Exploration &

Production of
Hydrocarbon
• Prof. Ir. Sutrasno Kartohardjono, M.Sc., Ph.D.,
• Dr. Ir. Andy Noorsaman Sommeng, DEA
• Dr. Ir. Ardian Nengkoda, MEng.

Universitas Indonesia

Week 10
Saudi Aramco: Public
- Don’t forget protect
yourself during COVID-19
Pandemic. Follow 5 M
- Participate in
Vaccination
Individual Project
homework

Saudi Aramco: Public

Exploration & Production of
Hydrocarbon Course

ü To equip you with basic knowledge of oil & gas E&P Upstream
business cycle relevant to engineering, equipment, facilities and
operation
ü To understand the E&P Upstream business and link to your
engineering background, your interest and identify how you can be fit
in
ü To identify the global issues, challenges and opportunity for future
Indonesia energy solutions
ü The learning experiences will be provided by knowledge sharing, mini
project, virtual field trip brings online and real-life experience to the
application and understanding of oil and gas E&P
 What will you learn
Introduction to Oil and Gas Sedimentary basin, geologi,
Business Life Cycle
Introduction to reservoir
engineering: Peran field
appraisal, ketidakpastian,
alat, keuntungan biaya dan
aspek praktikal
Production and Surface
facilities, metering, dan
transportasi: Jenis dan
Recovery) & Unconventional
fungsi fasiltas permukaan,
metering, trasnportasi dan
penyimpanan
Explorasi hidrokabron: Pengenalan sifat – sifat
Prospek, geologi, geofisik, fluida dari hidrokarbon dan
dan sistem hidrokarbon
dan teknik pengeboran reservoir
Field Development:
Pengembangan
Pengumpulan data dan Optimisasi Produksi: Inflow
pengeboran: Arah
interpretasi, manajemen Performance dan System
pengeboran, komplesi,
reservoir, dan simulasi Performance
operation
reservoir
EOR (Enhanced Oil Keekonomian hidrokarbon,
masalah kontrak, dan Data Science in Oil and Gas
(Shale Oil) pemasaran
EPH Mini project
League
Classement
 Team Week- Week- Week Week Week- Week- Week- Week-
1 2 -3 -4 5 6 7 8
Group 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Group 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 4 3 3 3 3 3 3* 3 3

Group 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 6 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 8 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3

Group 9 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

Group 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10
Group 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
11

• Role of the games. Points:

Mini Project • No Submission = 0
Classmen • Late Submission =1
Result • On time Submission = 2
• Best Submission = 3
Student
Group
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) & Unconventional

Dr. Ardian Nengkoda

Saudi Aramco: Public

Outline
• Background and Objective
• World Map EOR
• Production Technology
• EOR
• Merit-Demerit
• EOR in Indonesia
• Unconventional Resources
• Let’s Watch The Video
• Mini Project
Objective

Knowledge sharing and

providing a basic overview
of EOR & Unconventional
production technology to
enhance and maintain oil
and gas resources
Target Migas 1 Juta Barel 2030
SKK Migas
Ø Strategi-1: Mempertahankan produksi-produksi yang
sudah ada.
Ø Strategi-2: Percepatan sumber daya menjadi
produksi dan pemberian insentif kepada kontraktor
kontrak kerja sama (KKKS) agar mencapai
keekonomian yang wajar.
Ø Strategi-3: Percepatan penerapan enhanced oil
recovery (EOR).
Ø Strategi-4: Mengundang investor untuk 12 area yang
potensial untuk bisa digarap.
Unconventional
Characteristic
Why EOR & Unconventional hydrocarbon?

Saudi Aramco: Public

EOR
Ilustration
 Basic
Principal
Oil Production Type
reduce oil saturation and increase the oil recovery rate
EOR Technique
EOR Technology Screening & Strategy
 Merit – Demerit (1)

EOR Mechanisms Field Technological Merits Demerits References

method applications development
Thermal EOR (TEOR)
In Situcombustion (ISC) Air is injected India, Romania, HPAI • Suitable in • Eco-unfriendly [1, 28, 29, 37, 41, 42, 54, 61, 6
into the reser Canada, U.S. both deeper (emissions 3 –66]
voir as a dry process or with water and from
(wet process) and oil ignition is shallow surface
performed alongside reservoirs steam
Steam injection • Production generation)
• Cyclic steam stimu Steam is injec Brazil, Venezuela, THAI, Fast-SAGD, NCG- is • Mobility control
lation ted into a well over a period U.S., Indo SAGD, OTSG, ST-EOR, increased issues
• Steam flooding Steam is injected into dedicated nesia, the GOGD, TAGOGD and TGD through • Expensive
injection wells former a cost of
to displace oil towards a production Soviet Union, combination operation
well Trinidad, of
Oman, China, mechanisms
Tobago,
Canada,
• Steam assisted Oil is heated Canada, Venezuela
gravity drai by circulating steam at a temperature
nage ( SAGD) that improves
oil flow
 Merit – Demerit (2)
EOR Mechanisms Field Technological Merits Demerits References
method applications development
Chemical EOR (CEOR)
Polymer flooding Polymers are injected into Brazil, China, Oman, PAM, HPAM, xanthan • Inexpensive • High [1, 25, 63],
the reservoir followed by Canada, Suriname, Mexico, gum, HPAMAMPS, processes tendency [68, 67, 86]
water Argentina, Austria, U.S, India SAPc • Possibilities for [88, 109, 117–
Surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding Separate surfactant for incremental chemical 120]
slug and oil incompatibi
polymer slug lity
are injected • Issues
into the with
reservoir creating contact
Surfactant flooding Aqueous surfactants solutions are injected into Indonesia, Bahrain, U.S. with
the reservoir the
Aqueous formation
solution oil
Alkaline flooding of alkaline Hungary, India, U.S., Russia
chemicals are injected into the reservoir
Injections of blends of
Alkali,
Surfactants
Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) and Polymers China, U.S., India, Venezuela
flooding in water
into
formation
 Merit – Demerit (3)

EOR Mechanisms Field Technological Merits Demerits References

method applications development
Gas EOR (GEOR)
Miscible Injection of gas (CO2, lean CO2–U.S., Canada, WAG, SWAG, • Production • Presence [1, 25, 63, 68, 121, 132, 138,
flooding hydrocarbons) N2 – U.S., Mexico PWAG, GAGD yields of 140–142]
is performed to achieve miscibility Hydrocarbon gases – U.S., Venezuela, outweighs unfavourable
with oil at pressures equal or higher Libya, Canada implementatio mobility ratio
than the minimum miscibility n expense • Limited
pressure (MMP) • Significant gas sources
lmmiscible Gas(N2, CO2,etc.) is injected below amount of oil and
flooding the MMP is recoverable separation
especially with issues
CO2 flooding
Microbial EOR (MEOR)
Microbial Microorganisms are injected into oil Malaysia, AMEC, Selective • Low opera- • Slow and [14, 15, 19, 153, 162–
reservoirs for recovery purposes India, Russia, Australia, Trinidad-Tobago, plugging, tional costs low oil 165, 168, 169]
China, Former East Germany; Norway, Indigenous • Eco-friendly recovery
Saudi Arabia; Poland; Canada, Oman, U.S., microbiota capability
Romania, Hungary, Former stimulation, • Requires
Czechoslovakia GEMEOR, EEOR multiple
and often
complex
procedures
 Polymers Molecular weight Polymer EOR
description application

Hydrogel • Non-newtonian or • Used mainly for

pseudo plastic fluids mobility control
• The fluid viscosity is a • Used in combination
function of shear rate with surfactants
and alkali for
improvement
of sweep efficiency

Polyacrylamide (PAM) >1 × 106 • First synthetic polymer • Increases the brine
g/mol used for thickening aqueous viscosity
solutions • Improves EOR
• The thickening potentials exist in performance
its large molecular weight
• >High adsorption capacity on
mineral surfaces

Hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM): >20 million • copolymers of PAM and polyacrylic • The most commonly
Da acid (PAA) or acrylamide and acrylic used polymer for EOR
acid • Oil recovery using

EOR Polymer • PAM is partially hydrolysed to

form HPAM. This is achieved
by reacting PAM with a base (sodium)
•
HPAM is high owing
to its viscoelasticity
Depending on the stability

Type
to reduce the strong adsorbing of the brine, HPAM can be
behaviour of PAM used at a temperature up
• The degree of hydrolysis is usually to 99 °C
in the range of 15–35%

Xanthan gum 2×50 × 106g/mol • A biopolymer produced by • Effective for use

microbial (Xanthomonas campestris) in high salinity brine
action (through glucose or • Fairly compatibility
fructose fermentation) with surfactants when
• Possess substantial used for EOR
hydrolytic degradation
above 70 °C
• Acts like a partially stiff rod with
a fair resistivity to mechanical
degradation
• Xanthan gum for EOR is often in
broth or concentrated form
which makes it easy to dilute
at suitable concentrations

Superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) • Crosslinked hydrophilic polymers • Effective for used
which have the potential to retain as plugging agents in
water in swollen form EOR processes
Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources

Saudi Aramco: Public

Global
Unconventional
Sources
Global Unconventional Natural Gas Resources in Place
(trillion cubic meters)
Unconventional Oil and Gas Unconventional resources are
hydrocarbon reservoirs that have
low permeability and porosity
and so are difficult to produce.
Often enhanced recovery
techniques, such as fracture
stimulation or steam injection
etc., must be performed, making
the process more difficult than a
conventional play

Gas- and oil-bearing shales are

organically-rich, fine grained
sedimentary rocks capable of
producing commercially
important quantities of
hydrocarbons upon artificial
fracturing. These shales typically
serve as the source, reservoir
and seal of the hydrocarbons
produced from them.
Why
Unconventional
Petroleum Systems
US Unconventional Success Story
Unconventional Porosity

How is gas stored in the shale

reservoirs?
• Gas dissolved in kerogen.
• Gas adsorbed onto kerogen
and clay particle surface.
• Free gas in natural fractures
and intergranular porosity.
SHALE
HYDROCARBON
ASSESMENT
WORKFLOW
Key Element of
Success in
Unconventional
Ideal Process for Unconventional Development
Indonesia E&P
Future Hope
Indonesia Unconventional Prospect
Let us watch
the video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=azLVjYij5U4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=2PBCTXHqZec
Student Mini Project
(EOR Production Technology)
• Work as a team/ group
• Read the literature from V. Alvadaro and E. Manrique, and case study
below and write max. 6 pages essay.
• Select Case study below and Propose your EOR development
screening, strategy and technology. Provide your techncial
argumentation and explanation:
1. https://stratasadvisors.com/Insights/110218-Rokan-Block
(Group 1, 4, 7, 10)
2. https://www.rigzone.com/training/heavyoil/insight.asp?i_id=28
5 (Group 2, 5, 8, 11)
3. https://www.nrgedge.net/project/marmul-polymer-project-eor
(Group 3, 6, 9)
• Submit your Technical Essay in PDF doc to Dr. Ardian Nengkoda, email:
petroche@gmail.com not later than June 2, 2020
• The best technical essay will be submitted to Journal/ Technical
Conference
Rokan EOR
Strategy (#1)
Madagascar
Heavy Oil EOR
Strategy (#2)
Marmul Field
Oman EOR
Strategy (#3)
Best technical essay will be submitted to
Journal Index Scopus/ Technical Conference