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State of the art of steel–concrete composite structures in Brazil

Article  in  Civil Engineering · November 2013

DOI: 10.1680/cien.2013.166.6.20

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Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Civil Engineering Special Issue 166 November 2013 Issue CE6
Pages 20–27 http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2013.166.6.20
Paper 1300002
Received 31/01/2013 Accepted 28/05/2013
Keywords: buildings, structures & design/composite structures/
developing countries

proceedings ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

State of the art of steel–concrete

composite structures in Brazil

Silvana De Nardin PhD Ana El Debs PhD

Adjunt professor, Federal University of São Carlos UFSCar, Brazil Associate professor, University of São Paulo USP, Brazil

Steel–concrete composite structures are now increasingly used in Brazil and are the subject of significant research
by the country’s leading universities. This paper summarises the typology, state of the art and usage of steel–
composite structures from a Brazilian perspective. It presents the concepts, definitions and design philosophy for
basic structural elements, including composite slabs, beams and columns, and also for various types of connections.
Summaries of the extensive research findings are presented for each composite element. The paper concludes with
a call for all the research results to be condensed into a single design manual, which in turn will help Brazil’s fast-
growing construction industry take full advantage of the benefits of composite construction techniques.

1. Introduction University of São Paulo, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal

Steel–concrete composite construction was introduced to Brazil
in the 1960s. However, owing to the economic crisis in the country
in the 1980s, there was a significant reduction of steel use and a
consequent decrease in the use of composite systems. But with the
country’s newly achieved economic stability, composite elements
became commonplace again in the 1990s, provoking significant
interest among researchers. Top Brazilian universities – including
University of Ouro Preto, State University of Campinas and more
recently Federal University of São Carlos – all started research groups
on steel–concrete composite elements and structural systems.
Composite beams and slabs are now the most commonly used
composite elements in Brazil, particularly in multi-storey buildings
using steel columns. Some recent examples of Brazilian construction
projects using composite elements are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1(a)
presents a garage building recently completed where partially encased

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Examples of steel–concrete elements in structural systems of buildings in Brazil: (a) partially enclosed columns were used in this garage
building in São Paulo; (b) composite slabs and beams form this shopping centre in Salvador; (c) composite slabs, beams and concrete-filled tube
columns feature in this office building in São Paulo

20
Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
composite columns were used. Composite slabs and beams were
chosen for the structural system of the commercial building Salvador
Shopping, located in Salvador, Bahia (Figure 1(b)). In the case of the
New Century commercial building in São Paulo, composite beams and
slabs as well as concrete-filled tubular columns were used (Figure 1(c)).
Composite slabs are generally produced in Brazil by incorporating
a profiled, indented steel sheeting under in situ concrete. The profiled
steel sheeting works as a formwork during the construction phase and
replaces a part or the whole of the tension reinforcement during the
service life of the construction. In Brazil, only trapezoidal-profiled
steel sheeting is available (Figure 2(a)), with heights varying from 50
to 75 mm and thicknesses from 0·75 to 1·25 mm.
Brazilian composite beams, on the other hand, generally consist
of a steel I-section and a concrete flange from the slab (Figure 2(b)),
where the steel beam can also be partially or totally encased by the
reinforced concrete slab. Composite behaviour is achieved by the
presence of shear connectors fixed on the steel beam by welding or
electro-fusion and completely covered by concrete, which transfer
horizontal shear from the steel beam to the concrete cover.
Finally, composite columns in Brazil generally consist of steel
beams partially or totally encased by concrete, or steel tubes filled with
concrete. Shear connectors are not usually required and the composite
behaviour is achieved by load distribution (Figure 2(c)). However,
despite the fact that composite columns have been extensively used
in many countries around the world, only in recent years have they
started to be applied in Brazil. The main reason is the increasing
labour costs associated with in situ reinforced concrete structures,
which in turn has increased the viability of more industrialised
building systems.
Steel–concrete composite elements in Brazil are usually designed
according to Brazilian Standard Code NBR 8800:2008 (ABNT, 2008),
which presents ultimate and serviceable limit states to be verified with
respect to slabs, beams, columns and composite connections.
For composite slabs, only trapezoidal steel sheets are covered by
the code. For composite beams, the code considers propped and
unpropped construction, total and partial interaction and in situ or
precast reinforced concrete slabs and composite slabs. Composite
columns covered by the code are concrete-filled steel tubes and
(a) (b)
Concrete
Reinforcing
bars
Profiled steel sheeting Concrete
Figure 2. Examples of steel–concrete composite elements used in
Brazil: (a) composite slab; (b) composite beam; (c) composite columns
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
totally or partially encased steel columns.
With regard to connections, only four connection details,
which have already been widely investigated experimentally and
numerically, are included in the code, together with formulae to
predict the rotation capacity, rotational rigidity and resistance moment
of these connections. Other types of connection details are in need of
more investigation.
This paper presents the main aspects of current Brazilian research
into each type of composite element, from composite slabs, beams
and columns to composite connections. The latter are of fundamental
importance to making composite systems a viable and attractive
solution for the Brazilian construction industry.
2. Brazilian research on steel–concrete
composite structures
The study of composite structures in Brazil has been conducted
primarily in universities, sometimes with private companies’
partnership. The first element to attract the attention of researchers
was the composite beam formed by a steel section and concrete
slab, which is a very common combination in the structural systems
adopted by the Brazilian construction industry.
Most of the studies on composite structures produced in Brazil
involve test programmes, sometimes with real-scale specimens. The
obtained results are then used to validate numerical models or even
produce analytical models aiming to come up with design criteria for
the most common steel sections in Brazil.
2.1 Composite beams
Composite beams studied in Brazil are those usually chosen
by local designers and producers, based on both economical and
mechanical reasons. The most popular solution is the welded
steel beam combined to cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slabs. The
association of welded beams with composite slabs has also gained
a foothold in the Brazilian market during the past decade. Another
increasingly used solution is the use of I-sections, made of rolled steel
or welded plates, combined with precast concrete slabs through the
use of shear connectors.
(c)
Reinforcing bars
Concrete slab
Profiled Encased column Partially
steel encased column
sheeting
Steel beam
Filled column
21
Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
(a) 130 (b) 490 480
12.5
125
75
250
6.3
125
250
60 130 60 (c)
237.5
75
62.5 125 62.5
Figure 3. Composite partially encased beam samples tested by De
Nardin and El Debs (2009) had no studs (a), studs on the web (b) and
studs on the flange (c) (dimensions in mm)
One of the first studies on composite beams focused particularly
on beams for multi-storey buildings (Malite, 1990). A historical
background of the main buildings using the solution in Brazil at that
time and a critical analysis of the available design codes on the subject
was presented. In addition, software to help the design of composite
beams was developed and published.
Subsequently, research started on composite beams made of cold-
formed sections, which are very popular in Brazil. Experimental
results on the behaviour of four T-section beams and two filled beams
were presented, showing the good performance of the proposed
system and encouraging the market to use it (Malite, 1993).
Later on studies considering the contribution of steel bars from the
negative reinforcement of concrete slabs were carried out, with semi-
continuous steel beams capable of absorbing flexural moments. As a
result improvement in the overall stability of buildings was achieved
(Pires, 2003), opening new possibilities.
The design of composite lattice beams formed by tubular steel bars
and concrete flanges was also studied and, in an attempt to make this
solution suitable for use in composite floors, software to optimise the
beams was also developed (Montagner, 2006).
The study on composite beams made of cold-formed sections
was followed by research into the behaviour of those beams when
combined with two types of slab. The first used a cold-formed steel
deck and the second had autoclaved concrete composite slabs. Results
showed that the proposed cold-formed beams could be an attractive
solution for floor systems of low-cost buildings, in particular for
residential buildings of up to seven storeys (Bremer, 2007).
Another interesting aspect of composite beam design was
addressed in a study on partially encased composite beams, where the
main objective was to define the best position of the shear connectors
required to produce composite behaviour (De Nardin and El Debs,
2009) (Figure 3).
Experimental research on composite beams with sinusoidal webs
was also performed. Two alternatives considering the contribution
of concrete or composite slabs were investigated, with the main
focus on the behaviour of regions of sagging and hogging moments.
22
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
480 480 480 490
Stud bolt –
19 mm
Stud bolt –
19 mm
2900
The obtained results were used to calibrate a numerical model, the
purpose of which was to predict the flexural resistance of the beams
(Martins, 2009).
Finally, regarding the reliability of the design procedures for
cold-formed steel–concrete composite beams adopted in Brazil,
a reliability-based evaluation of design guidelines was proposed,
aiming to verify possible improvements (Chaves et al., 2010).
2.2 Composite slabs
Composite slabs started as a solution to speed the construction
process, to eliminate or reduce falsework and formwork, and to make
construction sites cleaner and safer. However, Brazilian industry
still does not offer a large variety of products to be used as steel
decks. There is a limited number of profiled steel sheets available,
most of them presenting low heights and not adequate for slim floor
production. Academic researchers are trying to change this situation
through the publication of new results showing the feasibility of slim-
floor systems.
One of the first studies on composite slabs investigated the
behaviour of steel decks through experimental analysis, establishing
a criterion to obtain the carrying capacity of the slabs (Ferraz, 1999).
The effect of using end-anchorages provided by stud bolts in simply
supported steel–concrete composite slabs with steel decks was also
investigated and the results of the experimental analysis showed a
good behaviour of the proposed system for slabs of small span (Souza
Neto, 2001).
Aiming to make construction of long-span floor systems viable
and without having any vibration problems, a study focusing on the
improvement of existing design methods was performed. Numerical
models representing the floor using shell elements and also a simplified
formulation, reducing the floor to a single-degree-of-freedom system,
were analysed leading to a proposed design procedure to ensure good
dynamic behaviour of the slabs (Sommer, 2002).
Concerns about the behaviour of profiled steel sheets during
the construction phase, while they are working as formwork for
the concrete in a fresh state, motivated a study on the subject.
Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
Figure 4. Composite slim floor tested by De Nardin and El Debs (2009):
the slab was supported on the lower flange of the steel I-section beam
Comparative analysis and discussion on the behaviour of three types
of sheets available in the Brazilian market and subjected to the same
load were performed. The main purpose of the study was to increase
the confidence and subsequent use of the system in Brazil, still
incipient at that time (Baião Filho, 2003).
Further experimental analysis revealed there was only one failure
mode observed for all tested specimens: the rupture of shear bond.
In this way, the capacity of the slabs could be adequately predicted
by the simplified m × k method and the partial interaction method
(Brendolan, 2007). The m × k method is an empirical method to
predict the longitudinal shear resistance of composite slabs.
Numerical modelling using software based on finite-element
methods was also utilised to represent slim-floor behaviour. The
model was calibrated using experimental results available in the
literature and used to perform parametric studies. The influence of
variables such as concrete cover, concrete strength and reinforcement
ratio was investigated, and limits to improve the deck behaviour were
established (Ramos, 2010).
Composite slabs as part of a slim-floor system were also studied
by Brazilian researchers through experimental programmes (De
Nardin and El Debs, 2012) and numerical modelling (Ramos, 2010).
Composite floors investigated by De Nardin and El Debs (2012)
and Ramos (2010) had the slab supported by the lower flange of the
I-section steel beam (Figure 4). This type of composite floor was used,
for instance, in a multi-storey building situated in Belo Horizonte,
Minas Gerais (Queiroz et al., 1998).
More studies on the behaviour of composite slabs are also being
produced (e.g. Friedrich, 2012), since geometric and mechanical
properties of the profiled sheets are always being improved and
standardisation has not yet been achieved.
2.3 Composite columns
Composite columns are a very good combination of steel sections
and reinforced or plain concrete, producing an element with high
strength and high ductility, which is likely to speed the construction
process. When high-strength concrete is used these columns become
suitable for use in high-rise buildings.
One of the first Brazilian experimental studies dealing with
the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns of square,
rectangular and circular cross-sections was conducted by the São
Carlos group, at the structural laboratory of Engineering School of
São Carlos, part of the University of São Paulo (De Nardin, 1999;
De Nardin and El Debs, 2007). The study represented the formal
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Experimental study on concrete-filled square tubes subject to
(a) axial loading, (b) eccentric loading. In all tested specimens failure
was observed owing to the combination of concrete crushing and
steel yielding
start of the research group on the subject and the beginning of a very
productive period when many different aspects of the composite
structures were studied.
The research focused on the evaluation of parameters affecting the
confinement provided by the steel tubes over the concrete core, such
as the relation between width D and thickness t of the tubes’ cross-
sections. The research was also the first to use high-strength (around
50 MPa) concrete for filling the tube.
Subsequently another experimental programme was performed
with the intention of investigating concrete-filled tube columns of
square cross-sections under eccentric compression (De Nardin, 2003).
In this case, procedures to introduce eccentric load were evaluated, as
well as the influence of the existing bond at the interface between
steel section and concrete core.
For columns of square cross-section, both studies reported the
presence of local buckling of the steel section, but only in the post-
peak loading phase, and this phenomenon was not a failure mode
(Figure 5). In all tested specimens failure was observed due to the
combination of concrete crushing and steel yielding.
The study of local load introduction zones for partially encased
composite columns subjected to axial eccentric loads was also
undertaken. Numerical models were used to represent the column
behaviour and to evaluate the effect of the interface between the steel
section and the surrounding concrete (Mantovani, 2006).
The importance of shear-transfer mechanisms between concrete and
steel in composite columns was also investigated. An experimental
programme was conducted to understand the role of shear connectors
placed on the interface (De Nardin and El Debs, 2007). The contribution
23
Civil Engineering Special Issue State of the art of steel–concrete
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013 composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs

of headed stud bolts and angles to improve the shear resistance of the
steel–concrete interface was tested using push-out tests.
Steel H- or I-sections are generally used in partially encased
columns, with the composite behaviour usually being achieved
by means of shear connectors placed on the flange and web of the
sections. Numerical models were used to analyse the shear transfer
on the steel–concrete interface, with special focus on the load
introduction regions (Gaiga, 2008).
The analysis of the previous results showed the importance
of understanding the mechanisms of loading transference from
the beams and floors to the columns, and also the influence of
connection details on this behaviour. The next step was thus to
study the contribution of several types of shear connectors, such as
headed stud bolts and angles, to improve the shear resistance of the
steel–concrete interface in through-bolted connections on the load
transfer mechanisms (Silva, 2006). The comprehension of the real
mechanism of transferring loads from beams and floors to columns
was also researched through testing complete connections (Farias,
2008). A general view of the specimens tested and the loading set-
up utilised by Farias (2008) are shown in Figure 6.
Another study was developed using physical models similar to
those tested by Silva (2006), but this time the connection region
was subjected only to shear forces (Araujo, 2009) in push-out tests.
Details of this research can be viewed in Figure 7.
Various experimental studies to evaluate the effect of diameter
and thickness on the confinement provided by the steel tubes for
composite columns were also performed. The main conclusion was
that the ductility, more than carrying capacity, was the major benefit
of confinement (Oliveira et al., 2009; Simões, 2008). The influence
of the length-to-diameter ratio of concrete-filled tube columns
also was analysed, showing a reduction of confinement benefits
for slender columns (Oliveira et al., 2010). General views of the
specimens tested by Oliveira et al. (2009) and Oliveira et al. (2010)
are shown in Figure 8.
Other recent research has focused on the behaviour of composite
columns subjected to high temperatures. An experimental programme
was proposed to investigate the performance of steel slender columns
filled and unfilled with concrete, subjected to three levels of axial load
(30%, 50% and 70% of column capacity at room temperature) under
fire conditions. This showed the benefits of the presence of concrete
on the behaviour of the columns (Leite Júnior, 2009).
2.4 Composite connections
International literature on composite connections is mainly related
to rolled-steel sections instead the cold-formed ones more common
in Brazil, and with a focus on behaviour under cyclic loadings related
to earthquakes, which are unusual in Brazil. The lack of standards for
composite connections adapted to Brazilian steel sections was always an

25 mm
25 mm 25 mm 25 mm 150 mm
Steel tube
125 mm 125 mm
Concrete 125 mm
125 mm 125 mm
125 mm
800 mm

750 mm

125 mm 125 mm 750 mm Endplate

125 mm
125 mm 125 mm Through
bolt
125 mm
125 mm 125 mm
150 mm
125 mm 125 mm 25 mm
25 mm 25 mm 25 mm
100 mm

100 mm
200 mm

6.3 mm

200 mm 56 88 56
Stud bolt – L-50 x 6.35 mm mmmmmm
200 mm
19.1 mm

Load applied on
concrete core

300 mm 1245 mm
400 mm

Reaction on
endplates

Figure 6. Details of the specimens tested by Farias (2008) to improve

understanding of the transfer of loads between composite beams and Figure 7. Araujo (2009) used push-out tests to assess the shear
columns resistance of the steel–concrete interface in concrete-filled tubes

24
Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
obstacle to the use of such structures, but also an incentive to researchers.
Composite connections in general can be classified as internal or
external, depending on the type of device used to transfer the load
from beams to columns. Internal connections can be associated
with shear connectors or passing bolts, which are used to increase
efficiency. However, they are more difficult to execute compared to
external ones. Composite connections can also be classified according
to their capacity to avoid beam rotation through the absorption of
flexural moments, either as flexible, semi-rigid or rigid.
High-rise buildings are made more viable when semi-rigid
connections are used, enhancing the overall behaviour in terms of
Figure 8. Concrete-filled tube specimens tested by Oliveira et al. (2010),
which showed the reduction of confinement benefits for slender columns
Figure 9. Composite connection with a cross-plate tested by De Nardin and El Debs (2012)
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
stability. Taking into account the contribution of the existing slab and
its negative reinforcement can make the design more economic since
most of the connections present a semi-rigid behaviour when a more
realistic hypothesis is considered.
A connection is considered as composite when the slab contributes
to the transfer of moments from beam to column or from beam to
beam. As an example, Figure 9 shows a connection using a cross-
plate, classified as flexible if the presence of the slab is not considered,
but it is semi-rigid when the composite behaviour is considered. How
to achieve this composite behaviour is something various studies on
beam–column connections performed in Brazil are investigating.
25
Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
The aim of one of those studies was to determine the moment–
rotation curve of composite beam-to-column connections using cold-
formed steel sections. The proposed connection behaved as semi-rigid
and of total resistance, with the results being affected by the depth of the
considered beams (Quinonez, 2007). Development, implementation
and testing of a numerical tool to simulate the behaviour of structural
systems with semi-rigid connections, considering large displacement
theory, was used to evaluate the influence rotation on the overall
behaviour of the system (Silva, 2010).
A study on the behaviour of composite connections considering
the contribution of three types of slabs was the main focus of an
experimental programme using full-scale prototypes, as shown in
Figure 10 (De Nardin and El Debs, 2012).
The consequence of including a steel beam–column connection
in a slim floor has also been studied by Brazilian researchers in
experimental programmes, with the main objective of determining
the real behaviour of the system. Results showed that the steel
connection behaves as a flexible one but, when the slim floor is added,
the contribution of the negative reinforcement of the slab makes the
connection capable of transmitting moments, so that it becomes more
efficient (De Nardin and El Debs, 2012). The study considered also
the use of different types of slabs, and the main conclusion was the
importance of considering the slab’s contribution to the rigidity of the
The next goal to make composite
structures a more popular solution
in Brazil will be the distillation of
all research results into a design
manual, where all information can
be easily accessed
Figure 10. Full-scale prototypes were used by De Nardin and El Debs
(2012) to consider the contribution of three types of slabs to the
behaviour of composite connections
26
State of the art of steel–concrete
composite structures in Brazil
De Nardin and El Debs
connection. This assumption made possible the transfer of bending
moments from the beams to the columns, for all considered slabs.
A method to calculate unbraced systems with steel–concrete
composite connections was proposed by Mata (2005) based on
experimental results and also on theoretical considerations, allowing
the ultimate capacity of the connections to be obtained as well as
the moment–rotation curve for the complete loading–unloading–
reloading process. Another aspect regarding the connection
behaviour has been considered, with the production of some results
on the effects of cyclic loading on the rigidity of the composite beam–
column connection with the contribution of the slabs (Kataoka, 2011).
Finally, in an attempt to optimise composite semi-rigid joints with
steel end-plates, genetic algorithms were used to develop automatic
procedures that obtain the best solution for this type of connection
(Ramires et al., 2012).
3. Conclusion
As can be seen from the research studies presented, composite
elements and structural systems are becoming of major interest to
Brazilian researchers as the industrialisation of the construction process
becomes necessary. The real obstacle is the lack of standardised details
on the elements and connections, which is the main objective of most of
the presented studies. Also a complete knowledge of the shear-transfer
mechanisms would make it possible to optimise the elements and to
produce more economic and efficient systems.
Regarding the behaviour of complete systems, the connections
are without doubt the most important choice that the designers and
producers must make. In this way, some comparative studies of
connections using several different details were undertaken, giving
information to allow better solutions to be adopted.
Finally, the slab’s contribution to the rigidity of the connection
was also evaluated, showing that slabs have great influence on the
behaviour of composite systems and therefore this effect needs to be
included in the design model.
The next goal to make composite structures a more popular solution
in Brazil will be the distillation of all research results into a design
 Civil Engineering Special Issue
Volume 166 Issue CE6 November 2013
manual, where all information can be easily accessed. It is hoped that
this paper represents an important step to achieving that objective.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support given
by Fapesp – Sao Paulo State Research Support Foundation, as financial
aid of Brazilian federal research foundations CAPES and CNPq.
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