Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Effect of recycled aggregates on fresh and hardened properties

of self compacting concrete
Kanish Kapoor a, S.P. Singh a, Bhupinder Singh b, Paramveer Singh a,⇑
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Dr B R Ambedhkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This article discusses the experimental investigation of fresh and hardened properties of Self Compacting
Received 14 December 2019 Concrete (SCC) containing Recycled Aggregates (RA). In this study, Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA) were
Received in revised form 13 February 2020 replaced with Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) at 0%, 50%, and 100% replacement levels. Similarly,
Accepted 20 February 2020
Natural Fine Aggregates (NFA) were replaced with Recycled Fine Aggregates (RFA) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%
Available online 16 March 2020
and 100% replacement levels. In addition to Natural Aggregates (NA) replacement with RA, Fly Ash
(FA) was partially substituted with Portland cement (PC), i.e., by 30% weight of cement for clean and sus-
Keywords:
tainable development. The current study objective is to enumerate the significant usage of RCA and RFA
Self Compacting Concrete
Fresh properties
for the SCC mixes and to evaluate their performance in their fresh and hardened state. The fresh proper-
V: funnel test ties of various SCC mixtures were examined using workability tests such as the Slump-flow test, T500
Coarse Recycled aggregates test, V: funnel test, and L: Box test. The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test was performed for all SCC
Fine Recycled aggregates mixes in their hardened state. The compression strength of all SCC mixtures is also presented in contrast
Ultrasonic Pulse to the workability of concrete. It was concluded that with substitution of RCA and RFA with NCA and NFA
Velocity respectively decline the workability properties due to high-water absorption and larger surface area of
RCA and RFA than NCA and NFA respectively. The chemical admixtures were used in SCC mixtures with
their varying dosage helps to maintain the workability and stability limits of all SCC mixes. It was
observed that the UPV values of all SCC mixtures come in the excellent and good categories.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development.

1. Introduction
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is known for its excellent prop-
erties such as passing ability, flowability, deformability and high
segregation resistance. Self compacting concrete has a key factor
that it can flow under its self-weight and fill in the congested rein-
forced formworks without the requirement of any vibration [1].
Moreover, SCC reduces the labour requirement and enhance the
strength and rheology of a concrete mix as compared to traditional
vibrated concrete. These specific properties of SCC help to substan-
tial improvement in concrete work and widen the application of
SCC in new fields. Self compacting concrete adequacy in the initial
phase is examined based on their fresh properties and inspected as
per ENFARC guidelines [2]. However, to make an appropriate SCC
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: paramveers.ce.19@nitj.ac.in (P. Singh).
mix is not a modest task because producing SCC depends upon
the selection of materials for the concrete mix and the design
mix proportion to obtain acceptable properties of concrete in their
fresh state [3,4]. The workability tests were performed such as
Slump-flow test, T500 and V: funnel test for flowability, J: Ring test
for flow and passing ability and L: box test for passing ability for
SCC mixes in their fresh state. Self compacting concrete is an intri-
cate system and usually prepared with chemical admixture and
mineral admixture [5]. To maintain the deformability and cohe-
siveness, Super Plasticizers (SP) and Viscosity Modifying Agents
(VMA) are used in SCC mixture as a chemical admixture. Super-
plasticizers used in concrete mixes make it possible to obtain very
low water-to-cement (w/c) ratios while sustaining the required
concrete workability [6,7]. However, the utilization of SP and
VMA aids to maintain workability and the high proportion of
cement and aggregates in the SCC mix may increase the expendi-
ture for the concrete work in mass construction. To counterpart

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.753
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable
Development.
 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607 601

the above-said problem, Recycled Aggregates (RA) extracted from Table 1

Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste is the most likely Physical Properties of PC.

solution. Parameter Units Results obtained

Construction and Demolition waste has a vast potential for Fineness 2
cm /gm 2340
recycling, and it helps to decrease the demand of natural resources Specific gravity – 3.15
in the form of Natural Aggregates (NA) and costs of removal to Normal consistency (% of cement by weight) % 30
dumping grounds [8,9]. The usage of RCA in concrete work is a sig- Compressive strength
(i) 3-days MPa 24.00
nificant step to grow a sustainable society [10]. The typical RCA has (ii) 7-days 34.10
a layer of adhered mortar of varying thickness which varying from (iii) 28-days 44.30
20% to 60% according to particle size [11,12]. The adhered mortar
present in RCA affects the performance of the concrete. In addition
to this, RCA is more porous than natural aggregates which lead to Table 2
absorb the more water content and in result; it affects the worka- Chemical Properties of PC.
bility properties of SCC mixtures [13]. The fresh properties of SCC
Constituents Test value (%)
mixture affected with the usage of RFA in the mix because of high
Calcium oxide (CaO) 61.30%
water absorption in capillary pores which leads to reduce worka-
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.60%
bility of SCC mixes [14,15]. In context to control effect on workabil- Silica (SiO2) 20.10%
ity properties, chemical admixtures can be used in the form of SP Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 6.80%
and VMA to maintain flow, passing and filling ability of SCC mix- Ferrous oxide (Fe2O3) 4.30%
ture with the substitution of RA. Moreover, the inclusion of FA Silicon trioxide (SO3) 1.30%
Magnesia 2.60%
(mineral admixture) in concrete mix improve the various proper- Chloride content 0.08%
ties of concrete [16]. In addition to this, the use of mineral admix-
ture reduces the consumption of superplasticizer in SCC mixes
[17]. The substitution of the mineral admixtures increases the
compactness and declines the perviousness of the concrete mixes
[18,19]. In addition to this, mineral admixture helps to enhance
strength and workability properties of concrete mix [20]. There-
fore, fresh properties of SCC mixes substituted with RCA can be
improved using mineral admixtures. In the current study Fly Ash
(FA) used as a mineral admixture with the addition of SP and
VMA to evaluate the fresh state properties of SCC mixtures with
the substitution of RCA at different replacement levels. Similarly,
hardened properties of SCC mixture such as Ultrasonic Pulse Veloc-
ity (UPV) test and Compression strength test were also examined
for all concrete mixes.

2. Research significance Fig. 1. Distribution curve of particles for Portland Cement and Fly Ash.

From the literature review, it was observed that the fresh and
hardened properties of conventional concrete with RA is available
in a detailed manner, but less exploration was done for SCC with
substitution of RA. Moreover, very minimum information is avail-
able for SCC mixes with a varying quantity of SP and VMA for
workability tests with the usage of RCA and RFA. In the current
study, different properties of SCC mixtures in their fresh and hard-
ened state were examined with the substitution of RCA and RFA
with NCA and NFA, respectively.

3. Experiment programme

3.1. Materials for SCC mixture

In the present study, different materials were used to prepare

the SCC mixture, and all materials properties were examined as
per their relevant code. In this investigation, Portland Cement
(PC) 43 grade was used as the primary binder material, and it
was blended with mineral admixture fly ash, i.e. 70% PC + 30% FA
by weight. The physical and chemical properties of PC are shown
in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The particle distribution curve of
Portland cement and Fly ash are shown in Fig. 1. The NCA was
replaced with RCA at various replacement level, i.e. 0%, 50% and
100% and whereas FCA as replaced with RFA at various replace-
ment level, i.e. 0%, 25% 50%, 75% and 100%. The recycled aggregates
were graded similar to the gradation of natural aggregates as per IS
Fig. 2a. Gradation curves of RCA and NCA.
383:1970 [21]. The gradation curve RCA and NCA are shown in
Fig. 2(a) and RFA and NFA are shown in Fig. 2(b).
The RA was obtained from unwanted concrete samples present
in the Author‘s Concrete Laboratory for this experimental pro-
gramme. The fineness of NCA and NFA was reported 6.13 and
2.64, respectively. To maintain passing and flowability of SCC mix-
tures superplasticizer was used by weight of PC with a specific
gravity of 1.08. A polycarboxylate polymer-based VMA was used
having a specific gravity of 1.01.
602 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607

the good filling ability and the normal application range is

VF2  9–25 sec.

3.3.1.4. L: Box test. The L-box test is performed to find the passing
ability of SCC mixes in their fresh state. The Passing Ability (PA)
of SCC mixes using L-box test was calculated as the ratio of H2 to
H1, i.e. PA = H2/ H1. The range for L-Box test is PA1  0.80 with
two rebars ad PA2  0.80 with three rebars.

3.3.2. Tests for SCC mixture – Hardened state

Fig. 2b. Gradation curves of RFA and NFA.
3.3.2.1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test. The UPV test was executed in
accordance with IS: 13,311 (Part-1): 1992 [23]. The average of
three 150 mm cube specimens was taken as the representative
value UPV for each batch of concrete after the curing days of 28,
56 and 120 days.

3.3.2.2. Compression strength test. The Compression strength test

Table 3 was performed on 100 mm cube according to the provisions given
Mix notations, description and percentage of SP and VMA used for SCC mixtures.
in IS: 516–1959 [24] and strength value was calculated from the
Mix notation Mix description SP % VMA % average of three specimens of each curing period, i.e. 7, 28, 56
C0F0 (Control Mix) 70%PC + 30%FA + 0%RCA + 0%RFA 0.8 0.4 and 120 days.
C50F0 70%PC + 30%FA + 50%RCA + 0%RFA 0.9 0.5
C100F0 70%PC + 30%FA + 100%RCA + 0%RFA 0.9 0.5
C50F25 70%PC + 30%FA + 50%RCA + 25%RFA 1.0 0.5 4. Results and discussions
C50F50 70%PC + 30%FA + 50%RCA + 50%RFA 1.0 0.5
C50F75 70%PC + 30%FA + 50%RCA + 75%RFA 1.0 0.6 4.1. Results of SCC mixtures – Fresh state
C50F100 70%PC + 30%FA + 50%RCA + 100%RFA 1.0 0.6
C100F25 70%PC + 30%FA + 100%RCA + 25%RFA 1.0 0.6
C100F50 70%PC + 30%FA + 100%RCA + 50%RFA 1.1 0.7
4.1.1. Slump-flow test results
C100F75 70%PC + 30%FA + 100%RCA + 75%RFA 1.2 0.7 The slump-flow test conducted on various SCC mixtures is
C100F100 70%PC + 30%FA + 100%RCA + 100%RFA 1.2 0.8 shown in Fig. 3. In the initial phase, slump-flow of control mix
i.e.C0F0, was examined with the percentage of SP and VMA by
weight of PC, i.e. 0.8% and 0.4% respectively and the slump-flow
3.2. Mix proportion of SCC mixtures observed was 720 mm. After that RCA is substituted with NCA at
different replacement level, and it was observed that with the
The SCC concrete mixtures were prepared according to ENFARC increasing percentage of RCA, slump-flow start decreasing for
and ACI 237R (2007) guidelines [2,22]. The basic mix proportion of SCC mixtures. For C50F0, i.e. 50% substitution of RCA, slump-flow
control mix of water, PC, FA, NCA and NFA are 277 kg/m3, 430 kg/ decreases by 2.7% in comparison to the C0F0. Similarly, for
m3, 185 kg/m3, 602 kg/m3 and 846 kg/m3 respectively. In all SCC C100F0 mix, i.e. 100% RCA in SCC mix the slump decrease by 4% rel-
mix proportion, RCA and RFA were used by a volumetric approach. ative to C0F0. It shows that RCA introduction inclines to a marginal
The mix notation and description of all SCC mixture along with the decrease in the flowability of SCC mixtures. The decline in slump-
percentage of SP and VMA used are tabulated in Table 3. Slump- flow is because of the angular shape and higher water absorption
flow test, T500 test, V: funnel test and L: box test was performed of RCA than NCA [3,15], which tends to increase SP by 0.1% for
for all SCC mixtures in their fresh state as per ENFARC guidelines. C50F0 and C100F0 relative to control mix C0F0.
After that, the UPV test and Compression strength test were also In the next phase, with the constant substitution of 50%, RCA in
performed in their hardened state. SCC mixes NFA was replaced with RFA at 25% 50%,75% and 100%
replacement levels. It was observed that with the 25% and 50% sub-
stitution of RFA with NFA, slump-flow i.e. C50F25 and C50F50
3.3. Test methods
slump decreases by 2.8% and 4% respectively relative to control
mix. However, SP and VMA increase by 0.2% and 0.1% respectively
3.3.1. Tests for SCC mixture – Fresh state
for both mixes, to maintain flowability and viscosity. For C50F100,
3.3.1.1. Slump -flow test. The slump-flow is recorded as a diameter
there is no change in slump-flow with respect to C50F50. In the last
measured for the flow spread of SCC mixture. It is classified as SF1,
phase, 100% RCA was used in SCC with varying percentage of RFA
SF2 and SF3 based on their applications.SF1 is preferable for less
in SCC mixes. For C100F25 and C100F50 mix, slump- flow
reinforcement concrete work, SF2 for normal applications and
decreases by 2.8% and 5.5% respectively as compare to control
SF3 is suitable for complex and congested reinforcement in
mix. Further, there is no change in slump flow C100F75 as com-
concrete.
pared to C100F50. Furthermore, for C100F100 mix, slump-flow
decreases by 7% relative to C0F0. This reduction in slump-flow is
3.3.1.2. T500 Test. The time taken to flow 500 mm diameter of SCC due to the more content of RCA and RFA in SCC mixes, i.e. the large
mixture is recorded as T50 time. The T50 time is expressed as viscos- surface area of RCA and presence of residual mortar tends to
ity class (VS) and range is classified as VS1  2 sec for high flow absorb more water content and to reduce flowability of SCC mix-
rate and VS2 > 2 sec for normal applications. ture[13]. All SCC mixes results observed are in SF2 range as per
ENFARC guidelines [2].
3.3.1.3. V: Funnel test. The plastic viscosity and filling ability of SCC
mixture is determined from V: funnel test. This time was recorded 4.1.2. T500 Test results
as V-funnel Flow time (VF), and it is classified as VF1 and VF2. The The T500 results of all SCC mixtures are presented in Fig. 4.
range for VF1  8 sec, VF1 is suitable for congested structures with Firstly, T50, i.e. flow time for control mix C0F0 is observed, i.e. 2.5
 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607 603

Fig. 3. Slump-flow test results.

Fig. 4. T500 test results.

sec within limits as per ENFARC guidelines. After that, RCA has sub-
stituted with NCA at 50% and 100% replacement. The results
express that with the increase in the proportion of RCA in SCC mix-
ture flow time increases to 2.8 sec and 3.0 sec for C50F0 and
C100F0 respectively. This increase in flow time due to increased
viscosity of SCC mixture because RCA content in the mix absorbs
more water due to higher porosity [5,25]. Secondly, RCA is substi-
tuted 50% in all SCC mixes with varying percentage of RFA substi-
tution with NFA. For C50F25 and C50F50 mix, flow time was
increased by 20% and 24% respectively with the dosage of SP and
VMA 1% and 0.5% respectively for both mixes. For C50F75 and
C50F100 there is no increase in flow time as compare to C50F0
with the 0.1% increase in the dosage of SP and VMA in both mixes.
The SP and VMA content were increased in these mixes to maintain
workability and viscosity as per the requirement of codal provi-
sion. In last, RCA was substituted 100% with NCA with varying per-
centage of RFA with NFA. For C100F25 and C100F50 mix, flow time
increased by 28% and 36% as compared to C0F0. Flow time
increased up to 80% for 100% substitution of both RCA and RFA
in SCC mixture, i.e. C100F100. The increase in flow time of SCC
mixture with RCA and RFA is due to the high viscosity and the
varying dosage of SP and VMA was used in SCC mixtures to main-
tain limits of flow time as per ENFARC guidelines [2].
4.1.3. V: Funnel test results
The V: funnel test results of all SCC mixes are presented in
Fig. 5. Initially, V: funnel flow time was recorded for control mix
C0F0, i.e. 6.5 sec, and it lies within prescribed limits as per ENFARC
guidelines. The SP and VMA used for control mix were 0.8% and
0.4% respectively. When 50% NCA was replaced with RCA, flow
time for V- funnel increases up to 9% relative to control mix. Sim-
ilarly, when 100% NCA was replaced with RCA flow time increases
up to 15% as relative to the control mix. It shows there is a mar-
ginal change in time with the substitution of RCA with NCA. After
that NFA was replaced with NFA at different replacement level
with 50% substitution of RCA with NCA. For C50F25 mix, flow time
increases by 15% as compared to the C0F0 and this increase in flow
time is due to increase dosage of SP and VMA by 0.2% and 0.1% as
604 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607

Fig. 5. V: funnel test results.

compared to control mix. However, for C50F50 mix flow time start
decreased slightly as compare to C50F25 mix and remain constant
for C50F75 and C50F100 mixes. There is no significant effect on
flow time with increase in percentage of RFA in SCC mixes.
At last, RCA is substituted 100% in SCC mixes with the replace-
ment of NFA with RFA at 0%, 25%,50%,75% and 100% replacement
levels. For C100F25 mix, the flow time increased by 12% as com-
pared to control mix with the 0.3% increased dosage of SP and
VMA. For C100F50 and C100F100 mix flow time increases signifi-
cantly by 23% and 54% respectively. It shows that 100% RCA substi-
tution in SCC mixture increases the viscosity of the SCC mixture
and the decrease the flowability of the mix. The viscosity of SCC
mixture was increased due to high porous nature of recycled
aggregate which tends However, flow time limits were maintained
with the varying dosage of SP and VMA in every SCC mixture as per
requirement.
4.1.4. L: Box test results
The test results of L: box of all SCC mixtures is presented in
Fig. 6. For the C0F0 mix, L: box ratio obtained was 0.95. When
50% RCA was substituted with NCA, i.e. C50F0, the results
decreased by 3% relative to C0F0. Similarly, for C100F0, it has been
declined by 13% relative to the C0F0. Further, NFA was replaced
with RFA at 25%,50%,75% and 100% replacement levels with the
50% constant substitution of RCA with NCA results are presented.
For C50F25 mix, there is no significant change in h2/h1 ratio as
compared to control mix. For C50F50, C50F75 and C100F50 mixes,
there is no change in results as compared to the C0F0, but it mar-
ginally increases when compared to C50F0. However, SP increased
by 0.2% for both and VMA increased by 0.1% and 0.2% for C50F50
and C50F100 respectively to maintain workability limits.
Furthermore, with the 100% substitution of RCA with NCA, NFA
has replaced with RFA at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement
levels. For C100F25 there is no change in ratio as compared to con-
trol mix but for C100F50 and C50F75 mixes, L:box ratio decreases
by 3% as compared to the C0F0. Similarly, for C100F100, there is no
change in the result, but SP and VMA are increased by 0.4% as com-
pare to C0F0. The observed values show that with the addition of
RCA and RFA in SCC mixes reduce the passing ability, which tends
to decline the performance of concrete. But with the addition of SP
and VMA maintain the workability and stability of mixes within
prescribed limits.
4.2. Hardened properties results
4.2.1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test results
The UPV test results conducted on SCC mixes with 50% and
100% substitution of RCA with NCA are presented in Fig. 7. AS

Fig. 6. L: box test results.

 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607 605

Fig. 7. UPV test results.

per results obtained, UPV values declined with the increase in the
percentage of RCA in SCC mixture. For C50F0 mix, the UPV values
marginally decrease by 3% and 3.2% at the curing period of 28
and 56 days respectively and 1.5% decrease at curing period of
120 days comparative to the C0F0. Similarly, for C100F0 the UPV
values reduce nearby 8.5% relative to the C0F0 at all curing periods.
It shows that the presence of the RCA did not compromise the
integrity of the hardened SCC mixtures. There is a fringe decline
of 4.3%, 4.4% and 4.7% in the UPV values of the C50F25 mix relative
to the C0F0 at the curing periods of 28, 56 and 120 days respec-
tively. For the C50F50 mix, the decrease in UPV values was
observed to be 4.3% and 4.6% at the curing period of 28 and 56 days
respectively and 5.8% decrease was observed at 120 days curing
period when compared to the C0F0. For the C50F100 mix, compar-
ative to C0F0, the UPV values reduce by 6.2% and 7.3% at the curing
period of 28 and 56 days respectively and 8.4% reduction was
observed at curing 120 days.
In the next phase, there is a 100% substitution of RCA with NCA
and NFA was replaced with RFA at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
replacement levels. This figure shows that the UPV values of the
SCCs decreased due to the introduction of both RCA and RFA in
the concrete. The UPV values decreased by 7%, 7.1% and 7.4% for

Fig. 8. Compression strength test results.

606 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607
Fig. 9. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image showing the presence of old ITZ, new ITZ, old mortar, new mortar and aggregate presence in a SCC mix.
C100F25 mix, relative to C0F0 at the curing periods of 28, 56 and
120 days respectively. For C100F50, UPV values reduce nearby
8.5% at the curing period of 28 and 56 days and 9.7% at 120 curing
days as compared to C0F0. The results observed for 50% and 100%
content of RFA, the SCC mixture yielded lower UPV value relative
to the C0F0. For C100F100, the reduction was 19.2%, 20.4% and
15.2% as compared to C0F0, at 28, 56 and 120 days curing period
respectively.
4.2.2. Compression strength results
The compression strength results of the SCC mixtures with 50%
and 100% of NCA with RCA are presented in Fig. 8. For C50F0 mix,
the compression strength decreases marginally by 4.3%, 4.5%, 3.7%
and 5.5%, as compared to the C0F0 at 7, 28, 56 and 120 days curing
period respectively. However, for C100F0 mix, i.e. containing 100%
RCA relative to the C0F0, the compression strength reduces by
13.4% at the curing period of 7, 28 and 56 days and 15.1% reduction
was recorded at 120 days curing period. For C50F25 mix, the com-
pressive strength increases relative to C50F0 with the substitution
of RFA with NFA. For C50F50 mix, compression strength decreases
marginally by 3.1% compared to the C0F0 at 28 days curing period.
The compression strength increases slightly with the substitution
of RFA with NFA due to self-cementing properties of RFA [26,27].
The compression strength of C50F75 mix declined by 5.9%, 7.8%,
9% and 7.3% relative to C0F0 at the curing periods of 7, 28, 56
and 120 days respectively. For C50F100, as compare to C0F0 the
compression strength decreased by 9.3%, 12.6%, 13.7% and 10.9%
at the of 7, 28, 56 and 120 days curing period respectively.
In the next phase of the investigation, the replacement level of
NCA with RCA was fixed at 100%, and NFA was replaced with RFA
at 0%, 25%, 50%,75% and 100% replacement levels. For C100F0 mix,
the compression strength was reduced by 13.4% relative to C0F0 at
28 days of curing period. The existence of the soft and porous layer
of adhered mortar and the additional Interfacial Transition Zone
(ITZ) on the RCA is likely to compromise its behaviour in compres-
sion as shown in Fig. 9. Therefore, aggregate characteristics directly
affect the compression strength of concrete. For C100F50 mix, the
compression strength reduces by 10.1%, 11%, 9.7% and 10.9% at of
7, 28, 56 and 120 days curing period respectively. Similarly, for
C100F100 mix, the strength decreased by 18.4%, 22.7%, 19.3% and
19.7% relative to the C0F0 at 7, 28, 56 and 120 days curing period
respectively. It was observed that for 100% replacement of NCA
with RCA SCC mixtures, C100F25 gives maximum compression
strength at all curing periods. There is very marginal loss in
strength for C100F25 as compared to control mix.
5. Conclusions
The utilization of RA in SCC mix effects the both fresh and hard-
ened properties and results obtained from experimental work is
concluded and given following points
1. It was concluded that slump-flow of SCC mixtures starts
decreasing with the substitution of RCA and it lies in acceptable
range with the appropriate use of SP and VMA in SCC mixes.
2. However, T500 time start increasing with the replacement of NA
with RA because RA in SCC mixture increases the viscosity due
to their highly porous nature, but it was maintained in accept-
able limits by using VMA in SCC mixes.
3. V: funnel flow time mainly effected by 100% substitution of RCA
and RFA in SCC mixture and increased by 54%. Similarly, there is
no significant effect on the L: box ratio expects 100% substitu-
tion of RCA in the SCC mixture.
4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity of all SCC mixes lies in the good cate-
gory, and there is a marginal decrease in UPV values with the
replacement of RA.
5. Compression strength decreases with the substitution of RA
(both coarse and fine) in SCC mixtures due to presence of old
ITZ in concrete matrix.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Kanish Kapoor: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation,
Investigation, Writing - review & editing. S.P. Singh: Conceptual-
ization, Methodology, Supervision. Bhupinder Singh: Supervision.
Paramveer Singh: Writing - original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance to the first
author from the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD), Government of India for this research. The authors also
acknowledge the support of the staff of Structures Testing Labora-
tory at Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jaland-
har, India during the experimentation work reported in the paper.
 K. Kapoor et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 600–607
Disclosure statement
There is no potential conflict of interest was reported by the
authors.
References
[1] A. Skarendahl, O. Petersson (Örjan), International Union of Testing and
Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures, 1st International RILEM
Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, September 13-14, 1999, RILEM
Publications, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999.
[2] European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete
(EFNARC), The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete. Eur.
Guidel. Self Compact. Concr. (2005).
[3] N. Bouzoubaâ, M. Lachemi, Self-compacting concrete incorporating high
volumes of class F fly ash: preliminary results, Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (2001)
413–420.
_
[4] I.B. Topçu, S. Sß engel, Properties of concretes produced with waste concrete
aggregate, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (2004) 1307–1312.
[5] O. Boukendakdji, E.H. Kadri, S. Kenai, Effects of granulated blast furnace slag
and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of
self-compacting concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (2012) 583–590.
[6] P. Cormie, J.M. McBride, G.O. McCaulley, A. Jensen, E. Lidell, Influence of
superplasticizers on workability of concrete, J. Strength Cond. Res. 16 (2009)
1042–1049.
[7] P. Pereira, L. Evangelista, J. De Brito, The effect of superplasticisers on the
workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled
concrete aggregates, Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (2012) 722–729.
[8] D. Matias, J. de Brito, A. Rosa, D. Pedro, Durability of concrete with recycled
coarse aggregates: influence of superplasticizers, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (2014)
06014011.
[9] M. Abed, R. Nemes, B.A. Tayeh, Properties of self-compacting high-strength
concrete containing multiple use of recycled aggregate, J. King Saud. Univ. –
Eng. Sci. (2018).
[10] M. Arafa, B.A. Tayeh, M. Alqedra, S. Shihada, H. Hanoona, Investigating the
effect of sulfate attack on compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete,
J. Eng. Res. Technol. JERT 4 (2017) 137–143.
[11] M.S. de Juan, P.A. Gutiérrez, Study on the influence of attached mortar content
on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 23
(2009) 872–877.
607
[12] T.C.H. Narud, H. Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete
coarse aggregate, Concr. Int. (n.d.) 5.
[13] M. Safiuddin, M.A. Salam, M.Z. Jumaat, Effects of recycled concrete aggregate
on the fresh properties of self-consolidating concrete, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 11
(2011) 1023–1041.
[14] A. Singh, S. Arora, V. Sharma, B. Bhardwaj, Workability retention and strength
development of self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete using ultrafine
recycled powders and silica fume, J. Hazardous, Toxic, Radioact. Waste 23
(2019) 04019016.
[15] W.C. Tang, P.C. Ryan, H.Z. Cui, W. Liao, Properties of self-compacting concrete
with recycled coarse aggregate, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016 (2016) 1–11.
[16] O. Boukendakdji, S. Kenai, E.H. Kadri, F. Rouis, Effect of slag on the rheology of
fresh self-compacted concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 2593–2598.
[17] G. Ye, X. Liu, G. De Schutter, A.-M. Poppe, L. Taerwe, Influence of limestone
powder used as filler in SCC on hydration and microstructure of cement pastes,
Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (2007) 94–102.
[18] K.E. Hassan, J.G. Cabrera, R.S. Maliehe, Effect of mineral admixtures on the
properties of high-performance concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (2000) 267–
271.
[19] J.J. Brooks, M.A. Megat Johari, M. Mazloom, Effect of admixtures on the setting
times of high-strength concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (2000) 293–301.
[20] S. Shahidan, B.A. Tayeh, A.A. Jamaludin, N.A.A.S. Bahari, S.S. Mohd, N. Zuki Ali,
et al., Physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete
containing superplasticizer and metakaolin, IOP Conf. Ser.Mater. Sci. Eng.
(2017) 271.
[21] I. Standard, Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources
of Concrete, 1970.
[22] ACI 237R-07, Self-Consolidating Concrete by ACI, Affordable Ebooks, Kissly, n.
d. h.
[23] IS, 13311(Part I), IS: 13311 (Part I), Non-destructive testing of concrete
methods of test (Ultrasonic pulse velocity), Bureau of Indian Standard 1992.
[24] IS-516, Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete, Indian Stand. (1959) 1–30.
[25] A. Singh, S. Arora, V. Sharma, B. Bhardwaj, Workability retention and strength
development of self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete using ultrafine
recycled powders and silica fume, J. Hazardous Toxic, Radioact. Waste (2019)
23.
[26] S. Kou, C. Poon, F. Agrela, Comparisons of natural and recycled aggregate
concretes prepared with the addition of different mineral admixtures, Cem.
Concr. Compos. 33 (2011) 788–795.
[27] Z.H. Duan, C.S. Poon, Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with
recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars, Mater.
Des. 58 (2014) 19–29.