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PRINCIPLES OF
AERODYNAMICS
(LECTURE 002)
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CONTENT

Aerodynamic forces and moments.

 Pressure and Shear Stress
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 Element A in Fig 1.18
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Force on element A

𝑑𝑁𝑢′ = −𝑝𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑠𝑢 − 𝜏𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑠𝑢

𝑑𝐴′𝑢 = −𝑝𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑠𝑢 + 𝜏𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑠𝑢

where subscript u denote the upper surface. Similar equation can be written for
element B at the lower surface.

𝑁′ is the force per unit wing span; that is, d𝑁𝑢 = 𝑙𝑑𝑁𝑢 ′ and d𝐴𝑢 = 𝑙𝑑𝐴𝑢 ′
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Moment on element A

𝑑𝑀𝑢′ = (𝑝𝑢 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑥𝑑𝑠𝑢 − 𝑝𝑢 sin 𝜃 − 𝜏𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑦𝑑𝑠𝑢

or
𝑑𝑀𝑢′ = −𝑥𝑑𝑁𝑢′ + 𝑦𝑑𝐴′𝑢
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EXERCISE

• Express force and moment for the element B on the lower surface.
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EXERCISE

• Express lift and drag in terms of normal and axial force.

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Force and Moment Coefficients

𝐿 1
• Lift coefficient: 𝐶𝐿 = where 𝑞∞ = 𝜌𝑉∞2 and 𝑆 is the reference area.
𝑞∞ 𝑆 2

𝐷
• Drag coefficient: 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

𝑀
• Moment coefficient: 𝐶𝑀 = where 𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓 is reference length.
𝑞∞ 𝑆𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑝−𝑝∞
• Pressure coefficient: 𝐶𝑃 =
𝑞∞
𝜏
• Skin friction coefficient: 𝐶𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑞∞
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EXERCISE

• Try to solve Example 1.1

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(a)
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Centre of Pressure

• Point where Lift and Drag can be treated as a concentrated load instead of a
distributed load through the surface; in other words, point with zero moment
due to lift and drag.
• If 𝑥𝑐𝑝 is the distance of centre of pressure from the leading edge,
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QUESTIONS?