Introduction to Statistics

Indonesia

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December 18, 2012

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 Introduction to Statistics and
Graphical Analysis
 Understand uses and how to read and
interpret common graphical and analytical
tools for describing data
 Understanding the value and use of statistics
in surveillance and control of HAI
 Collection and aggregation of data
 Analysis of data
 Performance evaluation

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 Statistics as a tool for education, in-service, and

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 Evaluating Data

 Practically
– “Eyeball” the data
 Statistically – Analytically
– Relationships
– Analytical tools
 Graphically
– Time series plots, histograms, dot plots, probability

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plots, etc..

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 Statistics Are Useful

 How would you describe the number of infections at a

hospital?
– Average number of infections each month is
………….?
– Do we always have the same number of infections
each month? How much does this vary?
 If we were at 2,000 per month and we believe we
improved, would it be useful to be able to see the
change graphically?
 If your improvement has been in place for two months

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and you wanted an average of 2,000, what
confidence do you have your solution is working?
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 Populations vs. Samples

 A population is a total collection of observations or

measurements of interest
 A sample is a subset of measurements or observations
from a population

Key Point - We usually only have samples, so we

focus on sample statistics

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 Describing the Sample

 Central Tendency - a distinct tendency to cluster

about a central point (An average)
 Dispersion – amount of variation or spread in the
data
 Shape – manner in which data are distributed

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 4 Measures of Central Tendency

 Mean – Sum of all observations divided by

number of observations
 Median - middle value of the ordered set
of values
 Mode - most often occurring value
 Midrange – average of the smallest and

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largest observations

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 Measures of Dispersion (Spread)

 Range - difference between largest and smallest value

 Variance - the average squared deviation from the

mean

 Standard Deviation - the square root of the variance

 Coefficient of Variation – A relative measure of

dispersion useful with data described in different units

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of measurement

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Risk Stratification-Risk Adjustment

Surgical Site Infections

 Patients have different risks for acquiring HAI
– Host factor
– Preexisting risks (comorbidities, ASA score, etc.)
– Intra-operative variables (duration of surgery,
bleeding, body temperature, oxygenation, etc.)
– Sample size (too small)

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Standardized Infection Rate (SIR)
 Standardized Infection Rate (SIR)
= Observed SSI rate / SSI rate of standard population
(average rate)
OR
= Observed SSI number / Expected SSI number
 Example.
– Dr. Z’s SSI for cholecystectomy: 6
– Expected SSI in the standard population: 1.16

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SIR = 6/1.16 = 5.2* (> 1)
*Sample size may require Z-test

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 Graphic Tools

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 Histogram

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 Shape
 Described using histograms
Most Common for Six Sigma
– Normal (Continuous and “Bell Shaped”)
– Non-Normal (Skewed, Bi-modal, non
symmetrical, long tail, etc)

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 The Normal Distribution

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 The Normal Distribution

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 Confidence Interval

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 Practice

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