake, acceleration of the equipment will be
higher in most of strong ground motions with very high directly affecting the acceleration of the frame and the
magnitudes. Therefore, if the structure is supporting response of the frame will be higher.
sensitive equipment and the motion imparted to the As observed from Figure 7, concrete-filled steel tube
equipment, concrete-filled steel tube frame seems to be (especially square one) frame proves to be better than
inefficient at places where seismic activity is higher. steel frame in terms of displacement response when
Because equipment also has its own motion, during an subjected to the earthquake with PGA ranging from 0.1g
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
to 0.7g (Newhall earthquake had 0.72g PGA). However, PGA ranging from 0.1g to 0.7g with high-magnitude
in case of ground motions with higher PGA greater than ground motions, square concrete-filled steel tube is
0.89g (Rinaldi, 1994), the steel frame gives better preferable to avoid the ponding effect as well as to fulfil
performance than the square and circular concrete-filled the serviceability criteria in a better way.
steel tube frame. Thus, it can be stated that in case of
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Inte r store y Drift (mm)
15 Oct, 1979 Impe rial Valle y, California (El Ce ntro Array #5)
20
18
16
14
12
Storey
10
8
6
4 ST EEL
CIRCLULAR CFT
2
SQUARE CFT
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte r s torey Drift (mm)
15 Oct, 1979 Impe rial Valle y, California (El Ce ntro Array #7)
20
18
16
14
12
10
Storey
8
6 ST EEL
4 CIRCLULAR CFT
2 SQUARE CFT
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Inte r Store y Drift (mm)
8
6
ST EEL
4 CIRCLULAR CFT
2 SQUARE CFT
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte r Store y Drift (mm)
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
8
6 ST EEL
4 CIRCLU LAR CFT
2 SQUARE CFT
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Inte r Store y Drift (mm)
8
6 ST EEL
4 CIRCLULAR CFT
2 SQUARE CFT
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Inter Storey Drift (mm)
Figure (8): Storey displacement for different ground motions
0.02
0
-0.02 STEEL
CIRCULAR CFT
-0.04 SQUARE CFT
-0.06
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Time (Se c)
0
STEEL
-0.2 CIRCULAR CFT
SQUARE CFT
-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Se c)
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
-0.2 STEEL
CIRCULR CFT
-0.4
SQUARE CFT
-0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
0.4
11.844, 0.290984808 STEEL
0.3 12.056, 0.278608038
12.076, 0.273337896 CIRCULAR CFT
0.2
SQUARE CFT
0.1
V b/W
-0.1
-0.2
13.952, -0.239237184 17.82, -0.245564493
-0.3 13.62, -0.283308026
-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.2
Vb / W
STEEL
-0.2 CIRCULAR CFT
5.7, -0.341545783
5.7, -0.355928102 SQUARE CFT
-0.4 5.7, -0.34410492
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (Sec)
0.2
Vb / W
-0.2
STEEL
3.585, -0.435223584
-0.4 3.555, -0.453228115
CIRCULAR CFT
3.59, -0.450154696 SQUARE CFT
-0.6
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time (Sec)
Figure (9): Base shear in Y-direction
Maximum base shear was obtained in Y direction tube frame than in steel frame. As we know that base
and hence is presented here. Base shear in case of shear is related to weight and stiffness of the frame, it is
concrete-filled steel tube (especially square one) frame to be noted that stiffness of concrete-filled steel tube
is higher than in steel frame as shown in Figure 9. Thus, column is higher than that of steel column, because in
lateral resistance will be higher in concrete-filled steel this study only columns were replaced.
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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, No. 2, 2017
Table 8. Cost of steel columns Table 9. Cost of circular CFT columns Table 10. Cost of square CFT columns
Storeys Cost (Rs) Storeys Cost (Rs) Storeys Cost (Rs)
1-5 3755097.6 1-5 2281484.84 1-5 2788092.72
6-10 3289372.8 6-10 1930501.39 6-10 2456640.72
11-15 2746780.8 11-15 1547970.86 11-15 1945285.47
16-20 1777651.2 16-20 1339871.76 16-20 1653660.72
Total cost 11568902.4 Total cost 7099828.87 Total cost 8843679.63
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Steel… Ankur Tailor, Sejal Dalal and P.D. Dalal
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New Delhi, India. (10), 1041-1080.
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