Fluid Machine Lab Manual Correct OLD

YMCA University of Science and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual
Laboratory Manual
B. Tech 4th Semester

Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Machine Lab (MU-218)

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VISION of University
YMCA University of Science and Technology aspires to be a nationally and

internationally acclaimed leader in technical and higher education in all spheres
which transforms the life of students through integration of teaching, research and
character building.
MISSION of University
 To contribute to the development of science and technology by

synthesizing teaching, research and creative activities.
 To provide an enviable research environment and state-of-the-art
technological exposure to its scholars.
 To develop human potential to its fullest extent and make them emerge as
world class leaders in their professions and enthuse them towards their
social responsibilities.
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VISION
To be a centre of excellence by producing high calibre, competent and self-

reliant mechanical engineers, who possess scientific temperament and would
engage in activities relevant to industries with ethical values and flair to research.
MISSION
 To provide efficient engineers for global requirements by imparting quality

education.
 To explore, create and develop innovations in various aspects of
engineering through industries and institutions.
 To emphasize on practical skills and socially relevant technology.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Program Educational Outcomes (PEO’S): B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering
PEO-1:
To train students with practical skills and experimental practices related to core and applied areas
of mechanical engineering to expand their knowledge horizon beyond books.
PEO-2:
To enable students to design, develop and maintain mechanical equipments which are useful for
the society.
PEO-3:
To improve team building, team working and leadership skills of the students with high regard
for ethical values and social responsibilities.
PEO- 4:
To enable students to communicate effectively and demonstrate the knowledge of project
management and independent research.
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)
PO Engineering Graduates will be able to:
Engineering knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO1 fundamentals, and mechanical engineering to the solution of engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review literature and analyze mechanical
PO2 engineering problems to design, conduct experiments, analyze data and interpret data.
Design /development of solutions: Design solution for mechanical engineering
PO3 problems and design system component of processes that meet the desired needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal and
the environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge and
PO4 research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions in mechanical engineering.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
PO5 modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to mechanical
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
PO6 assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to mechanical engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the mechanical engineering
PO7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge and
need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
PO8 and norms of the mechanical engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function affectively as an individual, and as a member or
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PO9 leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings in mechanical engineering.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
PO10 engineering committee and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write affective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations in
mechanical engineering.
Project Management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge & understanding of the
PO11 mechanical engineering principles and management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments in mechanical engineering.
Life- long learning: Recognize the need for, and the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12 independent research and lifelong learning in the broadest contest of technological
changes in mechanical engineering.
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PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)
PSO Engineering Graduates will be able to:
To empower the students to apply practical skills, knowledge in major streams such
as thermal, design, manufacturing and industrial engineering.
PSO1
To enable the student to take-up career in industries or to pursue higher studies in

mechanical and interdisciplinary programs with high regard for ethical values,
PSO2
environmental and social issues.
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ME 258C FLUID MACHINES LAB
B. Tech (Mechanical Engineering) IV Semester
No. of Credits: 1 Sessional : 15 Marks
L T P Total Practical : 35 Marks
002 2 Total : 50 Marks
Duration of Exam: 02 Hours
Course Objectives: To learn the construction, working and principle of fluid machines; draw
and analyse performance characteristics of fluid machines.
List of Experiments:
1. To determine the impact of jet on the different types of vanes.
2. To study the constructional details of a Pelton turbine and draw its fluid flow circuit.
3. To draw the constant head; constant-speed and constant efficiency curves of Pelton
turbine.
4. To study the constructional details of a Francis turbine and draw its fluid flow circuit.
5. To draw the constant head; constant speed and constant efficiency curves of Francis
turbine.
6. To study the construction details of a Kaplan turbine and draw its fluid flow circuit.
7. To draw the constant head; constant speed and constant efficiency curves of Kaplan
turbine.
8. To study the constructional details and draw the characteristic curves of Centrifugal
pump.
9. To study the constructional details and draw the characteristic curves of Reciprocating
pump.
10. To analyze the construction details of a Gear oil pump and its performance curves.
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11. To analyze the constructional details of a Hydraulic Ram and determine its various
efficiencies.
Course Outcomes (CO’S): At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:
CO Statement
CO1 Understand the concept of momentum equation
CO2 Understand the construction, working principle and performance of hydraulic turbines
CO3 Understand the construction, working principle and performance of pumps
CO4 Understand the construction, working principle and performance of hydraulic ram
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Experiment No. 1
Aim: To determine the pressure of jet nozzle on vanes of different types
The equipment consists of 10 mm nozzles, fitted to 25 mm dia, pipe with a Valve to control
the gate pressure so that the jet strike the vanes vertically. By controlling the velocity of jet
can be regulated, as the entire pressure energy is converted into velocity energy at the
nozzle. The assembly is enclosed with transparent cylinder.
The vanes are fitted to vertical shaft with cantilever type, which balances the upward force
of the jet. The level is adjusted by loading weight mechanism; types of vanes are flat and
curved.
The unit is mounted on a sump. The discharge of water is collected by a collecting tank of
size 0.2 m x 0.2 m x 0.5 m. The tank is provided with scale fitting and a drain valve.
Vanes are provided with shapes are flat and semicircular.
Experiment: JET ON VANE APPARATUS
Description:
The apparatus consists of a water jet from a nozzle which is connected to a high pressure
pump main. All the pressure head of the water is converted into velocity head by the nozzle,
which discharges the water in the atmosphere. The jet then strikes the vane. A portion of
the velocity energy thus transmitted depends upon the shape of the vane. The lifting force
can be measured with the help of dead weight.
Theory:
Let ‘H’ be the head of water in meter before the nozzle as shown by the pressure gauge.
Velocity of jet =v =2gH
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Procedure:
1. Fit the required vane on the lever.
2. Balance the shaft system by means of counter weight for no loading.
3. Place a small weight on the shaft.
4. Open the gate valve and adjust the jet, so that the weight is balanced.
5. Collect water in the collecting tank.
Note:
a. The pressure gauge reading.
b. The weight placed.
c. Time for 5 cm rise in the collecting tank.
d. Four number of weights are provided like 100 grams,200 grams – 2 no’s, 500 grams
7. Calculate the discharge by weight.

8. Calculate the vertical force.
9. Change the weights on the shaft and repeat the same experiment.
10. Take different sets of readings.
TABULAR COLUMN AND CALCULATION:
Area of collecting tank: 20 x 20 cms
FLAT PLATE VANES
Sl. Pr. Gauge Weight Discharge Velocity F (Kg) Time for 5

No. cm rise
(Kg/cm2) (gm) Q (m3/sec) 4Q
V =-----
d2
1
2
3
4
11
5
LxBxH
Discharge Q = -------------- in m3/s
T

Area = -------- d2
4

= -------- (0.010)2
4
= m2
Q
V = --------
A
F = AV2
m2
Kg / m3 x m2 x ----- = Kg m/s2
s
SEMI CIRCULAR VANES
12
Sl. Pr. Gauge Weight Discharge Velocity F(Kg) Time for

No. 5 cm
(Kg/cm2) (gm) Q (m3/sec) 4Q
rise
V = -----
d2
1
2
3
4
5
AV2
F1 = -------- Sin 
g
 = 1 + 2 = 170 + 170 =340
1000 x 5.02 x 10-5 x (V)2 Sin 340

F = ------------------------------------------
9.81
= Kg
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Experiment No. 2
Aim: To study the constructional details of a Pelton turbine and draw its fluid flow circuit.
Equipments: Model of Pelton wheel with related diagrams.
Theory: Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow type impulse turbine in which the
jet of water strikes tangentially over the buckets fitted on the periphery of the runner. The
energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and
outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. The turbine is a high head & low discharge turbine and
shaft used rotates in horizontal direction.
Figure1 shows the layout of the hydroelectric power in which the turbine is Pelton
wheel. The water from the reservoir flows through penstock at the outlet of which
a nozzle is fitted which increases the kinetic energy of water flowing through penstock
thereafter at the outlet of nozzle water comes in the form of jet and strike the bucket of the
runner tangentially and runner starts rotating. The runner is connected to a shaft which is
further connected to a generator.
Figure 1 : Layout of Hydro-electric Power plant
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The main parts of pelton turbine are as under:
1. Nozzle & flow regulating system: It has further two more parts: spear and deflector.
The amount of water striking the bucket of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in
nozzle. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by hand wheel or automatically in
an axial direction when spear is pushed forward in the nozzle the amount of water striking the
runner is reduced on other hand if the spear is pushed back the amount of water striking the
runner increases. Nozzle is made up of stainless steel or any non abrasive material.
Figure 2: Pelton Turbine
2. Runner blades: The runner & buckets consists of a circular discs, on which a number of
buckets are fixed with even spaces. The shape of buckets is double hemispherical cup & bowl.
Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing bowl known as splitter. It
divides the jet into two equal parts and jet comes out at the outer edge of bucket. Mounting
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are nut &bolts and welding .buckets are made of cast iron for low head and stainless steel for
high head.
3. Casing: It doesn’t perform any operative process .It is used to prevent the splashing of
water, accidents and helps the water to come down in tail race. It is made of cast iron.
4. Breaking jet: When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in forward
direction, the amount of water striking the runner reduce to the zero but due to inertia the
runner goes on revolving for a long time. Now to stop the runner, a small nozzle is provided,
which directs the jet of water on the back of buckets. The jet of water is called breaking jet. The
nozzle for this purpose is also made up of stainless steel.
5. Deflector: It helps in immediate stopping of turbine and helps in reducing the discharge
during varying loads of the turbine. It is made up of cast steel.
Note: The deflection angle of 1800 is avoided because on this condition the jet may return
back to the previous bucket and results in the decrease of speed with shock.
Moreover, this is the maximum efficiency case of single bucket Pelton turbine.
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Experiment No. 3
Aim: To draw the constant head ; constant-speed and constant efficiency curves of Pelton
turbine.
Apparatus:
Pelton Wheel, Hydraulic dynamometer, Digital speed indicator, turbine head Pressure sensor
with indicator in bar, turbine type flow meter in lps, load indicator in kg and centrifugal pump.
Theory:
Pelton Turbine is an impulse turbine which is used to utilize high head for generation of power
by converting it into kinetic energy by means of a spear and nozzle arrangement. The water
leaves the nozzle in the form of a jet and then strikes the buckets of the turbine. After striking
the buckets the jet of water is deflected through an angle of 160 to 170 deg. While passing over
the buckets the velocity of water is reduced and hence an impulsive force is supplied to them,
which in turn start rotating.
The water impinging on the bucket of a Pelton Turbine can be seen through transparent
window. In the experimental setup the discharge is measured by means of a turbine type flow
meter in lps in turn show in the computer. The turbine head is measured using pressure sensor
in bar and converted to meters of head.
The power output is measured by a hydraulic dynamometer. If W is the load on the

dynamometer.
Table for main characteristics curves (at constant head and constant gate opening speed
is varying by changing the load on the turbine)
S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Input Output Effic-

No. in lps Kg Turbine in inlet power in power iency
(Q) (W) rpm pressure HP in HP %
(N)
in bar (Pi) (Po) Η
(H)
1
2
19
3
4
5
WxN
Turbine output (Po) = ---------------- = HP
2000
[2000 is constant for hydraulic dynamometer]
Q x (H x 10)
Turbine input (Pi) = ------------------------------------- == HP
75
Turbine Output
Efficiency (η) = -------------------------- X 100
Turbine Input
Draw Graphs:
(i) N v/s Q
(ii) N v/s Po
(iii) N v/s W
(iv) N v/s η
Experimental Set up:

The experimental set-up consists of a Pelton Turbine supplied with water under high pressure
by a centrifugal pump. Tee water is conveyed through a turbine type flow meter to determine
the flow rate of water. The nozzle- opening can be increased or decreased by operating the
spear wheel. The spear can be positioned at required place.
The turbine shaft is coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer to measure its output.

Procedure:
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Install the software by click the icon and follow the procedure by computer and store or read
the data on the computer monitor.
1. Close the turbine inlet gate valve fully before starting the pump.
2. Keep the nozzle opening at 75 percent of full opening
3. Start the centrifugal pump 440 V AC with neutral.
4. Allow the water to flow into the turbine by opening the gate valve.
5. Allow the speed of the turbine to 1500 rpm.
6. Load the turbine gradually say ¼ , ½ , ¾ & full load.
7. Note down the all the parameters as per the tabulation column given above or read in
the computer using serial port RS 485.
8. Connect the water inlet of the Hydraulic dynamometer to a constant head water source
or means of pump provided
9. Now open the dynamometer inlet gate valve gradually to load the Turbine through
hydraulic dynamometer. The load is indicated on a Digital indicator in terms of W =
Kg. Now the turbine speed decreases due to the application of load. Operate the gate
valve to increase the speed simultaneously with the hydraulic dynamometer inlet gate
valve and set the load to ¼ of the full load and upto full load (For operating
characteristics only).
10. Repeat the experiment for different loads, speeds-and gate openings.
11. Stop the pump motor.
12. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency or store data and results in the
computer
13. Plot the main characteristic curves or read from the system
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Experiment No. 4
Aim: To study the constructional details of a Francis turbine and draw its fluid flow
circuit.
Equipment: Francis Turbine model or Francis Turbine test ring.
Diagram
Construction
1. Penstock: It is a large siege conduit which coveys water from the up stream of
dam to the turbine runner because of the large volume of water flow, seize of
penstock required for a Francis turbine is larger than that of Pelton turbine.
Trash rack is provided at inlet of penstock in order to obstruct the entry of
foreign matter.
Made of cast steel, concrete.
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2. Scroll casing: Penstock is connected to and speeds water directly into an annular
chamber into surrounding the turbine runner. The channel is spiral in its layout and is
known as spiral or scroll casing. Casing constitutes a closed passage whose cross section
area gradually decrease. Along the flow direction the area is maximum at inlet and nearly
zero at exit. The decease in area is in proportional to the decrease in velocity of water to
be handled and ensure that velocity of is constant is along its path.
Made if cast steel, concrete depending upon the pressure head to which casing is
subjected further in big units, stay vanes are usually provide inside.
3. Guide Mechanism:
a) Guide Vanes:
The series of air foiled shaped guide vanes are arranged inside the casing to
form a number of flow passages between the casing and runner blades the
guide vanes direct the water onto a runner at an approximate to the design.
They work as nozzle of Pelton wheel. In this is not consumed by eddies and
other undesirable flow phenomenon causing energy loss. They are fixed in
position i.e. they do not rotate with rotating engine. During varying load
varying quantity of water is able to run through.
b) Guide Wheel:
When the load changes the governing mechanism rotates all guide blade
about their axis through the same angle so that water flow rate to the runner
and its direction remains the same at all passages between any two
consecutive guide vanes.
Guide vanes are made of cast steel.
4. Runner:
It is keyed to the shaft which is coupled to the generator shaft the height
depends upon the specific head of the turbine. The force on the runner is both
due to impulse reaction and pressure effects.
The runner is made of cast iron with small unit have while the bigger have
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unit runner made of stainless steel or non-ferrous metal like bronze.
5. Draft Tube:
After passing through the runner water is discharged through the tail race
through a gradually expanding tube called draft tube. The free end of draft
tube is submerged deep into the tail race. Purpose of draft tube is that:
I. It prevents accident and splashing of water.
II. The turbine can be installed above the tail race level without reducing the
working head.
III. The working head or the energy or the energy transfer in turbine can still be
increasing to extent by adopting draft tube of increasing cross-section
Working:
Water is entered through the penstock to the scroll casing in which annular
area is provided .water passing through this annular area whose cross-section
gradually decreases. As Francis turbine is mixed flow turbine water enter
radially over the whole circumference of the runner. Around the runner there
is a series of air foil shaped vanes called guide vanes. These guide vanes
directs the water on to run ner at an angle approximately to the design. After
this water passes through runner on which runner blade are mounted. Now
during the glide of water on the runner blades there is a change in velocity
and pressure. due to this a pressure difference is there for we can say reaction
produces and then finally water discharges into the draft tube in which some
water energy is recovered which increase the efficiency of turbine. And
finally water goes to the tail race through draft tube.
.
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Experiment No. 5
Aim: To draw the constant head; constant speed and efficiency of Francis turbine.
Apparatus
Francis Turbine, Hydraulic dynamometer, Digital speed indicator, turbine head Pressure
sensor with indicator in bar, draught tube vacuum sensor with indicator, turbine type flow
meter in lps, load indicator in kgs and centrifugal pump.
Theory:
A Francis Turbine is an inward radial flow reaction turbine. It operates under medium
heads and requires medium quantity of water. The water is led to the turbine through
scroll casing and directed towards a number of stationery guide (wicket) vanes. While
passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes, a part of the head acting on me turbine
is transformed into kinetic energy and the rest remains as pressure head. There is a
difference of pressure between the guide vanes and the runner, which is called the
reaction pressure, and is responsible for the motion of the runner. After doing its work the
water is discharged to the tailrace through a draft tube, which further converts the kinetic
head to pressure head. Thus the pressure at the runner exit is reduced below atmosphere.
This makes it possible to install the turbine above tail race level without any loss in
available head.
Experimental Set up:
The turbine consists essentially of a runner, a ring of adjustable guide vanes, a volute
casing and a draft tube. The runner consists of two shrouds with a number of fixed curved
vanes in between. The guide vanes can be rotated about their axis by means of a hand
wheel, and their position is indicated by a pair of dummy guide vanes fixed outside the
turbine casing. A centrifugal pump supplies water under pressure to the turbine and the
flow can be controlled by means of the gate valve fitted in the pipe line. The discharge in
the pipe line and hence through the turbine can be measured with a turbine flow meter.
The head of water is measured with a pressure sensor and vacuum sensor. The output of
the turbine is de-ermined by means of a hydraulic dynamometer.
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S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Turbine Input Output Effic-

No. in lps Kgs Turbine in inlet outlet power in power iency
(Q) (W) rpm pressure pressure HP in HP %
(N)
in bar in mm (Pi) (Po) η
(Hi) of Hg
(Ho)
1
2
3
4
5
WxN
2000
Q x (Hi x 10 + ( mm of Hg Ho x 13.6/1000))
Turbine input (Pi) = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
75
= HP
Turbine Output
Efficiency (η) = -------------------------- X 100
Turbine Input
Draw Graphs:
(i) N v/s Q
(ii) N v/s H
(iii) N v/s Po
(iv) N v/s W
(v) N v/s η
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Procedure:
5. Allow the speed of the turbine to 1250 RPM
6. Load the turbine gradually say ¼ , ½ , ¾ & full load by maintaining the turbine
speed 1000 RPM approximately. '
7. Note down the all the parameters as per the tabulation column given above or
read in the computer using serial port RS 485.
8. Connect the water inlet of the Hydraulic dynamometer to a 0.5 kg/cm sq. constant
head water source or means of pump provided
9. Now open the dynamometer inlet gate valve gradually to load the Turbine
through hydraulic dynamometer. The load is indicated on a Digital indicator in
terms of W = Kg. Now the turbine speed decreases due to the application of load.
Operate the gate valve to increase the speed simultaneously with the hydraulic
dynamometer inlet gate valve and set the load to ¼ of the full load and upto full
load
12. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency or store data and results in
the computer
13. Plot the main and operating characteristics or read from the system
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Experiment No. 6
Aim: To study the construction details of a Kaplan turbine and draw its fluid flow
Circuit.
Apparatus: Kaplan Turbine model, Kaplan Turbine test rig
Working: It is an axial flow Turbine in which the glow is parallel to the axis of shaft.
The Kaplan Turbine has adjustable runner blades. This turbine has up to 40 m head and
its range of specific speed is 250 to 850 rpm. The hydraulic efficiency of this turbine is
90%. The no. of runner blades are normally 3 to 4. Its head may go up to 80m and no. of
blades up to 6.
In it water from penstock enters the scroll casing and then moves to the guide vanes.
From the guide vanes, the water turns through 900 and flows axially through the runner.
Diagram:
Fig: Kaplan turbine Blade Mechanism

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Fig: Kaplan turbine
Construction:
Various parts of Kaplan turbine are as follows:
1. Scroll Casing: Penstock is connected to and also feeds water directly into a
channel surrounding turbine runner. The channel is spiral and is known as spiral
casing. It is same as in Francis turbine
a. Concrete for low heads.
b. Rolled steel for medium heads.
c. Cast steel for high heads.
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2. Guide blade: A series of air foil shaped vanes called guide blades are arranged
inside the casing to form a no. of flow passages between the casing and the runner
blades. They are fixed in position but however they can swing around their own
axis and help to built about the change in the flow area between 2 consecutive
runner blades, to regulate the flow or discharge. It is made of cast iron.
3. Whirl chamber: between the guide vanes and the runner, there is a chamber
called whirl chamber, in which water turns through right angle and subsequently
flows parallel to the shaft. It turns the direction of flow of water without any
shock.
4. Boss or Hub: Boss is nothing but another form of a runner. It is just an

expansion of bottom end of shaft into a bigger diameter. And on the periphery of
it vanes are mounted at equal distance.
5. Runner Blades: On the periphery of the hub, stainless steel vanes are mounted
at equal distance called as runner blades. These blades have tendency to swing
around or change their faces, according to the load. Thus increasing the efficiency
of turbine at different loads. These blades adjust themselves on the varying load,
so as to give uniform output.
6. Draft Tube: It is same as in Francis turbine. After passing through runner, the
water is discharged to the tail race, through gradually expanding tube called draft
tube. The free end of the draft tube is submerged deep into the tail race.
32
33
Experiment No. 7
Aim: To draw the constant head, constant speed and constant efficiency curves of
Kaplan turbine.
Apparatus:
Kaplan Turbine, Hydraulic dynamometer, Digital speed indicator, turbine head Pressure
sensor with indicator in bar, draught tube vacuum sensor with indicator, turbine type flow
meter in lps, load indicator in kgs and mixed flow centrifugal pump.
Theory:
The Kaplan Turbine operates under low heads and large quantities of flow. The water
from the pump enters through the spiral casing into the guide vanes and then to the
runner. While passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes a portion of the pressure
head is converted into kinetic energy. The water enters the runner at a higher velocity
than in the pipe line.
Experimentally, the efficiency is determined in the same way as for Pelton or Francis
Turbines. Characteristic curves may also be drawn in the same fashion.
Experimental set up:
A Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. It consists essentially of a runner with
adjustable blades, a ring of adjustable guide vanes and volute casing. The runner has four
blades of aerofoil section which can be adjusted by means of a regulator. Thus the inlet
and outlet angles of the runner can be changed according to the operating conditions. The
guide vanes are also of aero foil section and can be rotated about their axis by means of a
hand wheel. Their position is indicated by a pair of dummy guide vanes fixed outside the
turbine casing. The turbine is loaded by allowing water into hydraulic dynamometer.
34
Water under pressure is supplied to the turbine by a mixed flow centrifugal pump. The
discharge from the pump is controlled by means of a butterfly valve fitted in the pipe
line. The discharge in the pipe line and hence through the turbine can be measured with
the help of a turbine type flow meter with indicator. The head of water is measured with
the help of a pressure sensor and vacuum sensor.
S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Turbine Input Output Effic-

No. in lps Kgs Turbine in inlet outlet power in power iency
(Q) (W) rpm pressure pressure HP in HP %
(N)
in bar in mm (Pi) (Po) η
(Hi) of Hg
(Ho)
1
2
3
4
5
WxN
2000
Q x (Hi x 10 + ( mm of Hg Ho x 13.6/1000))
Turbine input (Pi) = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
75
= HP
Turbine Output
Efficiency (η) = -------------------------- X 100
Turbine Input
35
Draw Graphs:
(vi) N v/s Q
(vii) N v/s H
(viii) N v/s Po
(ix) N v/s W
(x) N v/s η
Procedure:
5. Allow the speed of the turbine to 1000 RPM
6. Load the turbine gradually say ¼ , ½ , ¾ & full load by maintaining the turbine
speed 1500 RPM approximately. '
7. Note down the all the parameters as per the tabulation column given above or
read in the computer using serial port RS 485.
8. Connect the water inlet of the Hydraulic dynamometer to a 0.5 kg/cm sq. constant
head water source or means of pump provided
9. Now open the dynamometer inlet gate valve gradually to load the Turbine
through hydraulic dynamometer. The load is indicated on a Digital indicator in
terms of W = Kg. Now the turbine speed decreases due to the application of
load. Operate the gate valve to increase the speed simultaneously with the
hydraulic dynamometer inlet gate valve and set the load to ¼ of the full load and
upto full load
12. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency or store data and results in
the computer
13. Plot the main and operating characteristics or read from the system.
36
Experiment No. 8
Aim: To study the constructional details and draw the characteristics curve of
centrifugal pumps.
Apparatus: A centrifugal pump connected to sump and storage tank through suction
and delivery pipe respectively.
Diagram:
Fig: centrifugal Pump
37
Fig: Elements of Centrifugal Pump
Theory:
Construction Details
Centrifugal pumps belong to the category of dynamic pressure pumps wherein
pumping of liquids is affected by rotary motion of one or more rotating wheels called
impellers. It consists of following parts.
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1. ROTATING ELEMENTS
It consists of shaft and a vaned rotor called impeller
a) Impeller
The rotor of a centrifugal pump is called impeller. It consists of a number
of vanes fitted on its periphery the vanes are curved cylindrical or have
more complex shapes. The number of vanes is selected to assure motion of
liquid in the desired direction. The number usually ranges between six and
twelve.
b) Shaft
The impeller is mounted on a shaft coupled to the driving unit which may
be an IC engine or an electric motor. By virtue of of force interaction
between the vanes and the liquid, mechanical energy of the driver is
transformed into the energy of flow.
2. STATIONARY ELEMENT
These consist of casing, stuffing box and bearings. The casing is an air tight
chamber surrounding the pump impeller. It collects liquid from the impeller and
leaves it away under high pressure to the delivery side.
3. SUCTION PIPE, STRAINER AND FOOT VALVE

Suction pipe connects the centre of the impeller to the sump from which the liquid
is to be lifted. It is provided with a strainer at its lower end to prevent the entry of
solid particles. The foot valve is a one way valve located above the strainer. It fill
the pump with liquid before it is started and prevents the back flow when the
pump is stopped.
4. DELIVERY PIPE AND DELIVERY VALVE

Delivery pipe leads the liquid from the pump outlet to the point of use. A
regulating valve provided just near the pump outlet serves to control the flow of
liquid into the delivery pipe.
39
5. PRIMING VALVE
It is another component of a centrifugal pump. It is fixed near to the impeller eye.
Initially there is air trapped inside the impeller casing. So first we have remove
that air by supplying some quantity of water to the casing so that motor should not
burn or run at full speed.
Working:
The pump is initially primed wherein the suction pipe, casing and portion of the
delivery pipe upto the delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid to be
pumped. Rapid motion imparted to the impeller then builds up centrifugal force
which throws the liquid towards the impeller periphery. This causes the pressure
gradient in the suction pipe. Consequently liquid from the sump is sucked in
towards the impeller eye. When liquid passes through the impeller it receives
energy that results in the growth of both pressure and velocity. The casing collects
the liquid from the impeller and guides it to the delivery pipe. Since the casing
increases in cross sectional area towards the delivery, kinetic head represented by
the high discharge velocity is partially transferred into pressure head. The process
continues as long as motion is given to the impeller.
40
41
Experiment No. 9
Aim: - To study the construction detail and draw the performance characteristics of
reciprocating pump.
Introduction:
The Closed Circuit self sufficient portable package system Experimental Reciprocating
Pump Test Rig is designed to study the performance of the Multi Speed Reciprocating
pump at multi speeds. This unit has several advantages like does not require any
foundation, trench keeping in the laboratory.
General Description:
The Reciprocating Pump Test Rig mainly consists of:

1) A Reciprocating Pump double acting type
2) A Single phase 1440 RPM AC Motor
3) A Stepped pulley speed change arrangement
4) Piping system & Collecting tank and
5) Input power Measuring arrangement, and
6) SS Sump.
Constructional Specifications:
Reciprocating Pump
The Reciprocating pump is of double acting type. The suction & delivery size are 1 x ¼”
x 1" respectively.
Bore: 38 mm, Stroke: 48 mm, Speed: 215, 250 and 320 RPM or measured using digital hand
held tachometer.
Motor
The Motor supplied is of 1440 RPM. It can be operated on AC 50 cycles 220 /230 V, mains
through a smaller HP. Motor can be used for normal working conditions; a higher power motor
42
is selected to test the pump at higher speed, high pressure combinations, without over loading
it.
Stepped Pulley Arrangement

A Stepped Pulley is provided on the motor shaft. A plane pulley is provided on the
counter shaft to vary the speed. From the counter shaft to the pump drive is takes through
fixed diameter pulleys with the stepped pulley on the motor and counter shaft it is
possible to run the reciprocating pump at 3 different speeds. To facilities the easy change
over of the V belt from one give to another a simple mechanism is provided in screw rod
with hand wheel arrangement.
Piping System
Suitable piping system with pipes, bends, valves etc. Arrangement with cocks is also
provided for connecting pressure and vacuum gauges to the delivery and suction pipes. A
simple strainer valve is provided on the suction side to prevent any foreign matter from
entering into the pump. The gate valve is provided on the delivery side to control the
head of the pump. Note that the delivery valve should never be closed when the pump is
working. While starting the motor always keep the valve in open position. Otherwise the
pump parts will be damaged.
Collecting Tank
Collecting tank is provided to measure the discharge water. Gauge glass, tube and meter
scale arrangement.
Input Power Measurement

Kilowatt-hour meter is provided to measure the power input to the motor. The energy
meter constant (The Number of Revolutions per minute of the energy meter Disc) is
stamped on tile meter. From this the input power can be easily calculated.
43
Sump Tank
A Sump is provided compactly with in the floor space of the main unit to store adequate
water for circulation through the unit for experimentation.
Before Commissioning
1. Check whether all the joints are leak proof and watertight.
2. Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and
see that it is fixed water tight and vertically.
3. Check whether all the electric connection is correct.
4. See that the gauges are mounted on the correct position and their cocks
closed.
Starting
Pour the lubricating oil SAE 40 in the crankcase of the reciprocating pump to the
required level. This will require about 250 cc of oil prime the pump before starting see
that the V belt are in proper tension. Start the Motor keeping the delivery valve in full
open position. Open the gauge cocks, and see the pressure developed by the pump.
Delivery control valve may be closed up to about 30 meters of the water head on the
delivery side. Under any circumstances the valve should not be closed beyond 30 m head
on the delivery side. If the pressure exceeds this valve (3 Kg/sq.cm) the cylinder head
gasket joints, piston, pressure gauge etc. would be damaged. To stop the pump set, first
close the gauge cocks. Do not close the delivery valve on the other hand it may open
fully. Then switch off the motor.
Experiment
Start the pump and run it at a constant speed and the hand head may be tried, say from 10
meters to 30 meters. The discharge will be more or less thank same depending upon the
leakage past the piston, which is dependent this on the total on the pump 6 to 8 readings
can be taken within this head range. Then the speed say be varied by changing the V belt
to another groove in the motor pulley and in counter shaft pulley. The above procedure
can be repeated and the pump tested the different speeds.
44
With this test data the following characteristics can be studied and necessary graphs can
also be drawn.
1. Head v/s Discharge
2. Head v/s Power Input
3. Head v/s Overall efficiency
The above characteristics can be drawn for the three operating speeds of the pump.
A typical tabular form is given below for convenience during experiments.
S.No. Speed Suction Discharge Energy meter Time for Efficiency

of the Pressure pressure reading for 3 collecting 10 %
Pump mm of Kg/cm2 rev and time cm rise of
Hg (Hd) taken water in secs
(Hs) (sec)
1
Important Formulas
Output
1. Efficiency = ----------------------- X 100 = %
Input
2. Head = Pressure Gauge reading in meters
Head (H) = Suction Head + Delivery Head
13.6 (mm of Hg gauge reading)

Suction Head = ------------------------------------------------- = m
1000
Delivery head (pressure gauge reading) X 10 = m

45
Head X Discharge
3. Output = ------------------------------------------- KW
6120
AXH
4. Discharge = ------------------- X 60 X 1000 LPM
T
Where;
A = Area of the measuring tank in m2
H = rise of water level ( say 10cm) in m
T = time in sec for raise of water level (say 10 cm)
(X) 3600
5. Input = ------------------------------ X ηm =
tXC
where :
X = No. of revolution of energy meter disc (say 3 rev)
t = Time for energy meter revolution disc (say 3 rev)
C = Energy meter constant = 750 rev/kwh
ηm = efficiency of motor = 0.8
46
47
Experiment No: 10
Aim: To analyze the constructional details of gear oil pump and its performance curves.
Theory
The gear pump is a rotary pump in which two gears mesh to provide the pumping action.
This type of pump is mostly used for providing pressurized oil for lubrication to motors,
turbines, machine tools etc. Although the gear pump is a rotating machinery, yet it’s
action on liquid to be pumped is not dynamic and it merely displaces the liquid from one
side to the other. The flow of liquid to be pumped is continuous and uniform.
Fig shows the gear pump, which consists of two identical intermeshing gears working in
a fine clearance inside a casing. One of the gears is keyed to a driving shaft. The other
gear revolves due to driving gear. The space between teeth and the casing is filled with
oil. The oil is carried round between the gears from a part off moving oil.
The oil pushed into the delivery pipe, cannot get back into the suction pipe due to the
meshing of the gears. The theoretical oil pumped per second is obtained as:
Let N = Speed of rotating gear in r.p.m

a = area enclosed between two success teeth and casing
N = Total number of teeth in each gear
L = Axial length of teeth
Volume of oil discharged per revolution = 2 x a x L x Nm3

Discharge = Volume of oil per revolution x Number of revolutions per second
=2πLn x N/60 m3
The actual discharge will be less than the theoretical discharges.
Actual Discharge
48
Now volumetric efficiency = -------------------------------- X 100 = %
Theoretical discharge
Description of Apparatus:
The gear pump is a positive displacement type of pump and consists of a pair of helical or
spur gears meshed with each other and housed closely in a casing. One gear is fitted with
an external shaft that is coupled to an AC motor (1440 RPM). In the oval shaped pump
casing, the two involute curved double helical gear wheels are mounted on shafts. These
gears lock during rotation in the suction chamber and as they rotate, the liquid between
the pump casing and the space between the teeth is transferred to the delivery chamber.
The test pump is coupled to a 1 HP AC motor (220 Volts, Single phase) A suitable switch
is provided. The pump sucks oil from a reservoir and delivers to a collecting tank that is
provided with an overflow arrangement. The collected oil is transferred back to the
reservoir through a ball valve. Suitable pressure and vacuum gauges are fitted in the pipe
lines, to measure suction and delivery head. A modified gate valve is fitted in the delivery
side that prevents complete shut off. An energy meter with a stopwatch is provided to
measure the input power.
Note: Regular diesel oil (HSD) or Castrol High Spin EP-32(sp. gr. 0.87) can be used as
test oil in the gear pump test rig. This is economical and widely available.
Experimental procedure:
1. Fill the supply tank with oil to the required height, say , three fourth of the tank
2. Open the gate valve in the delivery pipe fully
3. Start the motor. Oil flows in
4. Throttle the gate valve to get the required head
5. Note the following readings
(a) Pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
(b) Time for 03 revolutions of energy meter disc-T secs
(c) Time for 15 cm rise in collecting tank – t secs
49
(d) Take 4 to 5 sets of readings by varying the delivery pressure
Observation Table
S. Inlet Outlet Total Time Time for 3 Output Input Efficiency
No Pressure Pressure Head for 15 rev of
(mm of Kg/cm2 (m of cm meter
Hg) oil) rise in (sec)
tank
1
2
3
4
5
Characteristics: Draw graphs Head/Input Power, Head/Discharge and Head/Efficiency

Q V/S Pi and Q V/S efficiency
Calculations:
1. Discharge
Time for 15 cm, rise = t secs
Area of the tank A =19.5cm X 20cm= sq.m
Rise in oil level R = m
Discharge Q =AR/t= cu.m/s
2. Total delivery head

Pressure P = (____kg/sq.cm X 10) = m of water
Vacuum V = (______mm of Hg X 13.6)/1000 = m of water
Total Head H = ((P + V)/oil sp.gravity) = m of oil
3. Output of the pump

Output = 9.81xQxH KW
= KW
50
4. Input to the pump
Energy meter constant N = 200 KW Hr
Time for 03 revolutions T = secs
Input to the pump = (3600 x 03 x 0.8/NT) KW
Where, 0.8 is the motor efficiency
=
= KW
6. Efficiency
Pump efficiency = (Output/Input) x 100%
=
51
Experiment No. 11
Aim: To analyze the constructional details of a Hydraulic Ram and determine its
Various efficiencies.
Apparatus:
Hydraulic ram, Supply tank, Supply pipe, Delivery valve, Delivery pipe, Pressure gauge,
Rectangular notch, Collecting tank & Stopwatch.
Theory:
Hydraulic ram is a contrivance to raise a part of large amount of water available at some
height, to a greater height. This is employed when some natural source of water like a
spring or a stream is available at some altitude. This is also known as impulse pump. Tie
impulse is developed at expense of dynamic inertia possessed by a moving column of
water i.e., the momentum of a long column of water flowing through the supply pipe is
made to force a part of water to a higher than that of the supply source itself
Let
Hs = main supply head in m = 2.5m
Hd = delivery head in m = (pressure gauge reading in Kg/cm2) X 10 in m
Q = the quantity of waste water in m3/s
Q = 2/3 [ Cd . b { (2g)1/2 (H2 - H1) 3/2}]
Cd = coefficient of discharge = 0.62
b= width of notch in m = 10 cm
H1 = Initial height of water on the notch in m
H2 = Final height of notch in m (Water level above notch)
q = the quantity of water pumped by the ram in m3/s
q = A X h / time
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
h = rise of water level in m
q (Hd – Hs)
Rankine efficiency ηR = ------------------------
(Q+q) X Hs
52
S.No. Delivery Qty of Qty of Time for Beats Rankine D’ Aubisson

Head Hd waste water 30 beats per min efficiency efficiency
(m) water pumped
(m3/s) (m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
q X Hd
D’ Aubisson efficiency ηD = ---------------------------
(Q + q) Hs
Experimental set up:
The experimental set-up consists of a water supply tank connected to the RAM. The
water hammer forces open the delivery valve. The quantity of useful water is measured
in a collecting tank & the waste water is measured by a rectangular notch.
Procedure:
1) Admit water into the supply tank & keep the supply head constant by
overflow pipe.
2) Start the hydraulic ram by reciprocating the waste valve twice or thrice.
3) Adjust the delivery valve so that pressure gauge reads about 10m of water
head.
4) Calculate the waste water rate Q by measuring the head over the rectangular
notch Cd =0.62
53
5) Determine the useful water rate q being pumped by the ram from the
collecting tank.
6) Note the times for 50 beats & calculate the number of beats per minute.
7) Repeat the experimental for six different valves of delivery head at an interval
of 3 to 4m of water.
8) Calculate the Rankine & D’ Aubisson efficiency.
9) Plot beats per minute v/s ηR , ηD , q & Q.
54
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YMCA University of Science and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

B. Tech 4th Semester

Fluid Machine Lab (MU-218)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

YMCA University of Science and Technology aspires to be a nationally and

 To contribute to the development of science and technology by

Department of Mechanical Engineering

To be a centre of excellence by producing high calibre, competent and self-

 To provide efficient engineers for global requirements by imparting quality

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program Educational Outcomes (PEO’S): B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering

of mechanical engineering to expand their knowledge horizon beyond books.

for ethical values and social responsibilities.

To enable students to communicate effectively and demonstrate the knowledge of project

management and independent research.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PSO Engineering Graduates will be able to:

To enable the student to take-up career in industries or to pursue higher studies in

1. To determine the impact of jet on the different types of vanes.

CO1 Understand the concept of momentum equation

Aim: To determine the pressure of jet nozzle on vanes of different types

Vanes are provided with shapes are flat and semicircular.

Experiment: JET ON VANE APPARATUS

Velocity of jet =v =2gH

7. Calculate the discharge by weight.

TABULAR COLUMN AND CALCULATION:

Area of collecting tank: 20 x 20 cms

FLAT PLATE VANES

Sl. Pr. Gauge Weight Discharge Velocity F (Kg) Time for 5

SEMI CIRCULAR VANES

Sl. Pr. Gauge Weight Discharge Velocity F(Kg) Time for

 = 1 + 2 = 170 + 170 =340

1000 x 5.02 x 10-5 x (V)2 Sin 340

Figure 1 : Layout of Hydro-electric Power plant

Figure 2: Pelton Turbine

The power output is measured by a hydraulic dynamometer. If W is the load on the

S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Input Output Effic-

[2000 is constant for hydraulic dynamometer]

Experimental Set up:

The turbine shaft is coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer to measure its output.

S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Turbine Input Output Effic-

[2000 is constant for hydraulic dynamometer]

Fig: Kaplan turbine Blade Mechanism

Fig: Kaplan turbine

4. Boss or Hub: Boss is nothing but another form of a runner. It is just an

Experimental set up:

S. Flow rate Load in Speed of Turbine Turbine Input Output Effic-

[2000 is constant for hydraulic dynamometer]

Fig: centrifugal Pump

Fig: Elements of Centrifugal Pump

3. SUCTION PIPE, STRAINER AND FOOT VALVE

4. DELIVERY PIPE AND DELIVERY VALVE

The Reciprocating Pump Test Rig mainly consists of:

Stepped Pulley Arrangement