ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

This is considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is
also the is most widely accepted among all communication models.

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5
primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.

The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most
important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the
audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the
communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.

Critical Elements of a Good Communicator

Aristotle has given 3 elements that must be present in a good communicator or public speaker.
These elements are related to each other and they reinforce the other elements.

Ethos

Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience. If there is no
credibility, the audience will not believe in you and will not be persuaded by you. Expertise and
positions also give credibility to a person.

Example: the mass will not listen to the promises of a corrupt politician, but if a politician is
known for his good deeds, there’s a high change his speech will be heard.

Pathos

If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they will be more interested
and they will think you are more credible. Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated
and they feel the speaker is one of their own people.

Example: if people of a village needs water and the politician tells them that he will help in
building roads, the people will not get influenced but might be more influenced if he says he’ll
build a dam for drinking water and irrigation.

Logos

Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand what you are trying to say. People
find logic in everything. If there is no logic behind the speaker’s work or time, they do not want
to get involved. Everybody has a sense of reason. You must present facts to the audience for
them to believe in you.

Example: a presenter using factual data in an awareness program will attract the audience’s
attention and will make them believe in the need of awareness in the particular matter
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, specifically its structure, development, and
relationship with other languages.
Phonology or linguistic phonetics is the study of the spoken language, particularly in its physical
aspects of speech sounds.
Morphology, meanwhile, focuses on morphemes, the basic unit of meaning within a language.
This branch of linguistics deals with how sounds combine to form words and/or change the
meaning of words.
Semantics deals with the meaning of language. It is a branch of linguistics that deals with the
way signs relate to things, specifically with the meaning of words, phrases and expressions.
Semantics also deals with aspects of denotation and connotation.
Syntax or syntactics focuses on the form of language, its rules and patterns. Syntax deals with
how signs relate to other signs, specifically the patterns and flow of words as they intermingle in
phrases and sentences. This is the branch of language study that involves rules of grammar and
other proscriptive and descriptive patterns.
Pragmatics is about the impact of language and how people use it. This branch of linguistics
deals with how signs impact on human behavior and the social rules, often informal, that govern
how language is used in different contexts and environments.
VERBAL
Communication by using language is called verbal communication. It is subdivided into
two : (a) Verbal – Oral and Written Communication

How is Voice Produced

There are three main systems to voice production: Power, Source, and Filter. Each system is
equally important. The main goal in voice therapy is to maintain a balance between all three
systems.
The systems are described briefly below.
Power (Respiration)
Our lungs provide the in and out air flow needed for voice. We breathe air in to expand our
lungs. As we breathe out, this air is pushed from the lungs back up through the voice box
(larynx) and out through our mouth/nose.
There are correct and incorrect ways to breathe, and it is important we have strong breath support
as a good foundation for voice production.
Source (Phonation)
The air pushed up by our lungs travels through the windpipe to the voice box (larynx). The voice
box is a system of cartilages, muscles, ligaments and mucous membranes whose main purpose is
to control the vocal cords. This is where the sound is produced.
Filter (Resonance)
The sound then travels further up to the filter which is made up of the bony spaces in our throat
and head, such as the mouth and the nasal cavity. Together with our teeth, tongue and lips, we
shape the air and sound to vibrate in different ways. This is what makes our voice sound unique.

MANNER OF ARTICULATION  is the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the

lungs and out the nose and mouth. 

1. Nasal
Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth and let the
air pass through your nose.
/m/ – “mad” and “clam”
/n/ – “no” and “man”
/ŋ/  –  “going” and “funk”
2. Stop/Plosive
Like nasal consonants, stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely. But for
stops the airflow is NOT redirected through the nose. Instead, the air quickly builds up pressure
behind the articulators and then releases in a burst.
/p/ – purse and rap 
/b/ – “back” and “cab”
/t/ – “tab” and “rat”
/d/ – “dip” and “bad”
/k/ – “kite” and “back” 

3. Fricative
While nasal and stop consonants involve a complete blockage of the vocal tract, fricative sounds
involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a narrow
channel.
 /f/ – “fro” and “calf”
 /v/ – “vine” and “have”
 /θ/ – “thick” and “bath”
 /ð/ – “the” and “rather”

4. Affricate
When stop consonants mix with fricative consonants, the result is an affricate consonant.
Affricate consonants start as stop sounds with air building up behind an articulator which then
releases through a narrow channel as a fricative (instead of a clean burst as stops do).
/dʒ/ – “jam” and “badge” 
/tʃ/ – “chick” and “match” 

5. Approximant
Approximants are when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create
air turbulence.  
/w/ – “wet” and “howard”
/j/ – “yes”

6. Lateral
Lateral consonants are when the tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass
around the sides.
/l/ – “luck”