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General Biology 1
General Biology 1
General Biology 1
DEVELOPMENT ejaculation.
5. Spermatozoon reaches the
Development cervix within 80 seconds and
O Involves the outer end of the fallopian
1. formation of sex cells, tube within 5 minutes.
2. zygote formation, Cleavage
3. subsequent stages in one’s O Stage of development
life span. involving a series of mitotic
O terminated by death. divisions to produce a
multicellular blastula from a
Spermatogenesis - the process of unicellular zygote
formation of sperms O Splitting without growth
• includes formation of O Totipotent cell – a cell that is
1. spermatids and capable of differentiating to
2. spermatozoa. become any kind of cell
O Morula – a human blastula
Oogenesis - the process of made up of a solid ball of cells
formation of a mature female gamete O Blastocyst – a human
(ovum) blastula composed of the
inner cell mass, which
Fertilization becomes the embryo, and the
O Stage of development that trophoectoderm, which
results in a unicellular becomes the placenta
diploid zygote
O also called conception, Gastrulation
impregnation or O formation of three germ
fecundation and layers:
O usually occurs in the outer 1. ectoderm,
third of the fallopian tube – 2. mesoderm and
ampullar portion. 3. endoderm.
O Each will give rise to specific
Important facts about Fertilization tissues and organs
O Implantation
1. An ovum is capable of O Process where the
fertilization for 24 to 48 blastocyst implants
hours. After this time, the itself in the
ovum atrophies and becomes endometrium;
nonfunctional. O signals the start of
2. The functional life of a pregnancy
spermatozoon is about 48- O Gestation
72 hours. O Carrying of the
3. The normal amount of embryo inside the
semen in an ejaculation is female reproductive
about 3-5 cc (average: 2.5 tract, specifically the
ml). uterus;
4. The number of sperms in an O can last up to 9
ejaculate is 50-200 million months in humans
per milliliter or an average O Human embryo
O Corresponds to the h. Root of penis
first two months of i. Urethra
gestation 3 j. Penis/body of penis
O Human fetus k. Erectile tissue
O Corresponds to the l. Epididymis
months 3-9 of human m. Foreskin
gestation n. Glans penis
o. Scrotum
Organogenesis p. Penis
O The process by which
ectoderm, endoderm and O Testis – where sperms are
mesoderm develop into the produced
internal organs of the O Epididymis – where sperms
organism are temporarily stored
O Cells of each layer O Scrotal sac/scrotum –
proliferate, migrate, supports the testis and
reaggregate and epididymis
differentiate into various O Vas deferens – where the
tissues that form the organs sperm passes through from
the testis before it joins the
Twins urethra
O Monozygotic twins O Urethra - Connected to the
O Also known as urethra and the urinary
identical twins; bladder;
O result from the union O serves as passageway
of a sperm and egg to of both sperm and
form a single zygote urine and
that splits up during O terminates in the
the first cleavage external urinary
stage. meatus of the penis
O Dizygotic twins O Seminal vesicle - secretes
O Also known as fluid that forms part of the
fraternal twins; semen;
O results from the O secretion gives the
development of two or semen its alkaline
more separate characteristic to
fertilization events counteract the acidity
where the resulting of the vaginal tract and
zygotes develop therefore protect the
almost simultaneously sperm;
O the fluid also contains
Male Reproductive System sugars like fructose
a. Ureter O Prostate gland
b. Urinary bladder O Secretes fluid that also
c. Vas deferens provides alkalinity to
d. Seminal vesicle the semen;
e. Ejaculatory duct O also contains
f. Prostate gland O proteolytic
g. Bulbourethral gland enzymes,
O citric acid, and secretions from
O phosphatases, three glands:
and O the seminal vesicles,
O lipids O prostate gland, and
O Bulbourethral glands O bulbourethral glands
O Paired glands that
produce clear, viscous Female reproductive system
secretion known as a. fallopian tube
pre-ejaculate that b. ovary
helps to c. uterus
O lubricate the urethra d. cervix
for sperm to pass e. vagina
through, f. fimbriae
O neutralizing traces of g. fallopian tube
acidic urine in the h. ovary
urethra, and i. rectum
O helps flush out any j. uterus
residual urine or k. cervix
foreign matter l. urinary bladder
O penis - a cylindrical organ m. vagina
that hangs in front of the n. urethra
scrotum. o. mons pubis
O Three cylindrical p. clitoris
columns of spongy, q. labia majora
erectile tissue r. urethral orifice/opening
containing distensible s. hymen
blood spaces extend t. vaginal orifice/opening
through the shaft of u. labia minora
the penis v. anus
O During sexual arousal, O Vulva - the collective external
nervous reflexes cause genital organs of a female
an increase in O Clitoris - the homologue
arterial blood flow to (equivalent) of the penis in
the penis. females
O This increased blood O has a shaft of erectile
flow fills the blood tissue and is capped
spaces in the erectile by a pea-shaped glans
tissue, and the penis, O External component:
which is normally O The mons pubis and
limp (flaccid), stiffens two folds of skin called
and increases in size - labia minora and
erection. labia majora are on
O erectile dysfunction each side of the
(ED) - the penis fails to urethral and vaginal
become erect, openings.
O Semen (seminal fluid) O urethral opening –
O a thick, whitish fluid passageway for the
that contains sperm urine
O Vagina - main entrance to the caught by the fimbrae of the
female reproductive tract; fallopian tubes in order for
O receives the penis the oocytes to pass on to the
during sexual fallopian tubes
intercourse O Follicular phase – part of the
O Birth canal menstrual cycle of the ovary
O Hymen - a thin membrane, in humans where the follicles
which partially obstructs the begin to mature;
vaginal opening and has no O marked by secretions
apparent biological function. of
O Hymen - typically ruptured O Follicle-stimulating
by physical activities, Hormone (FSH) and
including the Leutinizing
O sexual intercourse, Hormone (LH) by the
O tampon insertion, and anterior pituitary
O even athletics. gland
O Cervix – where the vagina O estrogen by the
ends; ovaries;
O projection of the O both FSH and LH
uterus into the vagina; stimulate the
O leads to the uterus maturation of the
O Uterus – also known as the oocytes
womb; O while estrogen
O where the embryo stimulates uterine
develops; lining growth in the
O about the size and preparation for
shape of an inverted implantation of the
pear embryo
O with thick O Luteal phase – Part of the
O muscular walls, menstrual cycle of the ovary
O blood vessels; and the after the oocytes are released
O endometrial lining from the follicles;
O Endometrial O the remains of the
lining/endometrium follicle become the
O Innermost lining of the corpus luteum, which
uterus where the then secretes
embryo implants and progesterone
develop O Luteal phase
O Fallopian tubes – also known O Progesterone -
as oviducts; stimulates the uterus
O paired tubes that are to undergo final
connected to the maturational changes
uterus and terminate that
near the ovaries; O prepare it for
O where fertilization gestation to house
takes place and nourish an
O Ovaries – female gonads that embryo
release the oocytes during
ovulation, which are then
O Menstrual phase – part of 4. actual completion of
the menstrual cycle of the development of the
uterus; embryo/fetus
O also known as the 5. Ovulation-suppressing
“period”; methods
O corresponds to the 1. type of contraception
early part of the that prevents the
follicular phase of the oocyte to mature
ovaries (days 1-5) 2. Oral contraceptives -
when endometrium type of contraception
degenerates and taken in by women to
sloughs off, producing prevent them from
the menstrual ovulating
discharge 3. birth control pill -
O Proliferative phase - part of often contains a
the menstrual cycle of the combination of
uterus; estrogen and
O corresponds to the progesterone and is
latter part of the taken on a daily
follicular phase of the basis.
ovaries (days 8-14) 1. estrogen and
when the progesterone -
endometrium heals effectively shut
and begins to thicken down the
as a consequence of pituitary
estrogen secretion production of
O Secretory phase - part of the both FSH and
menstrual cycle of the uterus; LH, so that no
O corresponds to the follicle in the
luteal phase of the ovary begins
ovaries; to develop;
O the endometrium 2. because
undergoes final ovulation does
changes before it not occur,
receives the embryo pregnancy
during implantation cannot take
O place.
6. Barrier methods - type of
CONTROLLING REPRODUCTION contraception that prevents
O Contraception - process that fertilization
blocks any one of the 1. Condom –inserted on
following stages of the male penis to
reproduction in humans: prevent release of
1. release and transport of sperm into the female
gametes; reproductive tract
2. fertilization; 2. Diaphragm – blocks
3. implantation; the cervix, thereby
preventing the
passage of the sperm 1. very reliable and has
into the uterus the added advantage
3. Cervical cap – covers of avoiding sexually
the cervix and blocks transmitted diseases
passage of the sperm
into the uterus COMPARE AND CONTRAST
4. Spermicidal jelly or PROCESS IN PLANTS AND
foam – kills the sperm ANIMALS
on contact; they are
placed inside the Gametophyte
vaginal canal Stage of the life cycle of a
O Surgical methods – a special plant that is haploid;
type of contraception stage that produces gametes
preventing fertilization that via mitosis;
involves surgery gametes fuse to form a
1. Vasectomy – type of surgical zygote that develops
method for men; entails into a sporophyte
cutting the vas deferens Sporophyte
2. Tubal ligation – type of Stage of the life cycle of a
surgical method for women; plant that is diploid;
entails cutting the fallopian the most recognizable
tubes structure in most flowering
3. Implantation-suppressing plants;
methods – type of produces haploid spores by
contraception that prevents meiosis in structures called
the blastocyst from being sporangia
implanted in the
endometrium Alternation of generations
1. Intra-uterine devise a phenomenon in which two
(IUD) - physically distinct phases occur in the
blocks the blastocyst life history of the organism,
form implanting into each phase producing the
the endometrium other.
2. Morning-after pill – 1. sporophyte stage goal
blocks the action of is to generate the
hormones that spores through
prepare the uterus to meiosis.
receive the embryo 2. gametophyte
4. Abortion - type of begins with the
contraception that involves spore produced
the deliberate removal of the from the
embryo/fetus before it sporophyte
completes gestation phase.
5. Coitus interruptus - type of main goal of
contraception that requires gametophyte
the man to remove the penis generation is
before ejaculation the production
6. Abstinence — not engaging of the gametes,
in sexual intercourse; sperm and egg
two distinct sex stage which produces
organs are gametes that
produced: eventually fuse to
antheridium – form unicellular
produces zygotes.
sperm, Haplodiplontic life cycle
archegonium - Life cycle that includes
produces the multicellular diploid
eggs. (sporophyte) and haploid
The sperm and (gametophyte) generations
egg then A moss has a multicellular
combine to haploid (gametophyte) stage
form a that produces gametes.
unicellular These gametes fuse to
zygote that will produce a zygote that
divide undergoes mitosis to produce
mitotically to a multicellular sporophyte.
produce the
multicellular
sporophyte.
B. Hydra
Its gastrovascular cavity sinus venosus – where the
serves as both a digestive electrical impulse that produces
and a circulatory system - the contraction is initiated
delivering nutrients directly For the blood circulation in
to the tissue cells by diffusion fish, the heart contraction
from the digestive cavity. starts with (in order):
1. sinus venosus
C. Nematode 2. atrium
3. ventricle 11. network of arteries
4. conus arteriosus capillaries
5. gills (gas exchange) 12. veins
6. network of arteries 13. Anterior vena cava and
7. capillaries Posterior vena cava
8. sinus venosus
In amphibians and most
reptiles, lungs required a
separate circulation
Double Circulation:
1. pulmonary circulation –
moves blood between heart
and lungs,
2. systemic circulation –
moves blood between the
heart and the rest of the body.
The frog has a three-
chambered heart
1. two atria
2. one ventricle