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Notes of CH 3 Atoms and Molecules Class 9th Science
Notes of CH 3 Atoms and Molecules Class 9th Science
Notes of CH 3 Atoms and Molecules Class 9th Science
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Study Material and Notes of Ch 3 Atoms and Molecules Class 9th Science
• Introduction
• Laws of Chemical Combination
→ Law of Conservation of Mass
→ Law of Constant Proportions
• Dalton's Atomic Theory
• Atoms
→ Modern day symbols of Elements
→ Atomic Mass
→ Atom existence
• Molecules
• Atomicity
• Chemical Formulae
→ Characteristics of chemical formulae
→ Rules for writing chemical formulae
• Molecular Mass
→ Formula Unit Mass
• Ions
• Mole Concept
→ Molar Mass
→ Important Formulae
Introduction
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→ Ancient Greek philosophers – Democritus and Leucippus called
these particles atoms.
2/11
→ It was given by Lavoisier.
Atoms
3/11
• Atoms are building blocks of all matter.
• Atoms are very small and which can’t be seen even through very
powerful microscope.
4/11
→ Some other symbols have been taken from the names of elements
in Latin, German or Greek. For example: Fe from its Latin name
ferrum, sodium is Na from natrium, potassium is K from kalium.
• Atomic Mass
• Atom existence
→ Atoms of most of the elements are very reactive and does not exist
in free state.
5/11
→ Only the atoms of noble gases (such
as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) are
chemically unreactive and can exist in
the free state as single atom.
Molecules
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(ii) Heteroatomic molecules or compounds (containing atoms of
different elements)
Examples: H2O, CO2, NaCl, CaCO3etc.
Atomicity
Chemical Formulae
→ When polyatomic ions are used, the ions are enclosed in brackets
before writing the number to show the ratio. E.g., Ca(OH)2 ,
(NH4)2SO4
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(ii) Below the symbol of each element, we should write their valency.
(iv) With first atom, we write the valency of second atom (as a
subscript).
(v) With second atom, we write the valency of first atom (subscript).
Examples:
Molecular Mass
8/11
→ It is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of
that substance.
Ions
9/11
SO42- (Sulphate ion)
OH- (Hydroxide ion)
Mole Concept
→ 1 mole of atoms =
6.022×1023 atoms
Molar Mass
Examples:
10/11
(b) Atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u. So, molar mass of nitrogen (N) is
14 g/mol.
Important Formulae
11/11