西南交通大学学报

第 54 卷 第 3 期 Vol.54 No.3
2019 六 3 月
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY June 2019

ISSN - 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.3.11

Research article

DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING AN ARABIC PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGE FOR TEACHING PUPILS
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq a,*, Ayedh Shahadha Gasera, Mazin Abed Mohammeda*, Esam Taha Yassenb,
Salama A. Mostafadc, Subhi R. M. Zeebaree d , Dheyaa Ahmed Ibrahime, Mohd Khanapi Abd Ghaniaf,
Rabah N. Farhana
a
College of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Anbar,
Anbar, Iraq, husam2asafe@yahoo.com, ayedhgaser@gmail.com, rabahalobaidy@yahoo.com,
mazinalshujeary@uoanbar.edu.iq
b
Information Technology Centre, University of Anbar
Anbar, Iraq, etalheety@gmail.com
c
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Johor, 86400, Malaysia, salama@uthm.edu.my
d
Duhok Polytechnic University and Tishk International University
Duhok, Iraq and Erbil, Iraq, subhi.rafeeq@dpu.edu.krd
e
Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University
Baghdad, Iraq, dheyaa.ibrahim88@gmail.com
f
Biomedical Computing and Engineering Technologies Applied Research Group, Faculty of Information and
Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia, khanapi@utem.edu.my

Abstract
Observation has been made that in Arab countries, students find it challenging to learn to program in a
different language other than Arabic. Existing literature contains only a few Arabic programming
languages, most of which have never been or have partially been executed. In this article, a novel Arabic
programming language known as Alf..Eih language is proposed. The proposed programming language is
to be used in teaching pupils and schoolchildren in Arabic countries programming. This Arabic
Programming language converts the Arabic language presumed to code in (C++ language) with its
implementation. After the code written in Arabic passes through the first three stages of compiler (lexical,
syntax and semantic), the final phase converts code to (C++). Alf..Eih language covers many of the
directives in the presumed Arabic Language such as, header file, functions, if condition, loops and etc.

Keywords: Arabic programming language, compiler design techniques, programming language paradigms, design
principles programming languages.

摘要 已经观察到，在阿拉伯国家，学生发现学习用阿拉伯语以外的其他语言编程是一项挑战。 现有文献仅
包含少数阿拉伯语编程语言，其中大部分从未被执行过或已经部分执行过。 在本文中，提出了一种新的阿
拉伯语编程语言 Alf..Eih 语言。 拟议的编程语言将用于教授阿拉伯国家编程中的学生和学童。 这种阿拉伯
语编程语言将假定的阿拉伯语言转换为（C ++语言）中的代码及其实现。 在用阿拉伯语编写的代码通过编
译器的前三个阶段（词法，语法和语义）之后，最后阶段将代码转换为（C ++）。 Alf..Eih 语言涵盖了假定
的阿拉伯语中的许多指令，例如头文件，函数，条件，循环等。
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54.No.3 June 2019
关键词: 阿拉伯语编程语言，编译器设计技术，编程语言范例，设计原则编程语言
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in computer science and
information theory, a Programming language is a
set of commands written according to a set of
rules determined by the language. [1], [2] These
orders pass through several stages implemented
on a computer. Programming languages are
divided based on the proximity of human
languages to a high-level language (close to the
language that is understood by humans) like C
and Java languages, and a low-level language (as
Assembly language), which is close to the
machine language). Alternatively, they are
sometimes divided based on the purpose of the
language. There are languages designed to run on
certain devices, such as that of companies that
produce computers or central processors. The
languages provide the user's guide that contains
the commands for implementing it. More so,
there are other languages that operate
independently of a machine; they operate within
a virtual machine, such as Java languages. After
the introduction of Syndication systems, Arabic
applications which include English programming
languages emerged. [3] This Arabic application
emerged with the aim of creating Arabic
programming languages by translating
programming languages written in English. The
most famous programming languages in the past
are BASIC, C and C++. Since the proliferation of
IT, one of the questions asked is; are there
available Arabic programming languages? Even
though this idea is as old as programming
languages, the panel lists are divided into
proponent and opponents, even to the idea of
establishing a language code. [4]
Some opponents of Arabic programming
Language are of the opinion that developing an
original Arabic programming language is not
feasible, rather, they are of the opinion that the
use of English programming language should
continue to be used. According to these
opponents, it is unimaginable to have a
programming language in any other language
apart from English, not to talk of that which is in
Arabic, involving writing from right to left. They
are also against the idea of starting from scratch.
On the other hand, the proponents of this idea,
are of the opinion that it is important to have an
Arabic programming language so that Arab
children can be taught programming using the
language. More so, it can be used in multiple
areas of programming, rather than using it to brag.
The use of Arabic programming language will in
no way isolate the Arabs that use it from the rest
of the world. [5], [6], [7] There is no evidence to
show that without English, the programming
cannot be done because programming has been
done in different languages including Chinese,
Korean, Hebrew, Spanish, German, French and
Russian. These languages have been used to
write commands, without abandoning famous
programming languages. The most important
thing is to create a language that suits the needs
and culture of the people using it. Programming
can be learnt without learning the English
language. Therefore, it is necessary to create
Arabic programming languages, (and not just one
language) without abandoning the popular
foreign languages. [8]
II. THE COMPILER PHASES
The complexity associated with the designing
and building of computers can be reduced by
executing simple commands rapidly. It is
important to combine very simple commands into
a program so as to build a computer program; this
is done in what is known as machine learning.
The use of high-level programming language is
employed in the process of programming because
the process is prone to error and tedious. There
can be a huge difference between this language
and the machine language which can be executed
by the computer, therefore, this gap must be
bridged. At this point, the compiler comes to play.
The work of a compiler is to translate or compile
a program written in a high-level programming
language that is suitable for human programmers
into the low-level machine language that is
required by computers. The compiler also tries to
identify and report obvious programming errors.
[1], [2], [9] Figure 1 shows the process of
compilation.
Figure 1.The compilation process
The speed with which the development of
programs can be carried out can be significantly
influenced by the use of high-level language for
programming. This is as a result of the following:
• In comparison with machine language, there
is a resemblance between the notation which
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is utilized by the machine language and the • Code Generator: Finally, the transformed
way humans think about problems. intermediate representation is translated into
• The capability to recognize some obvious the target language.
programming errors is not possessed by the
compiler.
• Programs written in a high-level language
tend to be shorter than equivalent programs
written in machine language.
One other benefits of using high-level
language are that the compilation of the same
program into different machine languages can be
done for the same program, thereby allowing it to
be run on different machines. [4] On the other
hand, as compared with programs that are hand-
coded in machine language can be faster than
programs which have been written in a high-level
language and automatically translated to machine
language. Based on this, machine learning is still
partially used to write some critical programs. [5]
The translator receives the source program as
income and based on it, generates a series of
Figure 2.The compiler phases
machine instructions. This process is so complex,
and it is illogical to consider the process as a one-
The phases of the compiler can be divided
step process. This process can be divided into
into: [7]
two which include the translation process to sub-
• Front-End: this is made up of phases that are
processes. Each stage of the translation receives
reliant on the source language and basically
one input and represents encoding program
independent of the target machine which
income, and gives it the encoding output only.
includes, (Lexical Analyzer, Syntax
The following shows the main relay that makes
Analyzer, and Intermediate Code
up the process of the translation process: [10]
Generation).
• Lexical Analyzer: whose purpose is to
• Back-End: is made up of the phases that rely
divide the incoming source code into small
on the target machine, rather than the source
pieces (token), with each representing a
language which includes (Code
single atomic unit of language. For instance,
Optimization, and Code Generation).
"Keywords", "Constants", "Variable names",
Preprocessing: in this stage, the processing of
and "Operators".
macros, comments and directives is performed:
• Syntax Analyzer: whose purpose is to
• Comments are removed from the source file.
combine the tokens into well-formed
• Macros: if macros are supported by the
expressions (statements) and program; it
language, then the equivalent text is used in
also checks the syntax error.
replacing macros. For instance:
• Semantic Analyzer: whose function is to
determine the meaning of the source
#define pi 3.14
program.
• Intermediate Code Generator: at this point,
When the word (pi) is encountered by the
an internal form of a program is usually
preprocessor, it then replaces it with (3.14).
created, for example:
• Directives: directives are also handled by the
preprocessor; in 'c' language, including a
(+,a,b,t1)
statement such as:
Y=(a-b)*(c+b) (+,c,d,t2)
(*,t1,t2,t3)
# include <"file">
• Code Optimizer: its purpose is to produce a
This line is replaced by the actual file. Figure
more efficient object program (run faster or
3 shows the Language-processing system with
take less space or both).
components.
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54.No.3 June 2019
Figure 3.The processing of the language
Here, the programming language interprets
the first line of the program and turns it into
assembly language, and then moves to the next
line, interprets and converts to assembly language.
There are so many similarities between
interpretation and compiling. In an interpreter,
the processes of parsing, lexing and type-
checking are performed as in compiler, but the
difference is that the syntax tree is directly
processed for the evaluation of statements, rather
than using it to generate code. An interpreter may
need to repeatedly process the same piece of
syntax tree (for instance, the body of a loop),
thereby making its implementation slower that of
a compiler. Even though it is easier to write a
compiler, the interpreter can be easily moved to a
different machine; so interpreters are usually
used in applications where speed is not essential.
[11] A programming language may be
implemented through a combination of
interpretation and compilation; the intermediate
level code may be produced by the compiler, and
then interpreted instead of compiling it into
machine code. In some systems, some parts of a
program may be compiled to machine code,
while some into intermediate code, which is
interpreted at runtime while other parts may be
kept as a syntax tree and interpreted directly.
Each choice offers its benefits, and it is left for
the programmer to choose a preferred benefit. In
comparison with the intermediate code, the
compiled code often seem to be larger, and the
intermediate code larger than the syntax; in each
translation stage, the running speed improves.
[12]
The source code is translated by an interpreter
into a target representation which can be
executed and evaluated immediately. There is a
resemblance between the structure of the
interpreter and the compiler, but the interpreter
the time used in producing the executable
representation varies just like the time used for
optimization. The differences are illustrated in
the diagram below: [13], [14], [15], [16]
Figure 4.Interpretation vs. compilation
III. LR PARSERS
In this section, a Bottom-Up syntax analysis
technique which can be used to efficiently parse a
large class of grammars that are context-free. The
technique is known as LR (k) parsing, the "L"
denotes left to right input scanning, while the "R"
denotes that construction of a rightmost
derivation in reverse, and "k" represents number
of input symbols of look ahead utilized in making
parsing decisions; when "k" is omitted, then it is
assumed to be 1). There are some reasons why
LR parsing is a preferred option:
• The construction of LR parsers can be
carried out so as to identify almost all
constructs of programming language for
which context-free grammars can be written.
• This parsing method is the commonly used
non-backtracking shift-reduce parsing
method, however, it can be efficiently
implemented just as in other shift-reduce
methods.
• The class of grammars that can be parsed
using LR methods is a proper superset of the
class of grammars that can be parsed with
predictive parsers.
LR parser techniques are of three kinds
depending on the construct of LR parsing table
for a grammar:
1. Simple LR parser (SLR for short): the
implementation of this is simpler but less
efficient among the three. More, it may not
be able to generate a parsing table for
specific grammars as compared to other
methods.
2. Canonical LR parser: It is the most powerful
and most expensive.
3. Look ahead LR parser (LALR for short): in
comparison to the two other types, it is
intermediate in power and more costly.
However, the method functions on the
majority of programming-language
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grammars and can be efficiently

implemented using some effort.
An LALR parser or Look-Ahead LR parser is
a type of LR parser with small parse tables and
are capable of handling more grammars than SLR
parsers.

Where the program consists of a series of

sentences that begin with words reflecting the
kind of sentence and function in the language
Figure 5.LR parser algorithm ending in points. The following sections describe
the components of the program with examples:
The efficiency of the LALR parser in
identifying a single correct Bottom-Up parser in A. Header Files
one left-to-right scan over the input stream is Represents the top of the program through
similar to that of other kinds of LR parsers; the which the type of library needed by the program
LALR does not use backtracking tactics or is known, this language supports three types of
guesswork for this identification. The parser is libraries files which are; "math, standard and
generated mechanically from a formal grammar strings". More than one library can be defined
for the language. Similar methods and tables are within the program. The general form is:
possessed by LALR and the other methods (SLR
parser and Canonical LR parser), but their
algorithms of mathematical grammar analysis
that is used by the parser generation tool vary.
More grammars are accepted by the LALR
generators than the SLR generators, but fewer
grammars than full LR (1). Full LR is often
B. Definitions
avoided because it involves parse tables that are In this section, the variables and arrays used
larger, except it is most needed for some specific in the program are defined. The location of the
computer language. The expression of actual definitions can be before or after the main
computer languages can make as LALR (1) program. There are three types of definitions:
grammars. In situations whereby they cannot be "integer, float and characters". The general form
expressed as such, a LALR (2) grammar is often of the definitions:
sufficient. If it is just LALR (1) grammar that is
allowed by the parser generator, then some hand-
written code is required by the anytime it comes
across constructs that require extended look
ahead.

IV. DESIGN OF THE LANGUAGE

The general form of the language is:

C. Input Statements
Input statements can be used to read the
values entered by the user. Where you can enter
more than one variable, and the general formula
for reading statements is:
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54.No.3 June 2019
D. Output Statements
Output statements can be used to write a
variable or constant or new line, and the general
formula for writing statements is:
E. Sub-programs
The subprograms (functions) can be defined
before the main program and can be
characterized by the word (‫ )داله‬as a keyword.
Where the function consists of the function name
and variables and referrer (i.e., the type of
function (integer, float, characters)).The general
form is:
F. Loops
Loops statements are used to repeat the
process that is required to be executed more than
once. Loop can be distinguished in the program
by keyword (‫)دوارة‬. Where the loop consists of
three main parts (beginning, condition, increase
or decrease). The general formula is:
G. Condition
Conditional sentences are used to implement a
set of sentences by a particular condition, and the
general formula is:
H. # define directive
The objective of the directives is to put a
specific value in a variable that accepts this value.
In the designed language we used the word "‫"اسند‬
to assign values to different variables. And it will
be located after the header files. The general
formula is:
V. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
To implement the language model, the use of
the C++ programing language is employed as a
fundamental tool to develop the concept and for
prototyping. C++ adapts more to computation
logic than to mechanics which involves using
tasks like stacks pointers, memory allocation, and
etc. The language was designed and implemented
using the C++ programming language. Also, we
used Visual Basic to implement windows and
link the programs. This work is done bearing in
mind a non-expert user that can learn the
language using simple ideas. The process of
implementation of this program involves a
number of stages which are subsequently
discussed:
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B. Preprocessor
In this stage, the "spaces and newline" of the
programs that cause problems are deleted, so we
decided to get rid of them at this stage, example:

Figure 6.The stages of the implementation

A. Input
Input is a program that supposed to be in the
Arabic language where the grammar is presumed Figure 7.The algorithm of preprocessor with components
as follows:

C. Lexical
In this stage, we split the program into various
components depending on the original written
language; each component has a type (e.g.
number. keyword, symbol, etc.....). If the
component does not exist, then a lexical error
occurs. An example of the algorithm of the
lexical phase is shown in figure 8.
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54.No.3 June 2019

Figure 8.The algorithm of the lexical phase

Figure 10.The algorithm of syntax phase

Figure 9 is showing the main window of the

Arabic programing language and the user
interface of the language.

Figure 9.The windows of the Arabic programing language

D. Syntax
This stage is responsible for the grammatical
construction and outputs which are either true or
not depending on the work of the grammar. The
method which we used here is the lock ahead
parser (LALR), which is the best method that can
deal with the largest number of grammars. The
algorithm of syntax phase is shown in Figure 10,
and Figure11 shows the algorithm of LALR.
Figure 11.The algorithm of LALR
E. Semantic
This stage links the definitions with the use
and testing of each statement in terms of meaning
as shown in the following example. Figures12
and 13 show the algorithm and implementation of
the semantic phase.
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F. Synthesis
In this stage, the source code for building
code in C+ + language is assembled in order to
translate each expression in Arabic to its
equivalent in C+ +.

G. Output
Figure12.The algorithm of the semantic phase The code in C++ language with implementation.
Figure 14 shows the input of Arabic window and
the output window in C++.

Figure14.The input and the output windows

Figure13.The implementation of semantic phase
VI. CONCLUSION
Designing a new programming language is
essential because it will enhance the acquisition
of basic knowledge in software engineering and
information technology. Thus, learning this basic
information in the native languages may assist
Hussam Hatem Abdul Razaq et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol.54.No.3 June 2019
students in comprehending the idea of
programming, more than when foreign languages
are used. In addition, students may be more
interested in programming when the
programming language is written in their native
language. It is against this backdrop that a new
Arabic programming language called Alf..Eih
language for schoolchildren and high schools in
Arab countries is proposed in this study. This
paper is the initial move towards new Arabic
programming language. However, more work is
needed so as to have completely created
programming languages. Moreover, Alf..Eih
language should be tested in schools to determine
if it is able to stimulate interest in a computer
programming language. Alf..Eih language
proposed in this study converts the Arabic
language presumed to code in C++ language with
its implementation. Where the code written in
Arabic passes the first three stages of the
compiler which include Lexical, syntax,
semantics, the final phase converts code to C++.
The proposed language covers many of the
directives in the Arabic Language presumed, of
which (header file, functions, if condition, loops
…etc). It’s clear that the results that have been
obtained are to take advantage of compilers in
programming language design, approximating
what is used in the circle's code. Through in-
depth and careful research to find appropriate
solutions to the problems existing in the
algorithm used in this language (LALR), we can
find a suitable solution to the problem of
Backtracking. The aim of this is to produce a
programming language that supports the Arabic
language and in turn, meets the requirements of
the Arab community compiler. This language can
be taught as a code in middle and high schools so
that students can understand how programming
languages work, the requirements and basis for
using rules in building programming languages.
It is also of added advantage to incorporate other
library functions to the process of developing a
programming language, and as well expand the
rules of the language to include a larger number
of loops and functions and add the class files.
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