INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

THE
PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE CGC TECHNICAL CAMPUS, JHANJERI

CHANDIGARH IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

BATCH: 2014-2018

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CGC TECHNICAL CAMPUS
Jhanjeri, Mohali (Punjab)
India
MARCH 2018
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
AT
TDI INFRATECH LTD
MOHALI
Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering
Of
CGC Technical Campus Jhanjeri, Mohali

As Part of Course Work of

B.Tech. (Civil Engineering)

I.K GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KARPURTHALA, JALANDHAR

Submitted to: - Submitted By:-

Civil Department Name: - JAPJEET SINGH

Branch: - Civil Engineering

Semester: - 8th
Univ Roll No:-1446589
Batch: - 2014-2018
 STUDENT DECLARATION

This is to certify that I, JAPJEET SINGH student of B.Tech (Civil)-8th Semester Roll No.
1446589 has undergone industrial training in “TDI INFRATECH LTD” as required of
thirteen weeks project semester for the award of degree of B.Tech Civil Engineering,
college CHANDIGARH GROUP OF COLLEGE JHANJERI and had which is an authentic
record of my work.

If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this report I may be held
responsible. I have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other
university. This is purely original and authentic work.

JAPJEET SINGH
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Er.MOHANPREET SINGH (Site
Engineer) for his generous guidance, help, useful suggestions and continuous
encouragement.

I am extremely thanks to Prof. Rajneesh Talwar, Principal Chandigarh Group of Colleges

Technical Campus Jhanjeri, Mohali (Punjab) and management for support and
encouragement.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Kishor Kulkarni, HOD, CGCTC Jhanjeri, Mohali for valuable
suggestions and motivation.

I am also thankful to Mr.Sarabjit Singh and Mr. Sachin Sharma, Training and placement
officers, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Technical Campus Jhanjeri, Mohali (Punjab) for
providing the opportunity to get the knowledge.

JAPJEET SINGH
 CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. About The Developer
3. Features For A Premier Living
4. Features
5. Running Construction Details
6. Seismic Safe Construction
7. Actual Structural Plans
8. Construction Details Of Each Villa
9. Foundation
10. Brickwork
11. Tests For Brickwork
12. Steel Bars
13. Features Of HSD Bars
14. Steel Specifications In Each Villa
15. Cement Concrete
16. Compressive Strength Test
17. Worksheet For Cube Casting Test
18. Bibliography
 ABSTRACT

As part of curriculum, and for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of
B.TECH degree from Chandigarh Group of Colleges, technical campus, I Japjeet Singh,
underwent an industrial training at the Tdi Infratech Ltd. Connaught residency, Site for 13
weeks during the months january 2018 - april 2018. The report consist of brief study and
description of materials, equipments and procedures used at the site for construction.

The report contains my 13 weeks experience in the hosting company. All the contents are
broadly explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site.

In the opening content I have given details of the company background including its
mission.The contents are written in such a manner which give details of the company so that
the reader can easily know and access the company.

In the second content I have explained my overall internship familiarity in the last successive
months. This content is the main content that I have recorded and it contains overall work I
have been executing.
 ❖ About the developer

An ISO 9001:2008 company, TDI is known to have represented the elements of urban
living through its consistent journey of over two decades. With a consistent track record
of timely completion and standard-quality construction, the company has developed
integrated townships and commercial complexes in various locations of North India.

TDI's ability to meet the special requirements of the real estate market and clients stems
from its strong foundations of professionalism. Every project that bears the TDI signature
stands out from the rest, in terms of design aesthetics and global standards of
construction. The company's passion for exceeding industry benchmarks is evident in its
ability to redefine value engineering, project after project - reinforcing the best of
conceptual innovation and cutting-edge construction technologies.

TDI is the flagship company of Taneja Group. Since its inception more than 2 decades
ago, TDI has carved a niche for itself in the burgeoning held of real estate development
and construction. The company has consistently set quality benchmarks in
property development by creating world-class townships and commercial spaces, in
prime locations. The company's ability to meet the special requirements of the real estate
market and clients stems from the strong foundations of professionalism, integrity and
unrivalled market knowledge.

Presently, TDI has 11 Malls cum Multiplexes, 8 ultra modern office cum Retails
complexes, 8 residential townships in Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab
(operational as well as under development). Every single project that bears TDI signature
stands out from the rest, in terms of design aesthetics and quality of construction.

TDI has left an indelible mark in the real estate landscape of the country and is
constantly setting up new quality benchmarks and introducing conceptual innovations
coupled with cutting edge construction technologies both in residential and commercial
spaces. TDI stand for high standards of quality, both in planning projects and maintaining
relationships, offering mutually beneficial and fair dealings and on time completion of
projects.
Independent Living Exclusive Floors At Sector – 74-A , Mohali

TDI Infratech unfolds yet another Premium residential option, Connaught Residency, to setup
a perfect home in Mohali.

Connaught Residency is not just an address to stay, but a true embodiment of luxury within a
gated community. Located in the most premium and convenient locality of Mohali, Connaught
Residency is an upscale urban landmark, equipped with all the modern facilities you can
imagine. Every single detail of Connaught Residency is crafted with utmost precision,
keeping in mind your aesthetic aspirations and practical utility. Connaught Residency is an
idea which revolutionizes the concept of home, where every moment is a moment of
rejuvenation and self-discovery.

Filled with natural light that ows in from meticulously planned spaces and windows, the
beauty of your residence is impossible to ignore.

Be surrounded by the beauty of nature. More room for every

whim.

Every independent Floor at Connaught Residency opens out to a balcony with a beautifully
landscaped vista that is truly a sight to behold. An extention to your living spaces, the outdoor
room also serves as a canvas for endless inspiration.
 Features for a premier living
Connaught Residency is not just an address to stay, but a true embodiment of
luxury with gated community. Located in the most premium and convenient
locality of Mohali, Connaught Residency is an upscale urban landmark,
equipped with all the modern facilities you can imagine.

• Connaught Residency is upcoming Built-Up Independent Residential Floors

with around 250 units.

• On Plot size of around 250 sq.yds. (209.03 sq. mtr.) (33'x68') having G+2 with
super area of approx. 1750 sq.ft.
• Spread over land abutting towards master Plan roads.

• Secured & Gated Community.

• Designed excellently to ensure maximum visibility and natural sunlight for each
floor.
• Introducing the Smart City concept.

• An integral part of TDI City-I (300 acres approx township) in Sectors 74-A, 92,
116, 117, 118 & 119
• Shopping convenience in close proximity at Connaught Plaza.
Project Specifications

➢ 2D PLAN
➢ 3D PLAN (GROUND FLOOR)
 ➢ LIVING / DINNING
• Flooring – Italian \Digital \ Wooden Floor Styles (Somany, Orient, Kajaria, Hindware).
• Wall – POP Punning + Acrylic Emulsion Paint.
• Ceiling – POP False Ceiling with decorative lights.
➢ BEDROOMS
• Flooring- Digital/Wooden floor tiles (2'*2' size) (Somany, Orient, Kajaria, Hindware).
• Wall – POP punning + Acrylic Emulsion Paint.
• Modular Wardrobes with hydraulic fitting .
• Entrance Door – Teak wood chowkhat & Designer teak door with video door phone.
• Internal Doors - Laminated flush doors with SAL .
• External Doors/Windows - Teak wood chowkhat & Laminated flush doors with SAL.
➢ KITCHEN
• Counter & Sink – Granite counter top with stainless steel double bowl sink with sink mixer &
Premium quality tiles upto 2 ft. height.
• Floor - Premium quality anti-skid tiles.
• Wall – Oil Bound Distemper.
• Modular Kitchen with Hettich fittings, Hob & Chimney (Kaff or equivalent), Instant geyser,
RO/Aquaguard& Gas pipeline.
➢ BALCONIES
• Railing-Fancy/Designer MS or Rot iron.
• Floor – Premium anti slid tiles.
• Wall – Texture paint ( Berger / Asian).
➢ PASSAGE / STAIRCASE
• Floor – Granite.
• Wall – Oil Bound Distemper.
• Railing – Rot iron with wood finish on top.
➢ BATHROOMS
• Floor – Premium quality anti skid tiles.
• Wall – Premium quality ceramic tiles upto full height (1'*2' size).
• CP fitting – Jaguar or Grohe or equivalent.
• Chinaware – Hindware premium range or Duravit or equivalent .
• Modular false ceiling-Gypsum (moisture resistant) + Grid.
➢ ELECTRICALS
• Switches – ABB or Havells or Legrand.
• Wiring – Copper wiring of Polycab or Havells.
• Split AC – 1.5 ton in living, dining & bedrooms (5 in nos.).
➢ EXTERNAL FACADE
• Weather proof texture/ Paint/ Mangalore Tiles
 Features
• Luxury Features
▪ Power Back-up
▪ Centrally Air Conditioned
▪ Lifts
▪ RO System
▪ High Speed Internet
▪ Wi-Fi
• Security Features
▪ Security Guards
▪ Electronic Security
▪ Intercom Facility
• Interior Features
▪ Woodwork
▪ Modular Kitchen
▪ Feng Shui / Vaastu Compliant
• Recreation
▪ Swimming Pool
▪ Park
▪ Fitness Centre / GYM
▪ Club / Community Center
• Maintenance
▪ Maintenance Staff
▪ Water Supply / Storage
▪ Rain Water Harvesting
▪ Waste Disposal
• Land Features
▪ Feng Shui / Vaastu Compliant
▪ Club / Community Center
▪ Park/Green Belt Facing

➢ Amenities

▪ Large Parks & Lush Green Areas

▪ Gated Community & Secure Community
▪ 24 x 7 CCTV Surveillance
▪ Children’s Play Area
▪ Club House
▪ Indoor and outdoor Games
 RUNNING CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
❖ SEISMIC SAFE Const.
The Villas are provided with Seismic Bands or also known as Horizontal Bands.
Horizontal bands in masonry buildings are seismic bands consisting of reinforced
concrete.

What are Horizontal Bands in Masonry Buildings?

The horizontal band can be defined as a method of reinforcing the masonry
buildings by providing bands with higher tension strength. This is enabled in
areas where two structural elements of a building meet, so that a connection is
formed all together and they would behave like a single unit.

Horizontal bands can be also termed as seismic bands which consist of reinforced
concrete running flat throughout all the external and internal masonry wall
elements.

Location of Horizontal Bands in Buildings

Horizontal bands are implemented at the following levels:

o At the plinth level of the building

o At the levels of lintels (i.e. at door and windows)

Types of Horizontal Bands

Based on the area where a horizontal band is provided, it can be classified as
follows

o Gable Band
o Roof Band
o Lintel Band
o Plinth Band
The figure below depicts the important elements of an earthquake resistant
masonry buildings.

Fig.1: Representation of Horizontal Bands In a Masonry Building, where 1 -Lintel Band, 2- Roof
Band, 3- Vertical Reinforcing Band, 4-Door, 5-Window,6- Plinth Band, 7 – Window Still Band

Plinth Band
This type of horizontal bands is essential in those areas where the soil on which
the building has to be constructed is weak. The soil will be soft with uneven
properties. This problem is mainly found in soils found in hilly areas. This band is
hence not necessary if we have a stronger soil and substructure.

Lintel Band
As the names tells these are horizontal bands provided at the lintel level. And it
is provided in almost all buildings. Under the action of earthquake ground
motion, the lintel band is subjected to constant bending as well as pulling as
shown in figure 2. Hence the construction of lintel band has to done with special
care and supervision.
 Fig.2: Lintel Band Under Seismic Action

Design Details of Horizontal Band

The recommendations on the design of horizontal bands are provided by

IS:4326-1996 Code of practice. This is applicable for the buildings from brick or
concrete block walls and also those with RC flat slab roofs. The dimension of the
horizontal band and the reinforcement details depend upon the length of the
walls which is between the perpendicular cross walls.

The details of the dimension of the band and its reinforcement details with
respect to the wall thickness for buildings with different functionality is shown in
table-1. These recommendations are for buildings located in Zone 5, as per
Indian code.

Table-1: Size of Horizontal Band for Different Buildings

 Fig.3: Reinforcement Details of Horizontal Bands in Masonry Walls
The details of sizes and recommendations of bands are provided by Indian
Standards IS 4326-1993 and IS 13828(1993). The bands used can be either
wooden material or reinforced concrete. R.C bands are the best ones. A
minimum of 75mm x 38mm is used for runners and 50mm x 30mm minimum for
spacers as shown in figure 4.
ACTUAL STRUCTURAL PLAN WITH COLOUMN DETAILS AND
SEISMIC BAND
FOR TDI CONNAUGHT RESIDENCY

Reinforcement is provided at every 4ft from plinth level for

Horizontal Seismic Bands.

FOUNDATION DETAILED PLAN
BEAM DETAIL PLAN
 FALSE CEILING PLAN

6mm P.O.P Punning in ceiling

 PLUMBING LAYOUT

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN
FURNITURE LAYOUT PLAN
 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF EACH VILLA

❖ Plot Area : 1750 SQ. FT

❖ Carpet Area : 1460 SQ. FT
❖ Tiling Area :
➢ Internal : 600mmX600mm
➢ External : 230mmX230mm
❖ Plastering :
➢ Internal : 12mm
➢ External : 20mm
❖ PPC Cement
❖ M25 Concrete
❖ Fe500 Steel Grade
❖ Steel used : 3090 Kg
❖ Frame structure
❖ Brickwork :
➢ Internal : 4.5” ( Mortar 1:4 mix )
➢ External : 9” ( Mortar 1:6 mix )
❖ 6mm P.O.P Punning in ceiling
❖ Total P.O.P Area : 550 Sq Ft.
❖ Clear height from floor to ceiling : 9’9”
 FOUNDATION

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity

loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories:
shallow foundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong
foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
Types of Foundation:
Shallow foundations (sometimes called 'spread footings') include pads
('isolated footings'), strip footings and rafts.
Deep foundations include piles, pile walls, diaphragm walls and caissons.

ISOLATED FOUNDATION :
We’ve used isolated foundation with tapered edges.

Isolated footings are most commonly used footings for Reinforced cement
concrete column because it is simple and most economical. An isolated
footing is used to support a single column. Isolated footings are
independent footings which are provided for each column.

This type of footing is used when

• Columns are not closely spaced.

• Loads on footings are less.

• The Safe bearing capacity of the soil is generally high.

 BRICKWORK

Brick masonry is used for construction of buildings and other structures by

using brick stone, stone blocks, brick blocks with different types of masonry.

There are various types of bricks used in masonry.

• Common Burnt Clay Bricks.

• Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)
• Engineering Bricks.
• Concrete Bricks.
• Fly ash Clay Bricks.
Bricks are classified as:
➢ First class bricks
➢ Second class bricks
➢ Third class bricks
➢ Fourth class bricks
We’ve used second class red bricks for brickwork
The type of bond used for brickwork was Flemish bond.
FLEMISH BOND:

This bond has one stretcher between headers, with the headers centred over the stretchers in
the course below.

Where a course begins with a quoin stretcher, the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin
stretcher at the other end. The next course up will begin with a quoin header. For the course's
second brick, a queen closer is laid, generating the lap of the bond. The third brick along is a
stretcher, and is—on account of the lap—centered above the header below. This second course
then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header, until the final pair is reached, whereupon a
second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at
the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond.
Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another.
This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the
bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process. Some of the header faces are
exposed to wood smoke, generating a grey-blue color, while other simply vitrified until they reach
a deeper blue color. Some headers have a glazed face, caused by using salt in the firing.
Sometimes Staffordshire Blue bricks are used for the heading bricks.

Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front and the rear is double Flemish bond,
so called on account of the front and rear duplication of the pattern. If the wall is arranged such
that the bricks at the rear do not have this pattern, then the brickwork is said to be single Flemish
bond.

Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a stretcher laid
immediately to the rear of the face stretcher, and then next along the course, a header. A lap
(correct overlap) is generated by a queen closer on every alternate course:
 TEST FOR BRICKS
Various types of tests on bricks are conducted to check the qualities of bricks
for construction purposes. Tests on bricks are conducted at construction site as
well as in laboratory. Bricks are oldest and important construction materials
because of their durability, reliability, strength and low cost.

Types of Tests On Bricks for Construction Purpose

Following tests are conducted on bricks to determine its suitability for
construction work.

1. Absorption test
2. Crushing strength test
3. Hardness test
4. Shape and size
5. Color test
6. Soundness test
7. Structure of brick
8. Presence of soluble salts (Efflorescence Test)

Crushing Strength or Compressive Strength Test on Bricks

Crushing strength of bricks is determined by placing brick in compression testing
machine. After placing the brick in compression testing machine, apply load on it
until brick breaks. Note down the value of failure load and find out the crushing
strength value of brick. Minimum crushing strength of brick is 3.50N/mm2.if it is
less than 3.50 N/mm2, then it is not useful for construction purpose.

The minimum crushing / compressive strengths of burnt bricks tested flat-

wise prescribed are: (i) Common building bricks—35 kg/sq. cm, (ii) Second
class bricks—70 kg/sq. cm, (iii) First class bricks— 105 kg/sq. cm.
 Worksheet For Brick Test

Brick no. 1 2 3 Avg/Remarks

Length in
220 220 225
(mm)
Breadth in
105 105 105 23275/1000
(mm)
Height in
75 75 75 23.75
(mm)
Area in
23100 23100 23625
(sq mm)

Brick no. 1 2 3 Avg/Remarks

Brick
23.27 23.27 23.27
(sq mm)

Maximum
300 350 350 14.32
Load At

Compressive 12.89 15.04 15.04

Note:Limit:AVG not less than 10.5 KN/sqmm

 STEEL BARS
INTRODUCTION:

A rebar, or reinforcing bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly

used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. It is
usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better
mechanical anchoring into the concrete. It can also be described as
reinforcement or reinforcing steel.

HSD Steel Bars (High Strength Deformed Bars) used at our project.
High strength deformed bars IS: 1786-1985 are steel bars which are provided with lugs,
ribs, projection or deformation on the surface and are produced in form of cold twisted
deformed bars. These bars are extensively used for reinforcement purposes in a
construction. Due to ribs or projections on the surface, these steel bars minimize slippage in
concrete and increase the bond between two materials i.e. between cement concrete and
steel bars.

Features of HSD Bars

• Low carbon value: HSD Bars have lower carbon level, resulting in good
ductility, strength and welding ability.
• Superior bonding strength: HSD bars are well known for their excellent
bonding strength when used with concrete.
• Welding capability: Since these bars have lower carbon content, they
have 100% welding capability than conventional bars.
• High tensile strength: HSD bars feature high tensile strength. They offer
great asset in construction process, where a lot of bending and re
bending is required.
• Wide application range: These bars have wide application range like in
building residential, commercial and industrial structures, bridges, etc.
• Satisfactorily malleability, minimum weight and maximum strength and
suitable for both compression and tension reinforcement.
 The strength of bonds of deformed bars

In addition, the calculated strength of bonds of deformed bars should be 40 to

80 % higher than that of plain round bars of same nominal size. Tor steel
possesses the strength of 1.5 to 2.0 times of mild steel in compression as well
as in tension, whereas it costs only 10% more than mild steel.
Deformed steel bars have minimum 0.2% proof stress or yield stress in N/mm
square. Proof stress is the stress at which non proportional elongation equal to
0.2% of the original gauge length takes place. Hence deformed steel bars are
very economical to use in RCC work. Structural Engineer recommends cold
twisted deformed (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars) bars as they are best quality steel
bars for construction work.

Steel Specifications in each Villa:

❖ In Connaught residency, each villa contains 1152 kg steel in slabs,

❖ 1864 kg steel in beams,
❖ 271 kg steel in staircase.
❖ Each villa has 10 number of columns and contains 629 kg steel.
❖ 16mm diameter bars are used and has 25 rings of 8mm diameter in each
column.
❖ The dimensions of the column are 1’X2’.
❖ TMT 520 steel is used.
 CEMENT CONCRETE
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste,
composed of Portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and
coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste
hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.

Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's plastic and
malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened.

Concrete’s durability, strength and relatively low cost make it the backbone of
buildings and infrastructure worldwide—houses, schools and hospitals as well
as airports, bridges, highways and rail systems. The most-produced material on
Earth will only be more in demand as, for example, developing nations become
increasingly urban, extreme weather events necessitate more durable building
materials and the price of other infrastructure materials continues to rise.

Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly use the terms cement

and concrete interchangeably. Cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. It is
the fine powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and gravel or crushed stone
(fine and coarse aggregate), forms the rock-like mass known as concrete.

The Forms of Concrete

Concrete is produced in four basic forms, each with unique applications

and properties.

1. Ready-mixed concrete, far the most common form, accounts for

nearly three-fourths of all concrete. It's batched at local plants for
delivery in the familiar trucks with revolving drums.
2. Precast concrete products are cast in a factory setting. These
products benefit from tight quality control achievable at a production
plant. Precast products range from concrete bricks and paving
stones to bridge girders, structural components, and wall
panels. Concrete masonry another type of manufactured concrete,
may be best known for its conventional 8-by-8-by-16-inch block.
Today's masonry units can be molded into a wealth of shapes,
configurations, colors, and textures to serve an infinite spectrum of
building applications and architectural needs.
3. Cement-based materials represent products that defy the label of
"concrete," yet share many of its qualities. Conventional materials in
this category include mortar, grout, and terrazzo. soil-cement and
roller-compacted concrete —"cousins" of concrete—are used for
pavements and dams. Other products in this category include
flowable fill and cement-treated bases.
4. A new generation of advanced products incorporates fibers and
special aggregate to create roofing tiles, shake shingles, lap siding,
and countertops.

❖ OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) Concerete is used at our site

 Here are 6 common quality tests on concrete before and after
completion of casting on site.

• Slump test before leaving the batching plant and on arrival on site. ...
• Compressive strength test. ...
• Water Permeability test. ...
• Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test. ...
• Water Absorption Test. ...
• Initial Surface Absorption Test.
 Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for
general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and
higher in commercial and industrial structures.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-
cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control
during production of concrete etc.

Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various
standard codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the
standard specimen for the test.

Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or
10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most
of the works cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have
any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are
put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even
and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on
whole area of specimen.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have
any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are
put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even
and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on
whole area of specimen.

Precautions for Tests

The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of
water must be at 27+-2oC.
Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various Ages
The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of
concrete at different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after
casting.

Age Strength percent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

99%
28 days
Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete at 7 and 28 Days

Specified
Minimum
characteristic
Compressive
Grade of Concrete compressive
strength N/mm2
strength
at 7 days
(N/mm2) at 28 days

M15 10 15

M20 13.5 20

M25 17 25

M30 20 30

M35 23.5 35

M40 27 40

M45 30 45
 Worksheet For Cube Casting Test

Spe Req.
cim Avg. avg.
Strength
en Age in Length Breadth Height Load strength strengt
in N/mm
No. days (in mm) (in mm) (in mm) in KN in N/mm h in
sq.
sq. N/mm
sq.

1 28 150 150 150 700 31.11

2 28 150 150 150 690 30.66 32.07 25

3 28 150 150 150 775 34.44

CONCLUSION:
For required strength of 25 KN/mmsq we obtained the compressive
strength of 32.07 KN/mmsq.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

.References:

1.Theory of Structures by ramamrutham for literature review on kani’s method.

2.Theory of structures by B.C.punmia for literature on moment distribution method.

3.Reinforced concrete Structures by a.k. jain and b.c.punmia fo rdesign of beams, columns
and slab.

4.Fundamentals of Reinforced concrete structure by N. c. Sinha .

Code Books

1.IS 456-2000 code book for design of beams, columns and slabs

2.SP-16 for design of columns.