BASIC TERMINOLOGY

Torque or Turning Force:

It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.

Couple:
Two forces those acts on equally,parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.

Moment:
It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.

Stress:
It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force. That means, it is the preventing force. If
one force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that
force. The amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress. e.g. Tensile Stress, Compressive
Stress, Thermal Stress.

Strain:
If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform. Then the amount
of deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.

Spring:
It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go
to its original face after the removal of that load.
Its function:
To store energy.
To absorb energy.
To control motion of two elements.

Stiffness:
Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.

Specific Weight:
Weight per unit volume of the fluid.

Specific Volume:
Volume per unit mass of the fluid.

Specific Gravity:
It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree
centigrade temperature.

Specific heat:
The amount of heat required to increase 1 unit temperature of 1 unit mass.
Viscosity:
Dynamic Viscosity:
The amount of resistance of one layer of fluid over other layer of fluid.

Kinematic Viscosity:
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.

Buoyancy:
When a body is immersed in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to weight of liquid displaced
by the body. The tendency of liquid to lift up an immersed body is buoyancy. The upward thrust
of liquid to lift up the body is called buoyancy force.

Bernoulli's Equation:
P/γ +V²/2g +Z = Constant
Where, P = pressure,V = velocity,Z = Datumn Head

Devices for fluid:

Venturimeter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Notches :
It measures discharge of fluid.
Orifice meter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Pitot tube :
It measures velocity of fluid.

Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow

Fluid discharge/Fluid flow:

Quantity of fluid flowing per second.
(through a section of pipe/ through a section of channel)
Q=AV
where, V= velocity of fluid,A= cross-sectional area of pipe/channel
Note: 1m³ = 1000 L1 cusec = 1 ft³/sec1 ft = 0.3048 m

Hydraulic Machine:
Turbine,Pump,Compressor etc.
Draft tube:
It attaches with reaction turbine . Its function is to reduce energy loss from reaction turbine & it
also reduce pressure at outlet which is must blow the atmospheric pressure.

Themodynamics Law:
Zeroth Law
First Law of Thermodynamic
Second Law of thermodynamic

Zeroth Law:
If two body are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then these two body are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

First Law of Thermodynamics:

In a closed system, work deliver to the surrounding is directly proportonal to the heat taken from
the surrounding.And also, In a closed system, work done on a system is directly proportonal to
the heat deliver to the surrounding.

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

It is impossible to make a system or an engine which can change 100 percent input energy to 100
percent output.

Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of tranfering
energy of a system is entropy.

Calorific Value of fuel:

It us the total amount of heat obtained from burning 1 kg solid or liquid fuel.

Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to generate
steam.

Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.

Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it recover heat
from exhaust gas.

Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire grate.
This pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind
the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel
burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of fresh air never entered into
the boiler, then proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters
into the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.

Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying cross-
sectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or
tube that carrying liquid or gas.

Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.

Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine through
intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will increased.
Amount of air will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of increasing inlet air
density is supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging is called
supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake
system.

Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in exhaust
system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of
exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of
the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which would go waste.

Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If load
incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid
have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine' speed must
increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to decrease.Governor automatcally, controls
the supply of working fluid to the engine with varying load condition.

Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the time
of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of
suction stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one power
producing stroke.

Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.

C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means, how
much fast ignites diesel fuel.

Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient oxygen
will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.

Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of
temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such as-
ConductionConvectionRadiation

Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this case
following consideration will be important fact-
Time------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m²
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k

Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Example-
Radiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.

Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a body
whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.

1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting of 1
tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from
or at 0 degree centigrade.
Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.

Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.

Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.

Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable
condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object-increase hardness of
metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality )improve machinability.

Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe

Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze -
(Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze

Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum clearance
between mating parts that can be allowed.

Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation above
and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in dimensions.

Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside dimension
of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.

Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.
Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.

Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of failure is
fatigue failure.

Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.

Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small
nucleous.

Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.

Arc Welding -
* need D.C current
* produced (6000-7000) Degree Centegrade Temperature
Gas Welding -
* Oxy - acetylene flame join metals
* Oxygen & acetylene gas works
* produced 3200 Degree Centegrade Temperature

Machine Tool:
It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5. Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8. Boring

Cutting Tool:

Tool Materials for Cutting Tool:

1. High Carbon Steel
2. High Speed Steel (W+Cr+V)
3. Carbide (W Carbide+Ti Carbide+Co Carbide)
Indexing:
It is the method of dividing periphery of job into equal number of division. Actually, it is the
process of dividing circular or other shape of workpiece into equal space, division or angle.
Jig:
It is one type of device which hold & locate workpiece and also guide & control cutting tool. It
uses in drilling, reaming and tapping.

Materials

A ceramic is a non-metallic material composed of inorganic molecules, normally prepared by

heating a powder or slurry. Many common ceramics are made up of oxides or nitride compounds
and are highly crystalline with long-range molecular order. Some ceramics are partially or fully
amorphous, with no long-range molecular order; these are typically classified as glassy materials

Composites are mixtures of two or more bonded materials. Composites are the mixture of
multiple materials, which in combination offer superior properties to the materials alone.
Structural composites usually refer to the use of fibers which are embedded in a plastic. These
composites offer high strength with very little weight

Electronic/optical materials are tailored to conduct electricity or light. These materials may be
metals, ceramics or polymers. These materials are carefully formulated to control the intensity,
scattering, and bending of electrons or photons which pass through them.

Metals are comparatively malleable, optically reflective, and electrically conductive. Most
metals and alloys are easily shaped by forming. Their disassociate electron bonding makes them
excellent conductors of electricity and heat. Almost all metals have an orderly arrangement of
atoms, resulting in a crystalline structure that may have multiple crystal phases bordering each
other.

A meta material is an engineered material specifically designed to exhibit a behavior that can
only occur at specific organizations and sizes of materials. Meta materials often seem to break
the rules of physical behavior. Though many meta materials phenomenon have not yet been
usefully produced at scale, they include materials with negative Poisson’s ratios (they expand
when stretched instead of getting thinner), unusual interactions with light and other forms of
electromagnetic radiation (cloaking and other phenomena), and nano material effects like
iridescence and molecular filtering of light and sound.
Plastics/polymers are made up of millions of repeated links to make long molecules or networks
that are tangled or cross linked together. Almost all polymers use carbon atoms in very long
chains. The carbon atoms may be attached to other carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
atoms. Polymers may or may not have an orderly arrangement of atoms

Semiconductors are a special case of electronic material that combines two differently
electrically conductive materials, usually ceramics. A semiconductor is also known as a P-N
junction, where one material allows ‘loose’ electrons to move through an ordered structure, and
the other allows holes (where an electron could be, but is not) to move in the same way. This
behavior and the interactions between charge carriers and photons and phonons allows
semiconductors to store binary information, form logic gates, and convert between voltage, light,
heat, and force as sensors and emitters.

Wood is a composite material made from lignin and cellulose. Wood makes use of a lignin
matrix and cellulose fibers to form a polymer composite. The lignin holds the cellulose
compressively in place so that the cellulose fibers can carry tensile loads. Wood has excellent
structural properties, in light of its low weight and high strength