CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework is presented in the early section of a dissertation and provides
the rationale for conducting the study to investigate a particular research problem. The
theoretical framework leads to the provision of concepts that are applied in this study.
These concepts lead to the analysis of the given theories because they help to fix the
problems. In this section, the researcher explains quite a lot of the overall hypotheses used
to strengthen the research to aim that readers understand and encourage them to read.

1. Perception
1.1 The Definition of Perception
Perception is the interpretation of things we sense. Perception involves higher levels of
cognition in the interpretation of sensory information. These sensory events are processed
according to our knowledge of the world, according to culture, expectations, even according
to the people we are with at the time. These things give meaning to simple sensory
experiences (Solso, Maclin & Maclin, 2007).
Perception is a complex set of processes through which we acquire and interpret sensory
information. This interpretation allows us to perceive our environment in a meaningful way.
Perceptual 5 is the process of organizing scene components into separate objects. This
separation is important for the recognition of the object (Ling & Calting, 2012).
According to Robbins & Judge (2008: 175) Perception is defined as a process in which
individuals interpret and organize their sensory impressions to give meaning or impressions
to the environment. Perception is also necessary for us to survive in the environment. For
the first example, before parents feed their babies microwaves food, they taste it to make
sure that the temperature isn't too hot. This involves using sensory information (touch and
taste) to make sure that the food is not dangerous for the infant. And the second example,
before we cross the busy street, we rely on our hearing and sight to make sure that cars
aren't coming from any direction. From the two examples, we can know that without
sensory information, we would not be able to judge which food was not hot or when an
appropriate time to cross the street would be, which could put us and our children in
danger.
The transactional theory was coined by Mead in 1903, Dewey and Bentley in 1949, Ames in
1960 (in Lang, 1987: 89) the role of experience in perception and focus on the dynamic
relationship between humans and the environment. Perception is considered a transaction
in which the environment, observer, and perception are interdependent. This theory makes
the following assumptions:
1) Perception is multimodal.
2) Perception is something active and not is a passive process.
3) Perception cannot be explained by the division of behavior into perceiver and perceived.
4) Unexplained perceptions relating to responses conditioned to stimuli.
5) Relationships between people and the environment are something dynamic.
6) Image of the environment owned by the observer depends on experience, present
motivation, and attitude.
7) experience is projected into the present situation about one's needs.
Based on the understanding above it can be concluded that the act of arranging,
recognizing, and interpreting sensory information to give a review and comprehension of
the environment. Perception includes all signs for the sensory system, which are the results
of physical or chemical stimulation of the detecting organs.

1.2 The Types of Perception

According to Irwanto (2002), after individuals interact with perceived objects, the
perception results can be divided into two, namely:
Positive Perception, perceptions that describe all knowledge and responses that are
continued with their utilization efforts.
Negative Perception, which describes all knowledge and responses that are not in harmony
with the perceived object.
It can be interpreted that the perception both positive and negative will always affect a
person in acting. And the emergence of a positive perception or negative perception all
depends on how the individual describes all his/her knowledge of a perceived object.

1.3 The Process of Perception

Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting includes the perception
of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing
structures and patterns and are then interpreted based on previous experiences.

1.3.1 Selection
Selecting is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on
certain incoming sensory information. According to (Fiske & Taylor, 1991), we take in
information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us)
includes so many stimuli that our brains can't process and make sense of it all. So, as
information comes in through our senses, various factors influence what continues through
the perception process.

1.3.2 Organization
Organizing is the second part of the perception process, in which we sort and categorize
information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns. Three ways
we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference (Coren, 1980).
In terms of proximity, we tend to think that things that are close together go together.
The organization allows us to structure and give coherence to our general knowledge about
people and the social world, providing typical patterns of behavior and the range of likely
variation between types of people and their characteristic actions and attributes. perception
in this stage enjoys two characteristics. First, the organizing process gives human perception
structure. we always put raw stimuli and put them into categories. The second, process
shows that human perception processes stability. It means, after we select stimuli and put
them into categories, the selected stimuli become durable.

1.3.3 Interpretation
Although selecting and organizing incoming stimuli happens very quickly, and sometimes
without much conscious thought, interpretation can be a much more deliberate and
conscious step in the perception process. Interpretation is the third part of the perception
process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as
schemata. Schemata are like databases of stored, related information that we use to
interpret new experiences. We all have fairly complicated schemata that have developed
over time as small units of information combine to make more meaningful complexes of
information.

1.4 The Factors Affecting Perception

According to Walgito (2004), several factors influence perception, namely as follows:
a. Perceived object
The object gives rise to a stimulus that hits the sense organs or receptors. Most of the
stimulus can come from outside the individual who perceives it or comes from within the
individual concerned.
b. Sense organs, nerves, and nervous system center
Sense or receptors are tools for receiving stimuli. The stimulus is transmitted by the sensory
nerves to the central nervous system, namely the brain as the center of consciousness.
c. Attention
To realize or in making perceptions requires attention which is the main step as a
preparation for making perceptions. Attention is the concentration or concentration of all
individual activities aimed at something or a group of objects.

2. Online Reading
2.1 The Nature of Online Reading
Coiro (2003) preceded the concept of online reading as about online literacy. She
highlighted that literacy appears different challenges in the era of technology. She also
outlines three types of texts that the readers may face on the internet: non-linear texts,
multiple-media texts, and interactive texts. The differences between printed texts and
online texts are located in the format. Online text is manifested into hypertext, and
connected with links, icons, headings, and graphics.
The example such as social media, blogs, and Online textbooks (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010;
Williams & Jacob, 2004; Vernon, 2009 as cited in Robinson, 2011). Whereas, the printed
ones are manifested into paper and ink such as documents, printed online articles, and
textbooks (Doermann, Li & Zheng 2004; Spencer, 2006; Chulkov & Van Alstine,2013).
Accordingly, new strategies are needed to outcomes the new challenges. Reading strategies
for the printed text is quite similar to the online reading strategies.
Moreover, Leu (2007) outlines 6 elements of online reading which online readers should
have; questions identification, for example, forming questions before reading, locating
information such as using a search engine to search information, critical information
evaluation, evaluating the reliability of the texts they read, synthesizing information, there
are two ways of synthesizing; synthesizing the meaning and choosing the site. The first way
is the same way that offline readers use such as synthesizing the meaning of the text.
Meanwhile, the online text reader also uses the second way such as which links to open,
who they communicate with, and who is the author of the site, and communicating
information, using communication tools such as messaging, e-mail, blogs, and wikis.
More people are reading digitally as books are turned into electronic forms such as e-books,
or websites so that digitally reading is becoming a phenomenon. Educational institutions
such as colleges offer more online courses for their students; news outlets offer online
newspapers, and publishers made more electronic books and journals that accessible. As
stated by Manalu (2019), the effect of the availability of online text is that the way people
read recently has been modified. A lot of students now prefer to read online texts that
provide them a new experience. Online texts often improve the experience of reading, as
they provide a large variety of knowledge. Then, Park et al.(2014) Online reading becomes a
main source of information for ESL / EFL learners as the Internet offers a variety of reading
materials with the benefit of providing immediate access to various support services that
can improve understanding reading.
In addition, (Lin, 2014) found that online reading programs not just effectively increased
learners' ability to read but also enhanced their enthusiasm for reading and improved their
interest in reading. The mature learners emphasized the importance of reading for fun and
emphasized the learner's uniqueness in the online reading program. Zenotz (2012) also
shows that online reading has become more and more popular and, as a result, online
reading has become increasingly important.
3.2 The Characteristics of Online Reading
Based on the explanation of the nature of online reading above, there are several
characteristics of online reading as follows:
1. Students do not need a special place and time to read, but students can read
anywhere and anytime according to the opportunities each student has individually.
2. Students reading process no longer have only access to textbooks and other printed
learning resources, but digital information sources, which can be accessed through
cyberspace.
3. Students and teachers can enhance classroom reading and improve classroom
reading by accessing information from a unity of sources (databases, libraries, special
interest groups) and communicating or discussing via gadget with other students or with
experts
4. Teachers and students can access digital documents to enrich their reading. Students
can participate actively because online reading provides an interactive learning
environment. Students can connect digital information to their projects and papers, making
it a "living" document with a hypertext button.
5. Because computers can send information on a variety of media (print, video, and
sound and music recordings) computers have also become libraries without limits. As
students can communicate quickly with text, images, sound, data, and video can change the
role of the teacher.
6. Online reading allows teachers to be geographically separated from students, they
can read with other students in classrooms throughout the different places.
3.3 The Types of Online Reading
(Dani Mansfield: 2019) described types of online reading, he cited from Nir Grinberg, a
research fellow at the Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, published a report in
2018 which looks at the ways we read online and categorizes reading types by clusters of
behavior. The research dataset comprised more than 7.7 million page views of 66,821
articles. The articles were sourced from financial, tech, how-to, science, women, sports, and
magazine sites. The study looked at scroll depth and speed, time spent reading, and length
of interactive engagement, such as mouse clicks and cursor movement. There are four types
of online reading, as follows :
Shallow
Shallow readers are a minority and are those who don't qualify as a bounce, but only make
it a short way through the article before quitting, with very low levels of engagement.
Chances are, the content hasn't delivered what this reader was expecting when they clicked
through or didn't deliver it fast enough.
Scanning
This type of reading involves the reflective scanning of an article. Readers make their way
through the entire article, but at speeds of up to 1823 words/minute — well above in-depth
or even typical skim-reading rates. The study found significantly more scanning in sports
content compared to other categories, indicating different intent, likely looking up a
particular game result.
Idle
Some readers engage with an article and turn idle – with long periods of inactivity. They are
characterized by a long dwell time combined with a slow rate of scrolling. Idle behavior is
likely a result of either distraction or multi-tasking while engaged with an article, and is
common with 'how-to' content, with readers likely following instructions, splitting their
attention between the two.
Read and read (long)
Grinberg's read category is split in two. This category of reading behavior sees the whole
article covered at a pace between 200-600 words/minute on average, a range that covers
skim reading and depth reading. The read (long) end of the spectrum reflects extended and
highly engaged reading, with interaction beyond the body of the article. This is probably the
holy grail for thought leadership content creators. The study showed that extended reading
is not achieved by the strength of writing alone, but needs to be coupled with strong
interest from readers. Readers of magazine content are twice as likely to engage in longer
reads than those of other content categories in the study. Marketers should look to
magazine publishers for inspiration on how to achieve this engagement.

3.4 The Advantages of Online Reading

Online reading has several advantages as follows:
Reading is not limited by place and time so that anytime students can access the reading
materials.
Students can be active so that the online reading process is student-centered.
Save on education costs (infrastructure, equipment, books, official travel).
Train students to be more independent in gaining knowledge, especially in the reading
process.
Professional online help.

3.5 The Disadvantages of Online Reading

Online reading has several disadvantages as follows:
a. Dissemination of information that is not appropriate, the internet makes it possible to
present material or material that is inappropriate for students to enjoy because it does not
fit their level of development, for example, cigarette and alcohol advertisements or topics
that may be too high for their understanding and too mature for their viewing. Thus the
need for strict control and supervision. No organization or agency controls activities on
multiple computer networks. Control is on each individual. This is where the role of the
teacher is needed, the teacher must indicate which sites contain information that is useful
for students so that they must be "visited".
b. Copycat, because the information is so easily accessed, it's so easy for a student to
download files quickly. Therefore, students can make a paper or project by violating
someone's work that is not their work.
c. Very fast website growth, it is estimated that several thousand new websites add to the
internet every day. This growth makes finding information difficult. To help search for
information, several commercial companies and universities provide search engines that
follow the web network and reply to search results that match what is sought.
d. Support, good technical support must be available. Without that support and good
management, computer networks can die quickly. Problems with a network can cripple a
laboratory or even shut down an entire school and company. Technical supervisors are
needed to build and maintain networks.
e. Lack of quality control, users must be critical thinkers and readers who know how to value
information. Everything that is sent on the internet is not a "teaching". Anyone can post
anything on the web, including information that is not important, wrong, or incorrect.

B. Relevance of the Study

The study that is related to this research is as follows;
1. Learners' Perception on their Online Reading by Mazkhina Berlian Untari (2020), this
journal discusses learners' perception of reading comprehension online. This study used
descriptive analysis to describe the data collected from the instruments. This study uses a
questionnaire as a research instrument to collect the data.

2. Is the Online reading good amid the Covid-19 Pandemic? In the Case of EFL Learners by
Markus Deli Girik Allo (2010), this journal discusses learners' perception of online learning
amid the Covid-19 pandemic by interviewed the learners by calling them by using the
WhatsApp application.

C. Conceptual Framework
This research focuses on analyzing how the teacher's and student's perceptions about
online reading at elementary school. Online reading is carried out electronically using
gadgets based on media and a network. In the global era, the world of education, as well as
teachers and students, is making more use of the online reading system, so that teachers
and students can easily read anytime and anywhere without any limitations by space, time,
and place flexibility.
The conceptual framework of this research will be designed as the following diagram;
SDIT TAHTA SYAJAR KOTA BEKASI
Online Reading
The researcher analysis how is teacher's perception and how are students' perceptions of
online reading.