I GENERAL CONCEPTS OF VASTUSASTRf I

Chapter lV

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF VASTUSASTRA

4.1 Introduction

Architecture in it5 operational level encompasses activ ilics ranging from the
inception of a creative idea to 1he minulest detailing for its realisation in concrete form.
�is process is based on certain principles applicable to various design situations and
aimed towards bringing order into the process. The design principles in turn are
formulated on tbe socio cultural concepts of a count.Jy. In India th�e Cl)ncepts are
integrated in ll1e philosophy of universal oneness. 11,is chapter briefly <lec;cribt...� tJ1e
. philosophy, concept'!, principles and procedures of Vastusastra as n prelude to the design
process. These are common to temple architecture and domestic architecture. lbis
chapter also describes various residential types and its elements.

4.2 Design Philosophy

According to lndian Philosophy the Universe 'Brahmandam' is an all

encom}X!Ssing system of unmeasurable attributes whooe minutest element Pi11<la1idam
also exhibits all its characteristics and manifests itself as the representative of tJ1e
whole 17. 'This basic philOBophy is transferred to the field of architecture wherein tJ1e
s�ce is considered as the universe and the built space is considered itc; ma1:1ifestation at
a micro level. Each space small or large lhus becomes self conlaineJ with all allJihult..-s
of the larger space. The built form is related to the space and the elements in the built
form are related to each other and to the whole� Science tries to explain the universe by
simplistic concepts which model Ute unknown entitie.. In Vastusaslra Tuch modelling
starts from the spatial concept of Universe.

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4.2.1 Concept of Universe

'Ille universe is ronceive<l as a space of spherical form proteck<l by ten Uo<.IN

each occupying a specific position on the periphery as shown in Figure. 4.1. 'Ihe line
from Brahma in the zenith andAnantha at the Nadir defines the axis of this ·space. The
spherical shape however has some disadvantages in its physical fonn. The horizontal
plane passing through the mid point of the axis of the space is circular in shape and
cannot be oriented towards specific directions. The simplest nearest shape to a circle
having directional orientation is a square. In Vastusastra, the circular central space of
the universal sphere is changed into a square for its practical advantages in the physical
. form. When the zenith and nadir arc joined to the comer points of the square an
octahedral form results. Fig. 4.2. This three dimensional space is the singular
contribution of Traditional Indian Architf.'cture. Any builtsµJce thus should be confined
within this Universal space.

4.2 • .Z Concept of Vastu nnd Vastupurusha

The term Vastu is interpreted in many ways. As given in Rigvecla it means a site
or building or both. The literal meaning of the word Vas tu is interpreted as "Vasanthi
Praninah Yatra" (Meaning A place where living beings reside). Literally the term
Praninah me.ans that which has Pranah (life) and hence can include all living things.
Mayamata describes Vastu as a dwelling site wbere mortals and immortals reside and
categorises Vastu into ground edifices conveyance and se.ats. Vastu.sastra can be viewed
as an all encompassing science of design of built space an<l its environs.

According to Vastusastra, Vastupurusha is said to be the spirit encompassing

the universal space as well.as the designed space. LikeAkasa (eather) taking shape of
the container and at the same time remaining at large 18 , Vastupuruslra also spread
himself into the plot small or large. He is graphically portrayed in the square as shown
in Fig. 4.3. According lo Hindu philosophy every living organism is composed of two
bodies viz. Stlm/a Sarira (body which is visible to the eye) andSusl,ma Sarira (invisible
body). The physical body of any organism is its Stlzula Sarira andPranah (energy/spirit

31
 sustaining life) is the Suslia11U1 Sarira. Vastu is consiJerc<l as having these two aq�>a.:ts.
V,astupurusha is the Sushma Sarira and the space where it is confined is the Sthula
Sarira. The concept of Vastpurusha is an alt.empt at evolving higher philosophical ideas
�·} on a simple theme.
"·

4.2.3 Concept or Mandala

Mandala is a defined space of any form and scale� Vastupurusha Mandala as

defined in Vastusastras is the horizontal space confined within boundaries and which
represents the three dimensional universe in two dimensional form. Classic texts specify
Vastupurusha Mandala as a square. However circular, rectangular, triangular,
· hexagonal, and octagonal Mandalas are also explained in the scriptw·estQ. The analysis
of Vastupurusha Mandala by orthogonal and diagonal lines is com1xued to the study of
Vastupurusha with his Nadi (nerves), Sira (veins). and Rajju (arteries) Fig.4.4. These
orthogonal and diagonal lines are also known as Sutram (defined Jines). In practical
·sense theSutram repre1,ents the referal line (Longitudinal, transverne and diagonal). lhe
points where two or more referaJ lines meet are known as Marmam.s. (VitaJ points or
nodes). Tue Vastpurusha is inscribed within the Mandala in such a way that the referal
nodes or Marmam coincides with the vital points on his body.

Two or more 11andalas can be combined to form larger tfandala and

alternately a larger one is subdivided into smaller ones. Each may thus he analysed
independently. This aspect is identical to the modem system approach adopted for
analysing complex_ problems.

4.3 Padavinyasam

The Division of larger space into smaller units is known as Padaviriyasam.

(Division into grids/squares). Accordingly a Vastupurushamandalam is divided into a
number of smaller squares generally from lxt to 32x32 Padams. The squares of interest
in architecture starts from Sx5 Padams. For normal residential use only 3 Padm•inyasam,
viz., Mandukapadam (Sx8), Pm·amasayikapadam (9x9), and Asanapadam (JOx 10) a.re

32
considered. Smaller 011 s are used for religious and ritualistic activities 20. Larger
Padavinyasams are used for planning building complexes for residential, religious and
public uses. A Pa,lam or combination of Padams depending on the Padavinyasam
selected are named after deities. There are 45 deities inside the Mandala and 8 deities
positioned outside the boundary making the total number of deities as 53. {Fig. 4.5).
Irrespective of the size and type of theAfandalam, their positions are fixed with respect
to the central reference point and the cardinal directions. The naming simplifies the
process of identification of Jocatfons in the site. 'The positioning of the deities are also
related to the limbs of the Vastupurusha21 , for the identification of l0t·ations in a
simplified graphical manner. The different Padvinyasam allows flexibility in built and
open spaces.

4.4 Veetlii Nirnayam

The Veethi is a continuous horizontal space and consists of a number of Pm/ams

·'\�
arranged in a circumferential manner around the central point of the plot "' "'. �lie idea is
to divide the land systematically to open and built up area with respect to the centre. For
planning and design purposes four such Veethis are mentioned in tJ,e classical text,; as
shown in Figure 4.6. TheBrt1hmaveethi (realm of Brahma) coincides with the space of
Brahma as per Padavinyasam. All Veethis other than that of Brahma has a width of one
Padam each. 1ne innermost space, the realm of Braluna is left as open SJXlCe. The
outermost Veethi , the realm of Pisacha (demons) is also left as open space.. l11e ot.hes
two, viz, Devaveethi (realm of Gods) and the Manuslia Veethi (realm of humans) are
used as built space. 'This rule restricts the built. space in any plot to 50% of the plot nrea.
The meaning of tl1e Veethi is suggestive of their relative significance; 1J1e central region
. of Brahma being considered as the most sacred Devaveethi as godly, Marmshaveethi as
humane and the outerm.ostPisachaveetlti of demonic or unknown qualities. Thus the
SIXJCe is arranged on heirarchial, socio p,ychological dimensions.

This system of four Veethis is elaborated into one of nine Jfeetliis in

Manushyalaya Chandrika and other regional texts 23 , perhaps to suit tJ1e regional
requirements of Kerala Tharawad (settlements of family residences) located in large

33
complexes. ll1is system consists of 9 Veethis making 18 x 18 I',ul,winyasam of t11e site
as shown in Fig. 4.7. Again the name, anJ assoc.iat.ed qualWes are used as a c.onstraint
in site development as indicated. The maximum built up area is restricted to 50% of the
plot area.

4.S Principle or Dimensioning system

The dimensioning system of Vastusastra has been briefly covered in one �per
of the authors entitled "Scale auJ Proportion used in Traditional Archill.-:cture" (Journal
of Institute of :Engineers, Architectural :Engineering division Volume 72 July 92 given
as Appendix H.

The dimensioning system is derived from two sources viz., 1) Anthropometry

and 2) Measures of grain size. The basic dimension in tbe anthropometric scale is an
Angulam (finger, digit). This Angulam is known as Matrangulam (proportionate
Angulam) and in a proportionate scale is 1/96 part of the height of an average man. Dr.
P.K. Acharya has attempted to standardise this angulam by taking 6' as the height of a
standard man by which anAngufom comes lo 3/4 of �winch. Angulam is aJso given as
tl1e measure of the circumference of the mid finger on the tight band of 1:'ajamamm 24
(Person for whom the huilding is construclcd). At present this measurement is m;edouly
in the construction of Yagasalas. The need for a practical standard scale has produced
theManangu/am (StandanlAngu/am) whose dimensions are related in tl1e octal scale as
given below.

8 Paramanu - 1 11,rasarenu (speek of dust)

8 1hrasarenu - 1 Romagram (tip of hair)
8 Romag ram - 1 liksha (int of lice)
8 Liksha - 1 Yukam (lice)
8 Yukam - 1 }avam (grain)
8 Yavam - 1 Angulam (digit)
8 Angulam - l J >adam
3 Padam - 1 Kis/1/a,, Ku/ /lostam (24 A11g11/am)

34
 According to this scale one Manang ulam is equal to 8 Yavams commonly taken
as equal to a length of 3cm in KeraJa25 . Two other variations for Angulam are (1)
Madhyamangulam, equal to 7 Yavams and 2) Adlumumgulam equal.to 6 Yavams. But
these are not popularly used

Dimensions based on two proportionate scales also exist. in traditional

architecture. In one used for planning temple complexes, the standard scale length is
taken as thewidth of the sbrine and designated as Dandu. All other dimensions are taken
as fractions or multiples of this Dan.du. In the second system commonly used in
Iconography, the dimensional module is one Ta/am, the face length of the idol and 1/12
of the Talam is taken as oneA.ngulam. Talamanam gives proportions of icons in terms
of thisAngulam.

4.6 Principles of Site Selection

As the site forms the support for all buildings and development utmost
importancewas given to the proper selection of the site. The principles of site selection
are based on close observation, simple experiments and omenical tests. The selection of
the site is very meticulously done taking into consideration of the climate, soil
conditions, availability of water and type of plaut and animal lffc. 111c land is classified
into three broader categories in Samarangana Sutradhara depending on the climatic and
other characteristics26• They are Jan.gala (arid), Anoopa (coastal) and Sa.dharana
(moderate). Only Anoopa and Sadharana types are considered suitable for habitation.
The broader categories are again subdivided into sixteen types 27 according to the micro
climate and environmental conditions and activities taking place. The regional text of
Tantrasamuchaya 28 cla5sifies the fond into four categories viz., Supadma, Bhadra,
Pooma and Dhoonva depending on environmental conditions. Manushya/aya
Chandi-ika states "site where there are vegetation of useful fruit bearing and flowering
trees, where the land is flat, tl1e soil is fine, water flowing in a clockwise direction, soil
very fertile and well consolidated, water is available in plenty tJ1roughout the year and
where climate is moderate, is suitable for habitation".

35
 The sites selected are further tested for the suitability as a residential plot by
experiments. Experiments are very simple and do not require any expensive gadgets.
The various factors looked into are the following.

1) Fertility of soil
2) Water retaining capacity of the soil.
3) Consolidation.
4) Availability of sunlight and wind
5) Sufficient oxygen content in the nlm<>fiphere onJ earth.
6) Indication of previous habitation.

4.6.1 Fertility of the soil

If the soil sustains edible fruit bearing trees and useful flowering plants, it is
assumed that it is fertile. The fertility is further tested by sowing gingelly seeds and
watching them sprout If they sprout within 3 days the site is co�idered as fertile.

4.6.2 W nhir retniolng cnpocif.y or the soil

The presence ol grass used for religious and ritualistic sacrifices (Darbha, kusa)
is taken as an indicator of soil moisture. It is further tested with a simple experiment.29•
A pit measuring lKxlKxlK (72cmx72cmx72cm) is dug and filled with water. The
examiner wa1b 100 paces away from the pit and returns (approximately 2 mts.) If the
water level in the pit remains steady then the water retaining capleity of the ground is
considered good

4.6.3 Consolldatlon

Here the pit of the same size as mentioned in the previous experiment iR dug
and the soil is removed The pit is then filled with the same soil. If the soil is in excess,
the earth is considered30 as sufficiently dense and consolidated.

4.6.4 Availability of Sunlight and wind

'lbe presence of lush green vegetation is an imlicator of sufficient sunlight. 'l11e

eastern and northern slopes 31 are considered good as it reduces strong unwanted wind
and rain from west and southwest directions.

30
4.6.5 Sufficient oxygen content In the atmosphere and earth

This is ascertained by lighting a lamp of specified size inside the pit of size
mentioned above and covering it for a period of 2 Nazhika (48 minutes). After this
period, if the lamp still bums32, it is an indication that oxygen available in the
atmosphere and the earth is sufficient

4.6.6 Indication of previous habitation

This is ascertained by ploughing the site and examining the site for remains of
such habitation. Presence of pots, bones, ashes, hair, husk of paddy33 etc. te11s that the
site was previously occupied and abandoned due to some natural or other calamities.
Such calamities can again happen and thus such site should be avoided. The evidence
of damage by lightening or fire (presence of charcol) also makes the site unsuitable for
habitation.

When the suitability of the site cannot be finalised by visual examination of itB
features or by the experiments suggested above omenical tests are sought for the site
selection. In one method, the pit is filled with water and a white flower is put If it comes
to rest in the cardinal points the site is good, otherwise not The position of the flower
is interpreted further as per Rasi Oiakra (Zodiac) and by astrological rules and the
selection is finalised accordingly.

4.7 Fixing Cardinal Positions I Points

To orient the buildings towards cardinal directions, the directions are to be fixed
first. The cardinal points are fixed with respect to the position of the sun, by using
sunshadow principle34. A Sanku (peg) of length 12 Angulam (36cm) is fixed on a flat
ground. A circle of radius 24 Angulam is drawn witb the San/a, as t11e centre. In the
morning and in the afternoon, when the shadow of the tip of the Sanlm touches the circle
the points are marked. The exercise is repeated in the next morning. The difference of
the shadow points on the western end is divided into 3 and the eastern point is joined to
. the fii'st division. This gives the exact east west direction. The correction is done to
account for the declination of the sun.

37
4.8 Site Planning Principles

A number of planning principles are prescribed in the texts to harmonise the

building adivity with tbe natural environment To emphasi.8e these principles religious
injunctions and tabooa are imposed against their violation. They serve as ptiy�hological
control serving more or less the same way as the modem bye-law regulations. These
principles mainly refer to ground cover.igt; setbacks, volume of building and size of
plot

4.8.1 Plot Coverage nnd SetbnckB

Any residential plot is divided into Padams and Veethis. In any plot full
permissible ground coverage is assumed in Chatussala type of construction. This type
consists of a central court.yard and surrounding built up area. The building may be of
one or more storeys subject to the principle governing the volume of the building. For
the construction of Chatussala, the inner Veethi is left open as courtyard and the outer
Veethi is left open as sebacks from the plot boundaries. The maximum ground coverage
is 50%, 49.38% and 48% respectively in Mandukapadam, Paramasayikapadam and
Asanapadam. Fig. 4.6. In very small plots it is allowed to construct in thcBrahmaveetlii
also, thus making marginal increase in th e ground coverage to 56.3%, 60% and 64%
respectively. There is no concession regarding the setbacks which is fixed as one padam.
For the minimum plot size of 16Kx 16K33 specified in Brihat Samhita this setback
amount to 1/8 (as pee Maq.dukapadam) of 16K or 2 Kols (approximately equal to 1.44
m). The setbacks are not arbitrarily fixed as in modern bye-laws, but ba;ome
proportionate to the width of the residcntinl plot. 111c set hack varit'ff from I I 1 OW to I /8W
where 'W' is tl1e widtl1 of the plot Consequently for larger plots the setbacks are
correspondingly larger.

4.8.2 Volume of U1e built space

In traditional Architecture, the maximum volume of built space is controlled by

the concept of universe. Here the total development consisting of buildings, open yards
and surrounding setbacks sustainable within a ground space is to be confined within the

38
pyramidal space whose height is equal to 1/2 tJ1e diagonal of the base square. Fig. 4.2
Hence it can be noted that built space, open space, volume, height and setbacks are all
intimately related lo the ground space.

4.8.3 Plot sizes and Categorisation

Plot categorisation is done according to the size of the plot For residential
planning three types are generally considered. 1) Large Plot, 2) Small Plot and 3) Very
Small Plot A large plot is one which can be divided into 4 (Sectors) Klumdams and 9
concentric Veethis. Fig.4.8. The minimum size of the plot is 18 dandux 18 dandu34 ,
maximum 36Dx36D. For construction puipOSe only one Klumda either Manusha
Khanda (N.E Sect.or) or Deva Khantla (S. W. Sector) is used Preference for Manus/Ja
· Khanda 'is obseived in Kerala. When the dimension of the plot is less than 18.Q it is
termed as Alpakshetram (small plot). Nine Veethi concept and sectorisation is not
followed here and the entire plot is considered as the Kshetrakiianda (House site) for
planning purpose. Pig. 4.9. The minimum size of 4Dx4D (16Kxl6K) is considered
sufficient for the construction of courtyanied structures. When the dimension of tJ1e plot
is less than 4 D.mdu (area equal to 3 cenm) it is known as Kshudrakslietram (Very small
plot). Titls is used for the construction of very small houses Fig. 4.10 without courtyards.
When the plot is of size more than that specified for larger plots above, the same is
divided into 16 sectors and the central four sectors are set apart as residential plot 11ius
irrespective of the size of the plot the since considered for planning is always equal to
that of a large plot (Fig. 4.11 ). The maximum dimension of a plot is 72Dx72D, beyond
which it is termed as undefined plot In plot with undefined or irregular boundary or that
which is larger than 72D in size, the house plot is defined with respect to theAnka11am
of the proposed building. Ankanam width is taken as one module and the width of tbe
Veethi is decided as 1/2 M, 1M or 1 1/2M The size of the plot is decided �s 18 times
U1e widU1 of tl1e module selected.

4.9 Positioning of the Building in Kslietrokhandam

There are two ways of positioning a building in a Kshet.rakhandam. 1) Witl1

respect to padams and Veethis and 2) witl1 respect to the C-entral point

39
4.9.1 With respect to the Padam and Veethis

In case of larger plots the Kshetrakhandam has always one comer touching the
Brahmasthalam. Fig. 4.12. It can be of 4 sizes viz. 2x2 Padams, 4x4 Padams, 7x7
Padams or 8x8 Pad.ams depending on the size of the proposed building. Once the
Kshetrakhandam is defined it is considered as a self contained space. It is then divided
into desiredPadavinyasam or Veethi nirnayam and the structure is planned. In this way
the concept of a subsystem (Kshetraklwndam) in a larger system (Plot.) is transferred to
. actual planning.

4.9.2 Positioning of the building with respect to the central point

The principle is known as Madhyankana Pramanam (Centre of Yard Theory)

and is used in smaller plots, which by itself is taken as the Kshetrakhandam. Here the
Ankanam is planned around the central point of the plot (Brahmastala) with the centre
of the Ankanam shifted either to Devakiiandam or Manushakhandam as shown in .Fig.
4.9. In case of very small plot and for buildings without courtyard, the centre of tl1e
building is kept either in the Manushakhanda or Devaklianda. The Pischaveethi is left
as setbacks Fig. 4.10.

4.10 Minimum Space for Hnbitntlon

According to Brilial Samhita, minimum measurement of a house site is given

as 16k. When this plot is divided into 4 Veethis according to 8x8 mode, the width of
one Veethi comes out as 2K and the width of the built space as 4K (288M). From the
author's study of Agraharas (Chapter X), the smallest housing plot designated as
Aramana bas a width of 1 :Dlndu (4K) substantiating this prescription of tl1e width of
built space. Vastulakshanam states that the minimum width of any plot which is to be
divided into 9 Veethis should be 18 Dandu and accordingly tJ1c minimum width of n
Veethi is 1 Dandu. In Ekakudw11baka settlement a single VeetJ1i can be considered for
construction and hence the width of built space is restricted again as 1 Damiu.

40
 The length of the built space is equal to itswidth corresponding to 8x8 divisions,
1 1/2 times thewidth in case of 9x9 divisions and twice the width for a !Ox 10 division.
Fig. 4.13. If the building is confined to one Veethi, the corresponding width to le11gtl1
ratio ranges from 1:2 to 1:3 and 1:4 respectively. Maymnnta pr<.'f!cribes the maximum
length as 3 times thewidth implying the division of the plot into 9x9 grid and main hall
(Sala) confined to one Veethi width. This is further substaqtiaed by the field studiec;;
where in the ma.'<imum length of the core of the building was not found to exceed the
limit of 3 times the width, as tabulated in Appendix E

4.11 Rule of Marmavedha and Sutravedha

The most important canonic rule adopted in actual design is the avoidance of
interception of Marmams and Sutrams. They are the referal lines and referal nodes
decided for a systematic planning process and are left free even after the construction.
No structural member like columnwall or others shall interfere with these referal lines
and nodes. For this columns and other structural members are provided in even numbers
to avoid Sutravedluun. It has been obseived in the field study that the column spacing
and rafter spacings were adj uste<l in compliance of this principle. Similarly the centre
line of the building elements were marginally shifted to tl1e right by a fraction of an
Angulam. Another important aspect obse1ved in this connection was the positioning of
the openings in linewith one another. If due to some functional constraint, an opening
cannot be provided, a small holewas left in its place to satisfy this rule. Shifting of the
central line was effected even when the openings were in the same line. 'Ibis rule is
known as Oamanam (shifting). TI1is is illustrated in Fig. 4.14. This principle is obseived
in site planning also. Main refcral lines of the site are shown in Fig. 4.8. Of these only
one diagonal line, Kama Sutram is intercepted by tlte building. Even here the building
is so planned that the Karnasutram does not pass tltrough the main structures of the
houRc. Vig. 4.1 S. Wht·u it iukn:t•pfH other w11l111 opc:11i11gr1 tH· 1-11111111 liolt'l'l lll't• pmvi(lt-d
along this diagonal line.

41
4.12 Conclusion

The concepts, principles and procedures described in this chapter form the
essential of Vastusastra. They are common to all catego1ies of Vt4Slu starting fmm the
humblest dwelling to the most palatial buildings. In order to have an insight into the
application of general principles in residential planning a background of reside ntial
construction is needed. This is covered in the next chapter.

42
 AXIS AXIS
ZENITli BRAHMA zj
1 ,.Ef'llTH
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-x
x- ·

NADIR AN.MITH
lz
NADIR
Fig 4.1. B Fig 4. 2. B

(VAVU) <11'1DRA)
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(AGlll)

w
(VARUNA)

SW 5
(NIRRJTI) ('(AMA) SW
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CON CE PT OF UNIV ERSE CONCEPT OF UNIVERSE

AS IN VASTUSASTRA
Fl g 4.1. A Fig 4.2.A
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r I'tJ rI

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Fig 4 . 3 - 1v1 AI,) 0 ALAM WIT II \jAS TUP U r< U SI I f\

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26

25 2L 13 7.2 21 '20 19 W> 17

51 50 t.9

Fig 4.5- POSITIONING OF DEVAS

1 VAYU 15 BRISA '29 VARUNA 43 IN ORAJITH
2 NAGA 10 ANTHARIKSHA 30 ASURA 44 ~J\1TH AKA
3 MUKHYA 17 AGNI 3' SOSHA 1..5 8RAHMA
4 BHALLATA 18 RJSHA 32 ROGA 46PIL IPINCHAKA
5 INDU 19 VITATHA 33 SIVA 47 CHAPAKA
6 ARGALA 20 GRIHAKSHATA 34 SIVAJl1H 48SARVASKANOA
7 ADlTI 2:1 YAMA 35 8H0088 TH 49 VIOAR I
B OITI '2'2 GANOHARVA 36 APA 50 ARYAt,lA
9 EASA 23 BHf3NGAN 37 APAVALSA 51 ro01HAT J IKA
10 PARJANYA 7.4 Mf3GA 38 ARYAKA 52 JRMBM<AN
11 JAYA~1HA '25 PI/f3 '39 SAVI TH 53 PAPARAKSHASI
12 INORA 26 DWARAPALA 40 SAVI THA
13 ADITYA 7.7 SUGRIVA 41 VIVASWAN
14 SAIYAKA '28 PUSHPADANDAN 4'2 JNDRA
 ..., .

,.-- NA~jJU K.A.PA. OArl1

PARAMA SAYJKAPAO,A,M BUILT SPACE 32/64
A.ASAt·IA PAOAM I
BUILT SPACE 1.,0/ 81
BUILT SPACE 1.,8/100

Fig4.6 - P,~DAVlNYASAM AND VEFTHII'JiRNAYAM

 PISACA VEETHI (OPEN)

~t'/$Pffi"¥///YW/f/§f?'/i2P//tf/ff¥//f///¥Af///{j'5~'r\UBERA
VEETHI (BUILT)

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r~~~~--t-~~F~~r~~P~~~~----:~d~~~bd--
NAGA V EETH I (OPEN)

r-~'~~~-t-~~-~7/t~~'l97h+--t~~=±==~~~~=!-:..-JA LA VEE TH I (B U ILT)

r~~~w--t-:--~~-*7;J~~~m.t-~~~=1==~~~i=d--
AG NI VEETH I (OP EN)

GANE5A V=ETHI (BUILT

~"V'/'.4'1---~~]--+-~'*'~-I-
~-t$~:m~-4-~~-~~~~~~f==Bi~f==t==:fJ7~~F=r--
p RA HMA VE [; T H I (BUILT)

Fig 4.7- VEETH1NJRNAYAM AS GlVEN IN MANUSHYALAYACHANDRIKA

 BnAHMASU1RAM
KARNA5VTRAM EA 51 .J MARAf'lASUT RAM
\.2~~_.~-r-~..,.--~..,...-~v.------r-r-r---,----,---,--.,....--r--'-CJ

NOR iH ~--+-!---+--+--+-...L.-t---L-f-!--f--I"-*-t-j--+--+--t--j---+--t--J=.t_
SOUiH
~YAMA SUiRAH

- EXiERIQR SPACE

=__.
_ _BUIll SPACE
---- _INTERIOR SPACE

AYU ~Ar DA
--- ----- -_. - ~--t--+-f--+--+----1f-4-~

Fig4 .8'" NALUKET TU POSITION ED· IN

DIFFERENT KSHETRAKANDAMS IN A LARGE PLOT
 IE
'~ r - - - - - - - _ --- - -
._.- -- ~-
I- -- - - - - r---- -- -- - -
I I - --
.I
- - - - _. I - - ) ......... I
=
IlrMlrna.tal
-~
~ -- -- -t--
I -- -- ._.

- ~ - -- 1---- C tnlrt 0 1 '-....... I

- -- :~
I

t .. Ankanarn i n - - -- -- --
- -'-
-- - -
, - .. t- -- - 10« v.llkan da m - _.. - _ - ..
~= --
f-- .-- I- -l- I- -- , -
Ctnlrt 01
b ulldln!il
-- -
r- -- ~
.----/
r-I- -
- - -- I - -- _. --
I

--I~1 - - - ' - -1-- -- --

...
-
I I
I- - I
I -
,
lUJ lhan ~ nal1du ---_~>I
W
L..l

k--- ,.....
-'

lh" 't.o" -----"""*~ ..

Flg~.9 ALPAKSHETFlAM ~.to KSHUDRAKSHE TRAM
,
DIFFERENT HOUSE PLOTS

---- f----f-'-~......."""'1 --_.

1--_ _-.1 ---1 -'

36 K0131' 12 1101,
W·
Fig4.11 For v rzry larg~ plot Fig 4.12 Different kshetrakandam
available
Mandukapadam 1:1 Param asayika 1:15 Aasanapadham 1:2

Fig 4.13 PROPORTIONS OF SALAS

"'-
 N

I
.,
-I. --- f--- -

II
~----'-_. -1-i-
i
:-r- ".,--- Bra hmasthalam

I / -1- .. _ •• _ -
W _ J_I-' - , -.... -f-- ..
'- I.

-
--. .- J _~

f----."'-' E

-'1==
-
~----"X:----
-I- .. - .. t- ; ""-

-C~n tr~ of Ankaoam

.
I~
Ctn trt 01 scalt
I
I I

''---------....,~-I_l
I

'S
Fi g 4.14 SHIF TING OF SAL A & ANKANAtv1 WITH RES PEe T
TO CEN T RE LINE

J
IE
.- - ~-Brahrnasoothram

Mar arn;lsoothr am

N . ~.... Yllrna~oothrlOlm
·s

Fig 4.15 N,ALLUKETU IN PARAMASAYIKAPADAM