DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Student Name: Syed Taimur Ali Shah

Registration Number: 19pwmct0719

Lab No. 10: Tensile test of different specimen using universal testing machine (UTM).

Criteria (Taxonomy Excellent (4) Proficient (3) B a sic (2) Below B a sic (1)
Student’s
L eve l) Score
Report is mostly Report is
as per the guidelines disorganized and Sections/Step
Report is as per
To organize the lab and most follows some s are not
the guidelines. All
report and practice the sections/steps are guidelines but ordered and
sections/steps are
writing skills as per the ordered well but most of the Report is not as
clearly organized in
guidelines requires minor guidelines are per the
a logical order.
improvements. missing guidelines

The report
completely
discusses the The report
The report is
required The report discusses the
totally
To discuss the actual experiment/lab discusses the experiment/lab
irrelevant to the
experiment/task work in own words required work but have
experiment/lab
with some relevant experiment/lab work irrelevant
work
additional information
information
Calculations and Most data and
Calculations and data analysis were observations were
data analyses were performed recorded
accurately, but Calculations
performed adequately,
To perform calculations minor errors were and data
clearly, but
and data analysis made both in analyses of lab
concisely, and with several
calculations and in were missing
accurately, with significant
correct units. applying correct errors
units or omissions.
Graphs, if Major
necessary, were Graphs, if components of
drawn accurately Graphs, if lab were
To present results in the necessary, were
and neatly and necessary, were missing
form of graphs drawn but
were clearly drawn adequately
Comments:

Course Instructor: Engr. Wahad Ur Rahman

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Lab No: 10
Title: Tensile test of different specimen using universal testing machine (UTM).

Objectives:

 To know the detail theory of tensile testing

 To understand stress-strain relationships and represent them in graphical forms.
 To know the basic steps of tensile testing of specimen using UTM.
 To perform the tensile of different specimen on UTM.
 To evaluate the values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength,% elongation, fracture
strain and Young's Modulus of the selected metals when subjected to uniaxial tensile
loading.
 To compare the strength of different material on the basis of tensile test

Software/Apparatus/Tools:

 Universal Testing Machine Computer

 Vernier caliper
 Screw gauge
 Extensometer
 Specimen
 Printer

Theory:
Tensile test using UTM:
 A tensile test, also known as a tension test, is one of the most fundamental and common
types of mechanical test.
 The tensile testing is carried out by applying longitudinal or axial load at a specific
extension rate to a standard tensile specimen with known dimensions (gauge length and
cross sectional area perpendicular to the load direction) till failure.
 By doing this, tensile tests determine how strong a material is and how much it can
elongate.
  Tensile tests are typically conducted on universal testing instruments.
 We used different type specimen like steel rod, Teflon rod and aluminum rod.

Stress strain curve:

Figure I stress strain curve

Proportional limit:

The limit in which stress and strain curve are proportional to each other in the above figure OA
line represent proportional limit.

Upper yield stress point:

The point after which stress decreases called upper yield point. The point B represent the upper
yield stress point.

Lower yield stress point:

The point after which start the plastic region and stress increases called lower yield stress point.
The point C represent the lower yield stress point.

Ultimate stress point:

The maximum stress on the point called the ultimate stress point. The point D represent the
ultimate stress point.

Elastic limit:

The limit in which stress and strain proportional called elastics limit.

Plastic limit:

The limit in which material permanent deform and cannot restore is called plastic limit.

Ultimate tensile stress:

Ultimate tensile stress (UTS) refers to the maximum stress that a given material can withstand
under an applied force.

Breaking oyr rapture stress:

The stress at which the material start to break or rupture called breaking or rupture stress.

Modulus of elasticity:

An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is a quantity that measures an object or

substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is
applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in
the elastic deformation region. A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic
modulus has the form:
stress
δ δ=
strain

Modulus of resilience:

The modulus of resilience is the maximum amount of energy per unit volume that a material can
absorb and still return to its original position.
σy
Ur=
2E
Modulus of toughness:

Modulus of toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy in plastic deformation. It is

defined as the amount of strain energy density (strain on a unit volume of material) that a given
material can absorb before it fractures.

Elastic and plastic deformation:

Elastic deformation:
 During the region, specimen return to its original shape/size when forced is released.
 Metal do not stretch much elastically.

Plastic deformation:

 During this region, the specimen does not return to its original shape/size when force is
released.
 Atoms slide over one another due to dislocation in the structure. 
Proportional limit stress:

 The proportional limit is the maximum stress that a material sustains without any deviation,
OR the magnitude of elastic stress above which plastic deformation  occurs. So, the
proportional limit is defined as the highest stress at which the stress-strain curve is a straight
line.
 If the force is released at this point the material will return to its original position.

Yield point stress and Yield strength:

 The point at which sudden elongation take place while the load on the sample remain the same Or
gradually down.

 If the force is released at this point the material will not return to its original position.
The yield stress, σ y, can be obtained by dividing the load at yielding (Py) by the original cross-
sectional area of the specimen (Ao) as shown in equation.
 Py
σy=
Ao
Ultimate tensile stress:

 The point at which the maximum load for a sample is achieved.

 Beyond this point, elongation of the sample continues but the force being exerted decreases.
 It can be found as 

Pmax
σ TS =
A0

Breaking/ rapture stress:

 The maximum amount of Stress that can be applied before rapture occurs.

 The region between ultimate Stress point and rapture is called necking.
 In this region the diameter start to decrease the fracture strength (σ fracture) can be
calculated from the load at fracture divided by the original cross-sectional area,  Ao, as
expressed in equation

P fracture
σ fracture =
A0

Modulus of elasticity:

 A measure of a material ability to regain its original dimension  

 After the removal of load the modulus of elasticity is the slop of the stress strain curve
up to the proportional limit 
 During elastic deformation, the engineering stress strain relationship follows the Hook's
Law and the slope of the curve indicates the Young's modulus (E). 
Tensile ductility:
 Tensile ductility of the specimen can be represented as % elongation or % reduction in 
area as expressed in the equations given below: 

 Where Af is the cross-sectional area of specimen at fracture.

Modulus of resilience:

 It is the measure of material ability to absorb energy up to the elastic limit. 

 This is represented by the area under the stress-strain curve.
 From Zero to the elastic limit

Modulus of toughness:

 In other words, tensile toughness is the ability of the material  to withstand the external
applied forces without experiencing  failure.
 This is represented by the area under the stress-strain curve from Zero to the plastic limit.
 The tensile toughness can be estimated from an expression as follows; 

In-lab task:
Experimentation:
Material: 
 Mild steel rod
  Aluminum rod
 Teflon rod

Step 1: Setup equipment’s:

We have universal testing machine and steel rod, Teflon rod and aluminum rod. We setup the
material in the jaws of the upper cross head and lower cross head the e apply the tensile force.

Step 2: measurement of diameter:

We measure the diameter by using the Vernier caliper.

Step 3: measurement of length:

We measure the length of material by using scale or other instrument.

Step 4: insert the specimen:

We insert the specimen (steel rod, Teflon rod and aluminum) to universal testing machine then
we start the experiment.

Step 5: setup software:

In the step we have to open the software and give the instruction to the machine by software.
Then we have to instruct that we have tensile test for specimen and we setup the unit. We select
the shape, material and dimension in the software. We also select the force range and X-Y label.
 Figure II universal testing machine

Steel rod Teflon rod Aluminum

Total length 406.4mm 406.4mm 406.mmm
Gauge length 207.2mm 207.2mm 207.2mm
Diameter at 16.5mm 16.5mm 16.5mm
grip
Diameter at 16.5mm 16.5mm 16.5mm
gauge
Radius at 8.25mm 8.25mm 8.25mm
gauge
Cross section 213.7 mm2 213.7 mm2 213.7 mm2
area
Stress 245 Kpa 367 Kpa 189 Kpa
Strain 0.24mm 0.15mm 0.45mm
Young 980kpa/mm 2446.6Kpa/mm 420Kpa/mm
modulus
%Elongation 0.120% 0.072% 0.217%
Result and plot:
Shape: Rod
Diamete Gauge
r Length
Units mm mm
207.000
teflon 16.5000
0

YP_F YP_St Max_F Max_S Break_

Name
orce ress orce tress Force
Para 0.1 0.1
meter %/FS %/FS
N/mm
Units kN kN N/mm2 kN
2
12.285 57.454
teflon -.- -.- 11.5180
2 4

Break_S
Name
tress
Units N/mm2
teflon 53.8664

Tensile test
 Figure III tensile testing of Teflon rod
Shape: Rod
Diamete Gauge
r Length
Units mm mm
Specime 203.000
12.0000
n 0

YP_F YP_St Max_F Max_S Break_

Name
orce ress orce tress Force
Para 0.1 0.1
meter %/FS %/FS
N/mm
Units kN kN N/mm2 kN
2
Speci 38.392 339.46
-.- -.- 36.3219
men 2 2

Break_S
Name
tress
Units N/mm2
Specime
321.156
n
 Tensile testing

Figure IV tensile testing of aluminum

Post-lab task:
In this lab we done about the tensile stress so we have post lab task to take the reading and
calculation about the material (steel rod, Teflon rod and aluminum rod). We calculate the
above parameters like stress, stain, and young modulus etc.

Refrences:

• Mechanics of Materials by E. P. Popov, Prentice Hall

• Mechanics of Materials by F. P. Beer and E. R. Johnson
• Strength of Materials by J. Alexander
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_testing_machine
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/universal-testing-machine-components-
functions/2449/