NAME – ARYAN KUMAR

ROLL NO – BTECH/10394/18

BRANCH – ECE ‘B’

EXPERIMENT 6

NAME - SCHMITT TRIGGER

AIM -

Design of Schmitt trigger circuit using transistor and generation of

square wave from a given sine wave.

AIM1: Design Schmitt Trigger circuit using BJT and plot waveforms.
AIM2: Find the UTP, LTP and Hysteresis of the Schmitt Trigger circuit.

SOFTWARE USED - NI MULTISIM 14.2

THEORY AND WORKING PRINCIPLE -

Schmitt Trigger is an emitter coupled binary trigger circuit. It has two

stable states because the transistor Q1 may be ON and Q2 OFF or vice
versa. To understand its working principle let’s assume that the input
starts at ground, or 0 volts and the transistors Q1 and Q2 are identical.
Let transistor Q1 is necessarily turned off, and has no effect on this
circuit. Resistors Rc1, R1, and R2 form a voltage divider across the VCC.

The power supply sets the base voltage of Q2 to a value of (VCC × R2)/ (Rc1
+ R1 + R2). As long as the input voltage remains significantly less than the
base voltage of Q2, Q1 will remain off and the circuit operation will not
change. While Q1 is off, Q2 is on. The emitter and collector current are
the same, and are set by the value of Re and the emitter voltage. Emitter
Voltage = Base voltage at Q2 – VBE (i.e., 0.7 V for Si) If Q2 is in saturation
under these circumstances, the output voltage will be within a fraction
of the threshold voltage set by Rc1, R1, and R2. It is important to note that
the output voltage of this circuit cannot drop to zero volts, and generally
not to a valid logic 0. Now, suppose that the input voltage rises, and
continues to rise until it approaches the threshold voltage at the base of
Q2. At this point, Q1 begins to conduct. Now the current through Rc1
increases and the voltage at the collector of Q1 decreases. But this
reduces the base voltage on Q2. Q1 is now conducting and it carries some
of the current flowing through Re, and the voltage across Re doesn't
change as rapidly. Therefore, Q2 turns off and the output voltage rises to
VCC. The circuit has just changed states. Let the input voltage rises
further, it will turn ON Q1 turned OFF Q2. However, if the input voltage
starts to fall back towards zero, there must clearly be a point at which
this circuit will reset itself. The falling threshold voltage is the voltage at
which Q1's base becomes more negative than Q2's base, so that Q2 will
begin conducting again. But it is not the same as the rising threshold
voltage, since Q1 is currently affecting the behaviour of the voltage
divider.

Important:
1. The circuit will change states as VIN approaches VB2, not when the
two voltages are equal.
2. Since the common emitter connection is part of the feedback
system in this circuit, value of Re must be large enough to provide
the requisite amount of feedback, without becoming so large as to
starve the circuit of needed current.
 The output voltage falls back to the sum of the voltages across R e
and the saturation voltage of Q2. Thus, a square wave is produced.
The turn ON voltage is usually called the upper trigger point or UTP
and the turn OFF voltage is called lower trigger point or LTP. UTP is
always greater than LTP since the voltage required to turn ON a
device is more than that required to turn it OFF.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP -
OBSERVATION TABLE -

S.No. Vin (Vpk) Vout (Vpk-pk) UTP (V) LTP (V)

1 1V 0 0 0
2 6V 332 µV 5.898 V 3.808 V
3 12 V 1.79 V 5.963 V 3.57 V
4 24 V 0.768 V 6.62 V 4.16 V

WAVEFORMS -

1. Vin = 6 V, UTP = 5.898 V, LTP = 3.808 V

 2. Vin = 12 V, UTP = 5.963 V, LTP = 3.57 V

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS: -

The input signal was compared with the output signal and the UTP and
STP values were noted.

EXPERIMENT 7:

NAME - ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM -

Construction of Astable Multivibrator using transistor and to plotting of

the output waveform.
AIM1: Observe the waveforms of Astable Multivibrator at base and
collector of the transistors.
AIM2: Verify different states and find the frequency.

SOFTWARE USED - NI MULTISIM 14.2

THEORY AND WORKING PRINCIPLE –

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP -
WAVEFORMS -

Fig: Waveform of output Vc1 from the collector of transistor Q1

Fig: Waveform of output Vc2 from the collector of transistor Q2

Fig: Waveform of output Vb1 from the base of transistor Q1

Fig: Waveform of output Vb2 from the base of transistor Q2

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS -

By performing above experiment we designed Astable multivibrator also
plot different output waveforms from collector and base terminal of
transistor Q1 and Q2. Astable multivibrator does not require any
triggering pulse and no level is stable so it transit from high to low then
again high.

Max voltage of collector is 12V and min is 16.85 mV.

Theoretical time period is T= 1.38*50k*0.1uF= 6.9 ms and its frequency is

144.94 Hz.

Observed time period is T= 7.054 ms and observed frequency is

141.71Hz.
EXPERIMENT 8:

NAME - MONO-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM - Construction of Monostable Multivibrator using transistor and

plotting of the output waveform.

AIM1: Observe the waveforms of Monostable Multivibrator at base and

collector of the waveforms.
AIM2: Find the width of pulse.

SOFTWARE USED - NI MULTISIM 14.2

THEORY AND WORKING PRINCIPLE -

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: -

WAVEFORMS -

Fig: Square wave Input waveform 1V(peak) and frequency 1.4kHz

Fig: Waveform of output Vc1 from the collector of transistor Q1

Fig: Waveform of output Vc2 from the collector of transistor Q2

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS -
By performing above experiment we designed Monostable multivibrator
also plot different output waveforms from collector terminal of
transistor Q1 and Q2. Monostable multivibrator requires one triggering
pulse and one state is stable and other is unstable.

Max voltage of collector is 12V and min is 16.97mV.

Theoretical time period is T=0.69*50k (ohm)*0.01uF= 345 us and its

frequency is 2.89 kHz.

Observed time period is T=711.853 us and observed frequency is 1.40

kHz.