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CHAPTER-22
Boi
lerPol
lut
ionCont
rol

1. I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Undesi r ablecont ami nati
onofenv ironmenti stermed‘ Pollut
ion’.I nallindust rial
processes,t herear esomeby product st hatpossessanycommer ci
alv alueand
arear mf ult ohumansand/ orcat t
lebey ondacer t
ai nconcent ration.Whensuch
bypr oduct s ar e di sposed f reelyi nt he env ironment‘ Pollut i
on’i s caused.
Uncont rolled di sposal ,i nt
o env ironment ,of t hese by pr
oduct s const i
tutes
PollutionofAi randWat er.Inear lyt i
mesadv erseef fectsofsuchPol lutionwer e
notknown.Hencei twast akenf orgr antedt hatPol luti
oni sanecessar yev i
l
associ at ed wi thi ndust r
iali
zation.Howev er,asmor eand mor eknowl edgei s
beinggat heredandPol l
utantsandt hei
ref fectsar ebei ngst udi edandr ecor ded,
scient i
ficnor msf ormaki ngdi sposalofpol lut
ingby pr oduct sar eev ol
ving.Nor ms
arebei ngest ablishedaboutt hedegr eeofpol l
utiont hatcanbet oleratedby
ever yone har ml essl y.Rul es and Regul ati
ons hav e been made i n almostal l
count riesf ort hispur pose.I nI ndiat oo t herear eAct sofLaw andRul es&
Regul at i
onsf orcont rolofPol lution.Cer tainstandar dshav eal sobeenl ai ddown
formostpot entialf ormsofPol luti
onnui sance.Fai luret ocompl yconst itutesa
breachoft hel aw wi tht hepossi bili
tyoff i
nesorev eni nj
unct i
onsr est ri
cting
product ion.
Int hef oll
owi nghav ebeendi scussedt hesour cesofpol lut
ionassoci atedwi th
boilersandt hest epst oabat et hem.
Personsengagedi nt hedesi gnoper ati
onandmai ntenanceofi ndust r
ialpl ant
shoul dai m atnotonl ymeet ingt heemi ssionnor msbutal somi nimizingt he
nuisance.
BoilerscancausePol l
utionofAt mospher ethroughemi ssi
ons,Wat ert hrough
effl
uent sandNoi se.Sour cesofsuchpol lutionar eshowni ndiagr am below.

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2. Atmospheri
cPoll
uti
on
Atmospheri
cpoll
uti
oncanbecausedbya)Dar ksmoke,b)Ashparti
clesas
SuspendedMatt
ersorPart
icul
ate,c)OxidesofSul
phur
,d)Acidi
csmutemissi
on
fr
om oilf
ir
edboi
ler
s,e)Oxi
desofni t
rogenandf)COasdescr
ibedbel
ow.
2.
1 Dar
ksmoke:
Dar
ksmokecausesblackeni
ng ofbui
l
dingsand byexcl
uding sunl
i
ghti
tis
det
ri
ment
alt
oheal
thandadver
sel
yaff
ectsthegr
owi
ngofcrops.
Iti
sduet othepr esenceofpar t
icl
esofcarbonaceousmat terbecauseofbad
combustion,inef
fici
entmai ntenanceandcl eaningofheat i
ngsur faces,fault
y
desi
gnandi nstal
l
at i
onoff i
ri
ngequi pment
s,ov er
loadingofpl
ants,
insuffi
cientai
r
suppl
y,improperdr aught,airleakagesfr
om t hebrickworkandotheropeni ngs
andinadequatesizeofst ack.Wi t
hmoder nplantandski l
l
edoperatorsitcanbe
avoi
dedconsiderably.
Thecol
ourofsmokei
smeasur
edbycompar
ingi
twi
thaRi
ngl
emannchar
t.
2.
2 Ashpar
ti
clesorPar
ti
cul
ates:
Inpulveri
sedcoalf i
ri
ng85%ashappearasflyashandi nothersi
tis25%.The
termflyashi susedwhenfineashandsl
agparti
clesarecar
riedov
ertotheexi
t
endoft heplant.Cl
eani
ngandwashi
ngcoali
sconsideredasoneofthemeansto
reducepollut
ion.
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Flyash from t he combust ion pr

ocess i
s col
l
ect
ed usi
ng one off
ourmaj
or
technologies:
a.el ectr
ostaticprecipit
ator(ESP)
,
b.f abri
cf i
lter
s( orbaghouse) ,
c.mechani cal col
lector
sand
d.wetscr ubber s.
Wi thtoday’
sremov alrequirement sinexcessof99. 9%,moder nESPsandf abr
ic
fi
lters dominatef l
yash col lecti
on.Mechani calcol l
ectors are st
il
lused for
specialtyappl
icat
ionsasapr eli
minarycol
lect
iondev i
ce,especial
lywherefl
yash
recycleispartoft hecombust i
onprocess,butt heyareal mostalway sf
oll
owed
byanESPorf abr
icf i
lterforfinalpart
icul
atecont rol
.Wetscr ubbersarenolonger
usedf orprimarypar t
iculatecol l
ecti
onbecauseoft hei
rhighener gyrequi
rements
forthedesiredremov aleffi
ciencies.
I
nadditi
onto ef
fi
cientgri
tcoll
ect
iontheuseofhighstacksdist
ri
but
esthe
r
esi
dualashov
erawi dear
ea.Thedustcant
rav
elov
eradi
stanceof70mil
esi
na
l
i
ghtwindfr
om a300f t
.st
ack.
2.
3 OxidesofSulphur:
Sulphurinthefuelburnsof
ftoli
berat
eSO2 whi chformsSO3 i
nt hefinalstageof
fl
amebur ningwhent herei
sanexigencyofat omicoxygen.SO3 i
salsopr oduced
fr
om SO2 ont hesur f
aceofthesuper heaterdeposi
tsthatactasacat al
ystat
el
ev at
edt emperatur
es.SO3 r
eactswitht heat mospheri
cmoist ur
et of orm an
aerosolofsul
phuricacidwhi
chrai
nsdownasaci drain.
Histori
cal
ly
,SOxpollut
ionhasbeencont roll
edbyei therdispersi
onorr educt i
on.
Dispersi
oninvolv
estheutil
izati
onofat allstack,whichenabl est hereleaseof
poll
utantshighabov
ethegroundandov eranysur r
oundingbui l
dings,mount ai
ns,
orhi l
l
s,inordertol
imitgr
oundl ev elSOxemi ssions.Today,dispersionalonei s
notenough t o meetmor e st r
ingentSOx emi ssion r
equirement s;reduction
met hodsmustalsobeemploy ed.
Met hodsofSOxr educti
onincludeswitchingtolowsulfurfuel,
desulphur
izi
ngthe
fuel
, andutili
zi
ngaf l
uegasdesul phuri
zation(FGD)system.Fuel desul
phuri
zati
on,
whichpr imar i
lyappli
est ocoal,inv
olvesr emovingsulfurfrom thefuelpri
orto
burning.Fluegasdesul phuri
zati
oninvolvestheutil
i
zati
onofscr ubberstoremove
SOxemi ssionsfr
om thef l
uegases.
Fluegasdesul phuri
zati
onsy st
emsar ecl assif
iedaseithernon- regenerableor
regenerable.Non-regenerableFGDsy stems,t hemostcommont ype,resultina
wast eproductt hatr equir
espr operdisposal .RegenerableFGD conv ertsthe
wast eby-productintoamar ket
ableproduct,suchassul furorsul f
uri
caci d.SOx
emi ssi
on r educti
ons of 90- 95% can be achi eved t hrough FGD. Fuel
desulphurizat
ionandFGD ar eprimaril
yusedf orreducingSOxemi ssionsf or
l
ar geuti
li
tyboiler
s.Gener al
lythetechnologycannotbecostj usti
fiedoni ndustr
ial

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boi
l
ers.
Forusersofindustrialboil
ers,uti
li
zi
nglowsulfurf
uelsisthemostcosteffective
methodofSOxr eduction.BecauseSOxemi ssi
onsprimari
lydependonthesul fur
contentoft
hef uel,burni
ngf uelscont
aini
ngami ni
mal amountofsul
fur(
distil
l
at e
oil
)can achiev e SOx r educti
ons,withoutthe need toinstal
land mai ntain
expensiv
eequipment .
2.
4 Acidi
csmut sfrom oil
f i
redboiler
s
Thebur ni
ngofhi ghsul phurcontentfueloilcangiveappr eciablequant
it
iesof
sul
phuricacidwhicht ogetherwiltparti
clesofunburntcarboncancauseaci di
c
soottofalli
nanar eaofabout1mi leradi
us.Thesesmut sar ev er
ydestr
ucti
veto
carfi
nishes,cl
othi
ng,etc.,alt
hought hetotalquant
it
yisv erylowcompar edwi t
h
coalburni
ng.
Impr
ovedboil
eroper
ati
ngtechniqueandtheuseofchemi
caladdi
ti
vest
oli
mit
sul
phur
icaci
dfor
mationhasreducedt
heextentoft
hepr
obl
em.
2.
5 Oxidesofni tr
ogen( NOX):
Oxidesofni t
rogenar eproducedbycombust ionoff uels.Ni t
rogendi oxidei
sa
highlydanger ousai rpoll
utant
.NO+NO2 ar epr oducedi nt hehigh-t
emper at
ure
zones oft he f l
ame.NOX may under go a phot ochemi calreacti
on wi ththe
hydrocarbonsi nt heat mospher eint hepr esenceofsunl i
ghttor el
easesome
toxicsubstancesi nt heai
r.
The concent r ati
on ofNOX i n combust i
on gases l argely depends on t he
combust i
ont echni quei nthef urnace.Sincet hebulkofNOX pr oducedi nthe
combust i
onpr ocesscomesf rom chemi calreacti
onbet weenaer i
alnit
r ogenand
oxygeni nt hehi ght emperaturecombust i
onzone( abov e1600oC) ,t hechi
ef
meansofl i
mi tingNOX gener ationistolowert het emper atureinthecombust i
on
zone.
2.
5.1 NOxcont roltechnologi
es:
NOxcont rolscanbecl assifiedintotwot ypes:postcombust i
onmet hodsand
combust i
on cont r
olt echni ques.Post combust ion met hods address NOx
emissionsaf terformation whi le combusti
on cont r
olt echniquespr eventthe
formationofNOxdur i
ngt hecombust ionprocess.Postcombust ionmet hods
tendtobemor eexpensivet hancombust i
oncontroltechniquesandgener all
yare
notusedonboi l
erswi t
hi nput soflesst
han100MMBt u/hr.Foll
owingisal i
stof
diff
erentNOxcont rolmethods.
Postcombusti
oncont r
olmethodsincl
ude:
 Se l
ect
iveNon-Catal
yti
cReducti
on
 Se l
ect
iveCatal
yti
cReducti
on
Combust
ioncont
rolt
echni
quesi
ncl
ude:
 LowExcessAirFi
ri
ng

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 LowNitr
ogenFuel Oil
 Bur
nerModifi
cations
 Water
/Steam I
njecti
on
 Fl
ueGasRecirculati
on
Eachmet hodr esul
tsinadi f
ferentdegr
eeofNOxcont rol
.Forexampl
e,when
fi
ringnaturalgas,l
ow excessairfir
ingtypi
cal
lyreducesNOxby10%,fluegas
recir
cul
ationby75%,andselecti
vecatal
yti
creduct
ionby90%
2.
5.1.
1Postcombust i
oncont r
olmet hods:
Select
iveNon-catal
yti
cReduct i
on
Select
ivenon-cat
alyt
icreductioninv
olv
est hei
njecti
onofaNOxr educingagent ,
suchasammoni aorur ea,intotheboil
erexhaustgasesatat emper atureof
approxi
mat el
y1400-1600° F.Theammoni aorur eabreaksdownt heNOxi nthe
exhaustgases into waterand at mospheri
c nitr
ogen.Select
ive non-catal
yti
c
reducti
onreducesNOxupt o70%.
Howev er,thetechnologyisextremelydiffi
culttoapplyt oindustr
ialboilersthat
modul at
eorcy cl
ef r
equentl
y.Thisi sbecauset heammoni a( orurea)mustbe
i
njectedint hef l
uegasesataspeci ficfl
uegast emper at
ure.And,i nindustrial
boil
ersthatmodul ateorcycl
efrequent l
y,t
hel ocati
onoft heexhaustgasesatt he
speci
f i
edt emperatureisconstantl
ychangi ng.Thus,i tisnotf easibl
et oappl y
sel
ectivenon-catalyt
icreducti
ont oi ndust
rialboiler
st hathavehi ght urndown
capabili
ti
esandmodul at
eorcyclefrequentl
y.
SelectiveCataly t
icReduct i
on
Selectivecatal yti
cr eductioninv olvest hei nject
ionofammoni aint heboi l
er
exhaustgasesi nthepresenceofacat alyst.Thecat alystall
owst heammoni at o
reduceNOxl ev el
satl owerexhaustt emper atur
est hansel ect
ivenon- cat
alyti
c
reduction.Unlikesel ect
ivenon-cat alyt
icreduct i
on,wher etheexhaustgasesmust
beappr oxi
mat ely1400- 1600 °F,sel ectivecat al
y t
icr educti
on can beut il
ized
wher eexhaustgassesar ebet ween 500 ° F and 1200 ° F,depending on t he
catalystused.Sel ecti
vecat aly
ticr eductioncanr esultinNOxr educt
ionsupt o
90%.Howev er,i tiscostlyt ouseandcanr arelybecostj usti
fi
edonboi l
erswith
i
nput slessthan100MMBt u/hr
.

2.5.1.2Choosi ngthebestNOxt echnol ogyf orthejob:

Whatef f
ectdoesNOxcont roltechnologyul ti
mat el
yhaveonaboi ler'
sperformance?
Cer t
ain NOx cont rol
s can wor sen boilerper formance while othercont r
ols can
appr eciablyimproveperformance.Aspect soft heboi l
erper f
ormancet hatcoul dbe
affectedi ncl
udeturndown,capacity,
effici
ency ,
excessair,andCOemi ssions.
Failur
etot akeint
oaccountal loft heboi l
eroperatingparameterscanl eadto
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i
ncreased oper
ati
ng and mai
ntenancecost
s,l
ossofef
fi
ciency
,el
evat
ed CO
l
evels,andshor
teni
ngoftheboi
ler
'sli
fe.
Thef
ollowi
ngsecti
ondi
scusseseachoftheoper
ati
ngpar
amet
ersofaboi
l
erand
howtheyar
erel
atedtoNOxcontrolt
echnol
ogi
es.
Turndown:
ChoosingalowNOxt echnologythatsacri
fi
cestur
ndowncanhav emanyadverse
eff
ectsont heboiler
.Whensel ecti
ngNOxcont rols,t
heboi l
ershouldhavea
tur
ndowncapabi l
i
tyofatl east4:1ormor e,i
nor dertoreduceoperati
ngcosts
andt henumberofon/ of
fcy cl
es.Aboi l
eruti
l
izi
ngast andardburnerwitha4:1
tur
ndowncancy cleasf r
equent l
yas12t i
mesperhouror288t i
mesaday
becausetheboi
lermustbegintocy cleati
nput
sbel ow25%capacity.
Witheachcycl e,pre-andpost-
purgeai
rflow r
emov esheatfrom t
heboil
erand
sendsitoutthest ack.Theener
gylosscanber educedbyusingahight
urndown
burner(
10:1)
, whichkeepstheboil
eronevenatlowf i
ri
ngrat
es.
Everytimetheboilercycl
esoff ,beforeitcomesbackon,itmustgothr
ougha
specif
icstar
t-upsequencef orsaf etyassurance.I
ttakesbet
weenonetotwo
minutestogett heboilerbackonl ine.Ift
hereisasuddenloaddemand,t
he
responsecannotbeaccel erated.Keepi ngt heboi
leronli
neassur
esaquick
responsetoloadchanges.
Frequentcy cl
ing also deter
ior
ates t
he boi
ler components.The need f or
maintenanceincreases,t
hechanceofcomponentf ai
l
ureincreases,andboi
ler
downtime increases.So,when selecti
ng NOx control
,always considert
he
burnerstur
ndowncapabi l
it
y.
Capaci ty :
Whensel ect ingt hebestNOxcont rol,capaci tyandt urndownshoul dbe
consider edt ogetherbecausesomeNOxcont roltechnol ogi
esrequir
eboi ler
derati
ngi nor dert oachiev eguarant eedNOxr educt i
ons.Forexampl e,flame
shaping( primar il
yenl argingthef l
amet opr oduceal owerf l
amet emper atur
e-
thuslowerNOxl ev el
s)canr equireboi lerder ati
ng, becauset heshapedf lame
couldi mpi ngeont hef urnacewal lsathi gherf iri
ngr ates.
Howev er,t he boi l
er'
s capaci tyr equi rementi st ypicall
y deter
mined by t he
maxi mum l oadi nt hest eam/ hotwat ersy stem.Ther ef
ore,theboilermaybe
oversizedf ort het ypicalloadcondi tionst hatmayoccur .I
ftheboil
erisov ersi
zed,
i
tsabi lit
yt ohandl emi nimum l oadswi thoutcy cli
ngi sl i
mited.Therefore,when
selecti
ngt hemostappr opriat
eNOxcont rol,capaci tyandt urndownshoul dbe
consider edt oget herf orproperboi lersel ectionandt omeetov eral
lsy stem l
oad
requir
ement s.
Eff
iciency :
Some l ow NOx contr
olsreduce emissions by l
oweri
ng fl
ame temperatur
e,
part
icularlyinboi
ler
swithinputslessthan100MMBt u/
hr.Reduci
ngthef l
ame
temper aturedecr
easestheradi
antheattransf
erfr
om thefl
ameandcouldl ower
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boi
lereff
ici
ency
.Theeffi
ciencylossduetothelowerfl
ametemperat
urescanbe
part
ial
l
yof f
setbyuti
l
izi
ngext er
nalcomponents,suchasaneconomizer
.Or,t
he
off
settechni
quecanbeinherentintheNOxdesign.
Onet echnol ogyt hatof f
set st heef ficiencyl ossduet olowerf l
amet emper atures
i
naf i
retubeboi lerisf luegasr ecirculati
on.Al thought hel ossofr adi
antheat
transfercoul dr esultinanef ficiencyl oss, ther eci rcul
atedf l
uegasesi ncreaset he
massf l
ow t hrought heboi ler-t hust heconv ect i
veheatt ransferi nthet ube
passesi ncr eases.Thei ncreasei nconv ectiveheatt ransf ercompensat esf or
l
ossesi nr adi antheatt ransf er, withnonetef f
ici encyl oss.Whenconsi der i
ngNOx
cont r
oltechnol ogy,remember ,itisnotnecessar yt osacr i
fi
ceef fici
encyf orNOx
reductions.ExcessAi rAboi ler'sexcessai rsuppl yprov idesf orsaf eoper at i
on
abov est oichi omet ri
ccondi tions.At ypicalbur neri susual l
ysetupwi th10- 20%
excessai r(2- 4%O2) .NOxcont r
olst hatr equirehi gherexcessai rlevelscanr esul t
i
nf uel beingusedt oheatt heai rrathert hant ransf err
ingitt ousabl eenergy .Thus,
i
ncr easedst ackl ossesandr educedboi l
eref fi
ci encyoccur .NOxcont r olst hat
requirer educedexcessai rl ev elscanr esulti nanoxy gendef i
cientf l
ameand
i
ncr easedl ev elsofcar bonmonoxi deorunbur nedhy drocar bons.I tisbestt o
selectaNOxcont roltechnol ogyt hathasl i
ttl
eef fectonexcessai r.
Car
bonMonoxi
de(
CO)Emi
ssi
ons:
Highflamet emper at
uresandi ntimateai
r/f
uelmixi
ngareessenti
alforlow CO
emissions.SomeNOxcont roltechnol
ogi
esusedoni ndust
ri
alandcommer ci
al
boil
ersreduceNOxl evelsbylower i
ngfl
amet emper
atur
esbymodi fyi
ngair/f
uel
mixi
ngpat terns.Thel owerf l
amet emperat
ureanddecreasedmixingintensi
ty
canresulti
nhi gherCOl evel
s.
Aninducedf l
uegasr ecir
culat ionpackagecanl owerNOxl evel
sbyr educing
fl
ametemperaturewithoutincr easi ngCOl evel
s.COl evel
sr emai
nconstantorare
l
oweredbecauset hefluegasi si ntroducedintothef lamei nearl
ystagesof
combusti
onandt heai rfuelmi xingi sintensi
fi
ed.Intensif
iedmixi
ngoffset
st he
decr
easeinf l
amet emper atureandr esul
tsinCO l evelsthatarelowert han
achi
evedwit
houtFGR.But ,thel ev elofCOdependsont heburnerdesi
gn.Notall
fl
uegasreci
rculat
ionapplicationsr esulti
nlowerCOl evels.
Tot
alPer
for
mance:
Selectingt hebestlow NOxcont rolpackageshoul dbemadewi thtotalboi
ler
performance i n mind. Consi der the appl i
cation. Investi
gate al l of t
he
char acter
isti
csofthecontroltechnologyandt heeff ectsofthetechnologyonthe
boiler'
sper for
mance.ANOxcont roltechnol
ogyt hatr esult
sint hegreatestNOx
reduct i
oni snotnecessarilythebestf ortheappl icat
ionort hebestf orhi
gh
turndown,adequat ecapacity,highef f
ici
ency,suffi
ci entexcessair,orlowerCO.
Thenewerl owNOxt echnologiesprov i
deNOxr educt i
onswi t
houtaf f
ecti
ngtotal
boilerperformance.

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2.
6 Carbonmonoxi de:
Carbonmonoxi dei sapol l
utantt
hatisreadi
l
yabsor bedi nthebodyandcan
i
mpai rt
heoxy gen-carr
yingcapacit
yofthehemoglobin.Impair
mentofthebody'
s
hemoglobinresultsinlessoxy gentothebrai
n,hear t
,andt i
ssues.Ev
enshort-
ter
m ov erexposuretocar bonmonoxidecanbecr it
ical,orf
atal,t
opeopl
ewith
heartandlungdi seases.Itmayalsocauseheadachesanddi zzi
nessi
nhealt
hy
people.
Dur i
ngcombustion,carboninthefueloxi
dizesthroughaseriesofr eacti
onsto
form car
bondioxide(CO2).However,100percentconver
sionofcarbontoCO2i s
rarel
yachiev
edi npr act
iceandsomecar bononl yoxidi
zestot heintermedi
ate
step,car
bonmonoxi de.
Olderboilersgeneral
lyhavehigherlevelsofCOt hannewequi pmentbecauseCO
hasonl yr ecentl
ybecomeaconcer nandol derbur nerswer enotdesignedt o
achievelow CO l evel
s.Int oday'sequipment ,highlevelsofcar bonmonoxi de
emissions pr i
maril
yr esul
tf r
om i ncomplete combust ion due to poorburner
designorf ir
ingcondit
ions(forexampl e,animpr operair-
to-
fuelr
atio)orpossi
bly
aleakyf urnace.Throughpr operburnermai ntenance,inspecti
ons,operat
ion,or
byupgr adingequipmentorut il
izi
nganox y
gencont rolpackage,theformati
onof
carbonmonoxi decanbecont roll
edatanaccept ablelevel.
3. Wat
erpol
lut
ion:
Lar
geboiler
sinther
malpowerst
ationandofpr
ocessindust
ri
escont
ri
but
eto
waterpol
l
utionbywayofdi
schar
gingint
othewaterbasi
nthe:
a.boi
l
erbl
owdown
b.SO2-
scr
ubberwast
e
c.Cool
i
ngwat
erst
hatmai
nlycausest
her
mal
pol
l
uti
on
d.Wast
ewat
ersf
rom wast
etr
eat
mentpl
ant
sanddemi
ner
ali
singuni
ts
e.Wast
ewat
erscont
ami
nat
edwi
thpet
rol
eum pr
oduct
s
f
. Wast
ewat
ersf
rom hy
draul
i
cash-
disposal
syst
em.
Thesedi scharged wastewat erscar ryar i
ch load ofhar mfulimpur it
ies,v i
z
heavi
ermet alcati
ons,organicsubst ancesandcoar se-di
spersedsolidsbesi des
di
ssolvedsal t
s.Thetoxicsubst ancesaddedt othewat erbasinfr
om boilerplants
mayadv er sel
yaf f
ectthehy drobionts-allli
vingorganismsi nhabit
ingthewat er
basi
n.At hi gher concentrations t hey wi l
lsi mply perish while at l ower
concentr
at i
ons theymaysuf ferfrom r educed met aboli
sm and gr owt hr ate,
abnormal changeinmut agenesi sandr eproducti
vecapacity.
Theloadofi
mpur
it
iesdi
schar
gedi
ntowat
erbasi
nscanbedecr
easedi
ntwo
ways:
1.bypur
if
yingt
hewast
ewat
ers
2.byr
educi
ngt
hequant
it
ati
vedi
schar
geofi
mpur
it
iesf
rom par
ti
cul
art
echnol
ogi
cal
H-
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pr
ocess.
3.
1 Boi
lerblowdown:Thiswastest
ream resul
tsfrom per
iodicpur
gingofthe
i
mpur i
ti
esthatbecomeconcentr
atedinsteam boil
ersy st
ems.Thesepol
lut
ants
i
ncl
udemet alssuchascopper,
ironandnickel,aswellaschemical
saddedto
pr
eventscali
ngandcorrosi
onofsteam generatorcomponents.
3.
2 Ther malpol l
uti
on:Theheatr eleasedbycool i
ngwat er(open-cir
cuit
)from the
turbinecondensersofsuperthermalpowerst at
ionsisenormous.Thi screatesa
highzoneofel evat
edtemper atur
ei nthewat erbasin,reducesi t
sdi ssolv
ed
oxy gent her
ebyimpairst
hegrowt handdev el
opmentofaquat iclif
e.Thezoneof
elevatedt emperat
ureinawat erbasincanber educedbyal l
owi ngtheinflowof
hotdi schargewateri
ntothebasinthrough:
a.opent
ypespi
l
lway
swi
th
i
.tr
ansv
erseandsi
dewei
rbul
kheads
i
i
.di
str
ibut
inggr
il
l
b.submer
gedj
et-
typespi
l
lway
s
3.
3 Wast ewat ersfr
om wat ertr
eatmentpl antsandDM uni ts:Wastewaterofwater
treatment plants( WTP) cont ains sli
me,coar se di sper
sed soli
d,organic
substances,magnesi um hy dr
oxide,calcium carbonat eandsal t
sofi ronand
aluminum.Thecomposi t
ionandconcent rat
ionofv ari
ousi mpur
iti
esinwast e
wat erdependsont hequal i
tyofr aw waterandt hemet hodsadoptedforwater
treatment.In DM- unit
,r egenerati
on of H- cat
ion exchanger and OH- ani
on
exchangeri sdonebyusi ngH2SO4 andNAOHsol utionsandasaconsequence,
thedisposedwast ebecomesr espectivel
yacidicandal kali
neinnat
ure.
Pur
if
icat
ion:Thewastewat
erofWTP and di
schar
gef
rom DM-
uni
tmaybe
di
sposedasfoll
ows:
a.tr
ansferr
ingt
hewastewat
eri
ntot
hehy
draul
i
cashhandl
i
ngsy
stem of
coalf
iredboi
l
eruni
ts
b.neutr
ali
zi
ngt
hewast
ewat
er(
pH>9)ofWTPwi
thaci
dwast
esoft
heDM
-uni
t.
c.Subj
ecti
ngthewast et
osl
i
meseparat
ion,i.
e.sli
medewater
ingi
ndrum
ty
pev acuum fil
ter
sandrecy
cli
ngt
hecl ar
ifi
edwaterforwashi
ngof
mechanical
fil
ter
s.
Reduci
ngwast ewaterdischargeofWTPandDM- unit
s:Theamountofi
mpur i
ti
es
di
schargedintothewaterbasinbywast ewatersfrom t
heWTPandDM- uni
tcan
bedimini
shedbyadopt i
ngt echniquesthatwil
lminimisetheuseofr
eagentsand
waterf
orwat ert
reat
mentandr egenerat
ionpurposes.
The quanti
ty ofwaterused f
orr egenerati
on ofmechanicalfi
l
ters can be
drasti
cal
lycutdownbyincr
easi
ngthef i
lt
eringcapaci
tyofmechani
calfi
lters.By
usingexpandedclayi
nst
eadofquar
t zsandi nmechani
calf
il
ter
siti
spossi bleto
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usel
esswat
erf
orr
egener
ati
onbyaf
act
or2.
5-3.
5.
Thefl
owrateofwast
esf
rom t
heDM-
uni
tcanbeef
fect
ivel
yreducedbyadopt
ing
thepr
ocessof:
a.cont
inuousi
onexchange
b.st
epwi
secount
er-
cur
renti
on-
exchange
c.t
her
mal
regener
ati
on(
inst
eadofchemi
cal
regener
ati
on)ofi
onexchanges.
The col
loi
dal impur
it
ies of wast
e wat er can be pr
eci
pit
ated down by
el
ect
rocoagul
atorusi
ngeit
herFeorAlanodes.
Stri
ppi ngwast ewat erofitsdissolv
edsaltscanbeef fecti
vel
yaccompl i
shedbya
phy sicalprocessknownasr ever
seosmosi s.Inthisprocess,t hewastewater
withdi ssolvedsaltsisforcedthroughasemi -
permeablemembr aneatapressure,
exceedi ngt heosmot icpressureoft hesol uti
on.Themembr aneall
owsonl y
wat erandasmal lfr
acti
onofsal tsasionstopasswi ththeeffectthatt
hefil
tr
ate
cont ains an appr eci
ably smal l
erquantum ofdi ssolv
ed impur i
ti
es.Reverse
osmosi stechniquehasdr asti
call
ycutdownt heconsumpt i
onofr eagent
sused
forwat ert reat
mentwi t
ht he eff
ectthatt he concentr
ati
on ofi mpuri
ti
es in
dischar gedwast ewat er
sshar pl
ydecli
nes.
Theli
neupofr ever
seosmosi
splantupst
ream ofDM-uni
tscanslashdownt
he
di
schargeofsal
tsol
uti
onby50%andthecostofdesal
tedwaterby25%.
Desalinati
on ofwast e wat er
s can be successf ul
ly carr
ied outby another
techni
queknownasel ectrodi
aly
sis.Theappar at
usconsi st
sofanassembl yof
parall
elcat i
onandani onexchangemembr anesf l
ankedbyast ainl
essst eel
cathodeandpl ati
num coatedsteelanode.Electrodi
aly
sissubstant
iall
yreduces
theuseofr eagentsf
ort hewastewat ertr
eatmentandconsequent l
ytheamount
ofsaltdischargedtowast ewatersisalsodimini
shed.
3.
4 Wastewat erscontaminatedwi t
hpet rol
eum pr oduct
s:Thepetroleum pr oducts
l
ikelubeoi l
s,fueloil
s,kerosene.etc.fi
ndt hei
rwayt othewat erbasi ni nan
emulsi
fied,col
loi
dalordi
ssolvedst at
e.Theyar eparti
cul
arl
ydanger ousforwat er
basi
ns.Themaxi mum al l
owableconcent rationofpetrol
eum product si nt he
waterbasinis0.5mg/ kgofwat er.Theyformf i
l
msont hewatersur face,inhi
bit
thenatural
aerati
onofwat erandtherebyinf
lictseri
ousharmtoaquat icli
fe.
Purif
icat
ion:The oi lcont
ami nated waste wat erischar ged t
o oiltrapst hat
separateoutef f
ici
entl
ythecour seoilparti
clesofsi ze80-100μm ormor e.The
cl
arif
iedwat eristhenfedintotheflotat
orwher ef i
neroilpart
icl
esaresepar ated
fr
om wat eratahi ghrateunderpr essureflotati
on.Thepur ifi
edwat erist hen
fi
lt
eredt hroughamechani calfi
lt
er.Theformerconsi st
sofdoubl el
ayerpacki ng
ofquar t
zsandandant hr
acite.Thecar bonf i
lterconsistsofbedofact ivated
carbont oadsorboi l
ysuspensions.Thef i
nalef fl
uentwateroft hi
splantis95%
fr
eef rom oil
.
3.
5 Wast
ewat
erofhy
draul
icashdi
sposalsy
stem:I
nahy
draul
i
cashdi
sposal
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system wat eri

sal lowedtoactupont heash,apar
tofwhichdissol
vesandt he
restf ormsapul p(suspensi
on)whichispumpedtoashsett
li
ngpondswher ethe
cour seimpurit
iesset t
ledownandt hecl
ari
fi
edwatercaneit
herbedischarged
directlyint
oawat erbasinorrecy
cledforr
euse.
Thecompositi
onandconcentr
ati
onofimpuri
ti
estr
ansf
err
edfr
om asht
owater
depends l
argel
y upon t
he chemicalcomposi
ti
on ofash whi
ch may v
ary
appreci
abl
y.

SiO3:
10-
70%;Al2O3:
10-
40%;Fe2O3:
2-30%;CaO:
2-70%;MgO:
0-10%;
K2O+Na2O:0-
10%.
Itmayal socontaintracesamountofcompoundsofv
anadi
um,ger
mani
um,
arseni
c,mercur
y,ber
yll
i
um andfl
uori
ne.
Decont aminati
on of ash di sposal water
: The hi gh fl
owrate and hi gh
concent r
ati
onofi mpurit
iesinthewastewaterofahydrauli
cashdisposal
sy st
em
preventpur i
fi
cati
onoft heent i
rebulkoftheashdisposalsystem.Whatcanbe
achievedisdecont aminati
onoft oxi
cimpurit
iest
oasaf el
evelandtheprinci
pal
processesi nv
olvedareasf ol
lows:
1.Pr
eci
pit
ati
onaswel
lasco-
preci
pit
ati
onofi
mpur
it
ies
2.Sor
pti
onofi
mpur
it
ies
3.Oxi
dat
ionr
educt
ionf
oll
owedbypr
eci
pit
ati
on.
Removalofimpurit
iesbyformingsparinglysol
ublepreci
pit
atesorbyadsor
pti
on
onthesurf
aceoft hesoli
dphasesepar atedinthewatermassdur i
ngthecour
se
oft
hechemi cal
treatmentofashdisposal wat
eristhemostpopularone
3.
6 Zer
oli
qui
ddi
schar
ge:
Util
i
tiesar el ookingf orwast ewat ert r
eatmenttechniquest oret
ri
eveal most
enti
regamutoft heireffl
uent sasahi ghqual
it
ydisti
ll
ateforreuseandtoconv er
t
thecont ami nantsofwast est eam i ntomanageablesol i
dwast esfordi sposal
.
Themostpopul aramongt hesetechni quesistheZEROLI QUIDDISCHARGE( ZLD)
system t hatcanr ecov er90- 99% oft hewastewat erasahi ghqualit
ydi sti
ll
ate
suit
ablef orreusei ntheboi lermakeuport hecool
ingtowerwhi l
esimultaneously
producing a cl ean sal tf orby productsal e with only a minorv olume of
contami nants.

4.
0 Pol
lut
ionCont
rolAct
sInI
ndi
a

Env
ironment
alLaws

1.Thewat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandCont
rol
ofPol
lut
ion)Act,
1974;
2.Thewat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandCont
rol
ofPol
lut
ion)CessAct,
1977;

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3.TheAir(
Prevent
ionandControl
ofPoll
uti
on)Act
,1981;
4.TheEnvi
ronment(Prot
ect
ion)Act,
1986;

I.Wat er( Pr eventionandCont rolofPol l

ut i
on)Act ,1974:
Thewat er( Prev ent ion and ControlofPol lution)Act ,1974 pr ovi
desf ort he
prev ent ionandcont rolofwat erpol lutionandt hemai ntaini
ngorr e-st
oringof
whol esomenessofwat er.Undertheschemeoft heAct ,ther el
evantpr ovisions,
cast ingobl igationsonper sonsmayber eferr
edundersect i
ons-24, 25/ 26and31
oft heAct .
Sect ion-24,pr ohibi tsont heuseofst ream orwel lfort hedisposalofpol luting
mat t ers,whi chi si nexcessoft hest andar dsl aiddownbyt heBoar d.Inot her
wor ds,peopl ear eunderobl i
gati
ont oobser vet hest andar dslaiddownbyt he
Boar d,i nt hemat terofuseofst r
eam orwel lbywayofdi sposaloft hepol luting
mat t ers, determi nedi naccordancewi t ht heBoar d'sStandar d.
Sect ion-25/ 26,r est r
ictsestabli
shmentoruseofnew orexi sti
ngout let sor
dischar gewi thoutpr iorconsentfrom t heBoar d.I notherwor ds,personar eunder
obligat iont oappl yf orconsent,bef or et heyar et akingst epst oest abli
shany
i
ndust ryorar ebr ingi ngi nt
ouseanynewout letorar econt i
nuingwi t
ht heex isting
Out letf ort hedi schar geofsewageort radeef f l
uent .
Sect ion-31,castobl igati
ononanyi ndust ry ,oper ationorpr ocesst ofur nish
i
nf ormat ion t ot he Sat e Board,incl udi ng ot heragenci es,aboutacci dent al
dischar geofanypoi sonousmat terintoast ream orwel lorseweronl and.Fai lure
tocar ryoutt heaf or esai dobl
igati
onsat tractspenal prov i
sionsundersect i
ons43,
44and42r espect i
v ely.

 
II
.Thewat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandCont
rol
ofPol
lut
ion)CessAct
,1977:

Thewat er(Prev ent ionandCont rolofPol l

ution)CessAct ,1977pr ovi
desfort he
l
ev yandcol l
ect i
onofCessonwat erconsumedbyper sonscar r
yingonspeci f
ied
i
ndust ryandbyl ocalaut horiti
es,wi thav iew toaugment i
ngt heresourceof
CentralandSt ateBoar d'
sf ort hepr eventionandCont rolofwat erpolluti
on,
constitutedundert heWat er( Pr eventionandCont r
olofPol luti
on)Act,1974.The
rel
evantpr ovisionscast i
ng obl i
gation undert hisActmayber ef
erred under
secti
ons3, 4and5.
Section-3cast sliabili
tyonev eryper soncar ryi
ngonanyspeci fi
edindustr
yunder
Schedul eIoft heAct ,
andal soonev eryaut hor i
tyt
opayaCessf orthepurposeof
theWat er(Prev entionandCont rolofPol l
ut i
on)Act ,1974andut i
li
zat
ionofwat er
thereunder .
Section-4,r equi resev eryper soncar ry
ingonanyspeci f
iedindustryandev ery
l
ocalaut hori
tyt oaf f
ixmet ersofpr escribedst andard,soast omeasur et he
quantityofwat erconsumedbyt hem.
Section-5, r
equi rest hesai dper sonst of urnishreturnsinthepr escr
ibedformat,
showi ngt hequant i
tyofwat erconsumedi nt hepreviousmont h.

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Fail
uretocarryouttheobl
igati
onsandl
i
abi
l
ity
,asaf
oresai
d,at
tr
act
sthepenal
provi
sionundersect
ion14oftheAct
.

I
II
.Ai
r(Pr
event
ionandCont
rol
ofPol
lut
ion)Act
,1981:

The Ai r( Pr ev ent ion and Cont rolofPol l

ut ion)Act ,1981 pr ov i
des f ort he
prev ent ion, cont r
ol andabat ementofai rpol lut i
on.
Thel i
abi l
it
y/ obl i
gat i
onsi mposedont heconcer nedper sonsundert heschemeof
thi
sActmayber ef er r
edundert hepr ov isionsofsect ions21, 22and23.
Sect ion-21, simi lart ot hepr ov isionundersect i
on25/ 26oft heWat erAct ,1974,
putsobl i
gat ionbywayofr est ricti
ononanyper sonont heest ablishmentor
oper at i
onofanyi ndust ri
alpl anti nanai rpol lutioncont rolar ea, wi thoutobt ai ning
pri
orconsentf rom t heconcer nedBoar d.
Sect ion-22i sal socompar abl et osect ion24oft heWat erAct ,1974.I trequi res
anyper soncar r yi
ngonanyi ndust rialpl antt oal low di schar georemi ssi
ononl y
withint hepr escr ibedst andar d.
Sect ion-23i sal socompar abl et osect i
on31oft heWat erAct ,1974,wher e
underanyper son,car r
yingonani ndust rialpl ant ,shal lfur nishi nfor mat i
ont ot he
StateBoar dorot heragenci es,i ncaseduet oanyacci dentorot herunf or eseen
actorev entemi ssi onhasoccur r edi nexcessoft hest andar dsl aiddownbyt he
Boar d.
Intheev entoff ailuret ocar ryoutonesobl igat i
onsorl iabili
ties,asaf or esai d,
penal pr ovisionunderSect ion-37oft heActi sat tract ed.
IV.Env ironment( Pr otection)Act ,1986;
Itprov idesf ort hepr otecti
onandi mpr ov ementofenv ironmentandt hemat ters
connect edt her ewi th.Thi sl egi slat i
vepi ecewasbr oughti ntoexi stencebyt he
Parliament ,asUmbr ell
aAct , whi chi ntendedt ocov eral lthespeci ficandgener al
prov isionsl ef tbyt heear li
erenact ment s.
Thei nst antAct ,bei ngbr oaderi nappr oach,hasbr oadercat chal soi ncr eat ing
l
iabilitiesandobl igat i
onsont heNat i
on.Theobl i
gat ionscr eat edundert hisAct
maybebr oadl yr ef erredundersect ions7, 8,and9.
Sect ion-7put sobl i
gationonev eryper soncar ryingonanyi ndust r
yoroper ation
to al low emi ssi onordi schar geonl ywi t
hint hest andar dspr escr ibed byt he
Cent ral Gov er nment .
Sect ion-8r equi resanyper sonhandl inghazar doussubst ancet ohandl ethem i n
accor dancewi t
hsuchpr ocedur eandsaf e-guar dsashasbeenpr escr i
bedbyt he
Cent ralGov er nmentby t he f ol l
owi ng Rul es .These Rul es,f urtherbr eak
obligat ionsandl iabi l
it
iesoncer tainper sonst ocar ryout ,asdi scussedbel ow
separ ately:-

(A.
)TheHazardousWastes(ManagementandHandling)Rules,
1989:
Theser
ulesapplyt
ohazardouswastes,asspeci
fi
edi
ni t
sSchedulebutshal
lnot
appl
ytodischar
georemissionscov
er edundert
hetheWat erAct,1974andthe
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AirAct ,1981;shal lnotappl ytowast esar isingoutoft heoper ati

onf rom ships,
bey ond5Ki lomet ersi nt hesea;andshal lalsonotappl yt oRadi o-
Act i
veWast es
cov eredundert heAt omi cEner gyAct ,1962.
Theser ulecr eat el iabil
ityonal lsuchper sons,whoar ehandl ingorcausi ngt obe
handl edhazar douswast esspeci fi
edi nitsschedul e.
Rule-4cr eat esr esponsi bi l
iti
esont heoccupi er s, whogener at ehazar douswast e
l
istedi ncol umn-I Ioft heschedul ei nquant i
tiesequalt oorexceedi ngt helimit
giveni ncol umn-I I
Ioft hesai dSchedul e,tot akeal lproperst epsdur inghandl i
ng
anddi sposal ofsuchwast ewi thoutcr eatinganyadv erseeffect .
Hei sal sor equi redt ogi vespeci f
iedi nfor mat i
onbyt heSt ateBoar dt othe
oper atorofaf aci li
tyi ntendi ngt ogethi shazar dousWast etreat ed.
UnderRul e5, ev er yoccupi ergener atinghazar douswast esandhav i
ngf acili
tyfor
collection,treat ment ,st orageanddi sposalofsuchwast es,i sr equir
edt oobt ain
author i
zationf orhandl ingsuchhazar douswast esf r
om St at ePol l
utionCont rol
Boar d.
Simi l
arly,anyper son,whoi ntendst oori soper atingaf acil
ityf orthecol lecti
on,
recept i
on,t reatment ,transpor t,storageanddi sposalofhazar douswast es,shall
hav etoobt ai naut hor i
zat ionf r
om t heSt ateBoar d.
UnderRul e10, theoccupi erort heoper atorofaf aci
li
tyshal lbeunderobl i
gati
on
tor epor timmedi at elyt ot hest at
eBoar daboutanyacci dentoccur r
ingatt he
facili
tyoronahazar douswast essite.

Wat
erPol
lut
ion:

THERMALPOWERPLANTS

 
Maximum l
imi
ti
ngconcentr
ati
onmi
ll
igr
am per
Par
amet
ers l
i
ter
(
Exceptf
orpHandtemperatur
e)

1.CONDENSERCOOLI
NGWATERS(ONCETHROUGHCOOLI
NG
SYSTEM )

pH 
   
6.5t
o8.
5

Notmor han50Chi
et ghert
hant
hei
ntake
Temper
atur
e
watert
emper
atur
e.

Fr
eeav
ail
abl
echl
ori
ne 0.
5

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I
I. BOILER
BLOWDOWNS

SuspendedSol
ids 100
Oil&Grease 10
Copper(tot
al) 1.
0
I
ron(total) 1.
0

I
II
. COOLI
NGTOWER
BLOW DOWN

Fr
eeav ai
labl
echlor
ine 0.
5
Zi
nc 1.
0
Chromium (Tot
al) 0.
2
Phosphate 5.
0

I
V. ASHPOND
EFFLUENT

PH 6.
5-8.
5
SuspendedSolids 100
Oilandgrease 20

Standardspr
escr
ibedforemissionsofAirPol
lut
ant
sunderAi
r 
(Preventi
on&Contr
olofPoll
ution) Act
,1981

1.(
a)STACKEMI
SSI
ONSTANDARDSFORBOI
LERPLANTS

Steam Requi
redparti
cul
armat
ter
Generat
ing 
Capacit
y
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 A  
  
  
  
  
  
  B

Ar
eaupto5Km fr
om t
heper
ipher
yof
cl
assIandcl
assI
ITown ot
hert
han"
A"

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l
essthan2 NM3
800mg/ NM3
1200mg/
ton/
ht
2tonto10 NM3
500mg/ NM3
1000mg/
ton/
hr
above15 NM3
150mg/ NM3
150mg/
ton/
hr 
Al
lemi
ssi
onsnor
mal
izedt
o12%car
bondi
oxi
de

(
1))STANDARDSFORSTACKHEI
GHTFORBOI
LERPLANTS

St
eam Gener
ati
ngCapaci
ty  StackHeights
1Morethan2ton/
hr.
  9met ersor2.5t
imesthehei
ghtof
neighbori
ngbuil
dingwhi
chev
erismor
e

2.mor et han2t on/hr  to5t on/hr . 12met ers

3.mor et han5t on/hr  to10t on/ hr.15met ers
4.mor et han10t on/ hr to15 18met ers
ton/hr.
5.mor et han15t on/ hr to20 21met ers
ton/hr.
6.mor et han20t on/ hr to25 24met ers
ton/hr.
7.mor et han25t on/ hr to30 27met ers
ton/hr.
8.mor et han30t on/ hr   30met ersorusi ngt hef ormul aH=14
(Q)0.3 
wher eQSo2emi ssioni nkg/ hr.
Forhi gherKVA r ating,st ackhei ghtH ( in met er)shal lbe wor ked out
accor dingt othef ormul aH=h+0. 2Wher eh=hei ghtoft hebui ldinginmet ers
wher et hegener atorseti sinst alled.Fort hei ndust ri
eswhi chinstallthe
faci
liti
esf orremov alofpar ti
cul ateorgaseousemi ssionst oadheret ot he
l
imitspr e-scri
bed,t hest ackhei ghtcanber elaxedasunder :b)H=14( Q)0.3
wher e Qgi sthegaseousemi ssionsi nkg/ hr.c)H=74( Qpi st hequantityof
part
icul armat terint onnes/ hrmi nimum st ackhei ghti nal lcasesshal lbe9
meter sorascal culatedf rom r elev ant  for
mul awhi chev eri smor e.
2.STACKEMI SSI ONSTANDARDFORFURNACES 
1)cupol aFurnace  Capaci tyoft hef urnace 
Part
icul ar mat t
er  i
)Lesst han3t onnes/ hr=450mg/ NM3
i
i
)3t
ons/
hrandabov NM3
e =150mg/

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2)AreFurnace 
Part
icul
armat t
er  Al
lsi NM3
zes=150mg/
3)I
nducti
onFurnace 
Par
ti
cularmat
ter  Al
lsi NM3
zes=150mg/
4)Reheati
ng(
Rever
ber
ator
y
Fur
nace 
Part
icul
armat
ter
  Al
lsi NM3
zes=150mg/

3.EMI SSIONSTANDARDS FORTHERMALPOWERPLANT 
A)STANDARDS FORPARTI CULARMATTEREMI SSI
ONS 
i
)Lesst han210 150mg/ NM3 350mg/ NM3
MW 
i
i)210MW & 150mg/ NM3 350mg/ NM3
above 
B)STANDARDSFORSULPHURDI OXIDEEMI SSIONS
i
)So2whenemi ttedshal
lnot
exceed600ng/ i
ofenergypr oduced
i
i)ControlthroughstackHeight
Boil
ersize StackHei ght
Lessthan210MW H=14( Q) 0.
3
210MW t ol essthan500MW 220met ers
500MW andmor e 275met ers
WhereQ=SO2, emissi
oninkg/
hr.
H=St ackhei ghtinmeters.

Exampl
esf
rom Exami
nat
ion

Q.
1 Whataret
heel
ement
sinf
luegaseswhi
chpol
l
utet
heat
mospher
e?Howt
heycan
be cont
rol
l
ed?

Q.
2 Whatar
ethemeasur
esf
orcont
rol
l
ingt
heai
rpol
l
uti
on?
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(
8.8.
1989)

Q.3 Enumer
ateobj
ect
ionabl
eingr
edi
ent
sinf
luegaseswi
thr
espectt
oai
rpol
lut
ion
cont
rol
.
(11.
10.
95)

Q.4 Whatcausesheav
ybl
acksmokewhenf
uel
oil
isbur
nt?
(9.
2.1988)

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