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Ch 5 Food and humans

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 5-31)
1 D 2 D 3 A 4 B
5 D 6 D 7 D

Short questions (p. 5-32)

8 HKCEE Human Biology 2001 I Q4b

9 HKCEE Biology 2005 I Q6

10
Constituent of the diet Description of one effect of deficiency

vitamin A reduced ability to synthesize retinal pigments

vitamin C (ascorbic acid) scurvy / bleeding from small blood vessels or

gums / poor wound healing
calcium rickets / weak bones or teeth / bleeding /
decreased muscular activity
iron reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
1m x 4

11 a Bananas: 75.7 0.5m Grapes: 84.7 0.5m b Fat 1m c Apple contains more
carbohydrate / pears contain less carbohydrate. 1m Apple contains less water / pears contain
more water. 1m d Use several samples of each fruit / Repeat experiment 0.5m
Calculate average result 0.5m 12 a i B, because it is rich in vitamin A. 1m
ii A, because it contains the largest amount of fats. (Though E also contains the
same amount of carbohydrates, fats give more energy than carbohydrates for the
same amount.) 1m
iii C, because it contains the largest amount of proteins which are important for
growth. 1m
iv E, because it contains carbohydrates only and sugar is a kind of carbohydrates.
1m v A, because it is rich in vitamin D. 1m vi B,
because it is rich in vitamin C. 1m b This is because high temperature will destroy
vitamin C in food. 1m

Structured questions (p. 5-33)

13 a
One rich
Nutrient One function of nutrient
source
carbohydrate potato energy source / energy storage / component
of DNA
fat / lipid butter insulation around nerve cells
protein meat growth and repair / source of amino acids /
formation of enzymes, hormones and
antibodies OR protein-containing tissue /
energy source
vitamin A carrot (good) night vision / allows rods to function /
prevents night blindness
vitamin D oily fish absorption of calcium OR phosphate /
deposition of calcium OR phosphate in bones
OR teeth / helps harden bones OR teeth /
prevents rickets
1m x 5 b Bar for pregnancy higher than normal 1m
Bar for breast feeding higher than pregnancy (and normal) 1m c Any two from:
1m x 2
Protein needed to allow foetus / baby to grow / develop 1m
Growth of mother’s cells / tissues 1m
Used for growth of named tissue (maternal or foetal), e.g. placenta, umbilical cord, bone,
muscle 1m
For production of milk 1m
After birth baby growing more quickly 1m Repair mother’s tissues damaged
during birth 1m 14 a Different people have different needs. 1m
RNI changes with age / gender / sex / pregnancy / lactation. 1m b i Any
two from: 1m x 2 Inflammation (of eyes) 1m Scarring / drying of
cornea 1m Loss of sight / blindness 1m
Night blindness / poor vision in dim light / rod cells do not function 1m
 ii Minimum mass of carrot needed = 100 4g
(2m for correct answer and working, 1m for incorrect
answer but correct working, 1m for answer = 4.16)
c i Made in skin under sunlight 1m
From cholesterol 1m ii Any two from: 1m x 2
Absorption of calcium in gut 1m
Deposition of calcium in bones and teeth 1m Makes bones hard /
stops bones from going soft 1m
Prevent rickets 1m

15 a i Mix equal volume of Benedict’s solutions and liquid food sample in a test tube.
1m
Boil the test tube of mixture in a water bath for a few minutes. Observe for any changes.
0.5m
A brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars. 0.5m
ii Transfer a drop of liquid food sample to the well of a spot plate. 0.5m Dip
a piece of Albustix paper into the sample and observe any colour change. 0.5m
If protein is present, the paper will change from yellow to green. 1m b C and D 0.5m
x2
C shows positive results with iodine test, test using Albustix paper and DCPIP test.
0.5m
D shows positive results with Benedict’s test and iodine test. 0.5m c C: starch,
proteins and vitamin C 2m D: reducing sugars and starch 2m d The
carbohydrate may be a non-reducing sugar with a sweet taste. It does not give a positive
result with Benedict’s test because it is non-reducing. 1m
It may be sucrose. 1m e Test for glucose using Clinistix paper. 1m
If glucose is present, the paper will change from pink to purple. 1m 16 HKCEE
Human Biology 1993 I Q4c

17 HKCEE Biology 2000 I Q2a

Essay (p. 5-35)

18 Carbohydrates contain the elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 1m
Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose and fructose) are the simplest sugars of which other
carbohydrates are composed. 2m
Glucose is a source of energy. It is the substrate in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 1m
Two glucose molecules can combine to form a disaccharide, maltose, by condensation.
1m
A glucose and a fructose molecule can combine to form another disaccharide, sucrose, by
condensation. 1m
Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides. 1m
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined together by condensation.
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. 2m
Starch provides large number of glucose molecules for respiration. 1m
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body. 1m
Cellulose is the major component of plant cell walls. 1m

Reading to learn (p. 5-36)

1 The amount of carbohydrates in a high protein diet is very small. 1m
When fewer carbohydrates are eaten, the body will break down the stored fat (instead of
carbohydrates) to release energy. 1m

2 Fruits and grains are rich in dietary fibre. 1m

If fruits and grains are not consumed for a long period of time, constipation may result.
1m

3 A high protein diet usually contains a lot of lipids including saturated fatty acids and
cholesterol, 0.5m which increase the level of cholesterol in the blood. 0.5m
Excessive cholesterol may deposit on the inner walls of the blood vessels and lead to a
blockage. Heart disease may result. 1m

4 No, a high protein diet is not a balanced diet. 0.5m

A balanced diet should contain all the food substances in the right amounts and proportions.
1m
The high protein diet contains large amounts of proteins and lipids, 0.5m but little
or no carbohydrates and dietary fibre. 1m