DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

Lecture 1
 SYLLABUS
UNIT I :
Advantages and Components of a Database Management Systems - Feasibility Study - Class Diagrams - Data Types
- Events - Normal Forms - Integrity - Converting Class Diagrams to Normalized Tables - Data Dictionary.
UNIT II :
Query Basics - Computation Using Queries - Subtotals and GROUP BY Command - Queries with Multiple Tables -
Subqueries - Joins - DDL & DML - Testing Queries.
UNIT III :
Effective Design of Forms and Reports - Form Layout - Creating Forms - Graphical Objects - Reports - Procedural
Languages - Data on Forms - Programs to Retrieve and Save Data - Error Handling.
UNIT IV :
Power of Application Structure - User Interface Features - Transaction - Forms Events - Custom Reports -
Distributing Application - Table Operations - Data Storage Methods - Storing Data Columns - Data Clustering and
Partitioning.
UNIT V :
Database Administration - Development Stages - Application Types - Backup and Recovery - Security and Privacy -
Distributed Databases - Client/Server Databases Web as a Client/Server System - Objects - Object Oriented
Databases - Integrated Applications.
Reference:
1. G. V. Post - Database Management Systems Designing and Building Business Application - McGraw Hill
International edition - 1999.
2. Raghu Ramakrishnan - Database Management Systems - WCB/McGraw Hill - 1998.
3. C.J. Date - An Introduction to Database Systems - 7th Edition - Addison Wesley - 2000.
UNIT - 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users'
data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs
which manipulate the database.

Example :
The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be
modified or extracted by users or other programs. Some DBMS examples include
MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, DBMS, dBASE,
Clipper, and FoxPro.
Advantages of DBMS

• DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data

• DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using
the same data
• Uniform administration procedures for data
• Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
• A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
• Offers Data Integrity and Security
• The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against
prohibited access to data.
• A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user
can access the same data at a time
• Reduced Application Development Time
Major Components of DBMS
The database management system can be divided into five major components, they are:
1.Hardware
2.Software
3.Data
4.Procedures
5.Database Access Language
6.User
Let's have a simple diagram to see how they all fit together to form a database management system.
Hardware

When we say Hardware, we mean computer, hard disks, I/O channels for data, and any
other physical component involved before any data is successfully stored into the memory.
When we run Oracle or MySQL on our personal computer, then our computer's Hard Disk,
our Keyboard using which we type in all the commands, our computer's RAM, ROM all
become a part of the DBMS hardware. This provides the interface between computers and
the real world systems.
Software

This is the main component, as this is the program which controls everything. The DBMS
software is more like a wrapper around the physical database, which provides us with an
easy-to-use interface to store, access and update data.
The DBMS software is capable of understanding the Database Access Language and
intrepret it into actual database commands to execute them on the DB.
Data

Data is that resource, for which DBMS was designed. The motive behind the creation of
DBMS was to store and utilise data.

In a typical Database, the user saved Data is present and meta data is stored.
Metadata is data about the data. This is information stored by the DBMS to better
understand the data stored in it.

For example: When I store my Name in a database, the DBMS will store when the name
was stored in the database, what is the size of the name, is it stored as related data to
some other data, or is it independent, all this information is metadata.
Procedures

Procedures refer to general instructions to use a database management system. This

includes procedures to setup and install a DBMS, To login and logout of DBMS software,
to manage databases, to take backups, generating reports etc.
 Database Access Language

This is used to access the data to and from the database, to enter new data, update
existing data, or retrieve required data from databases. The user writes a set of
appropriate commands in a database access language, submits these to the DBMS,
which then processes the data and generates and displays a set of results into a user
readable form.
 User

• The users are the people who control and manage the databases and perform different
types of operations on the databases in the database management system.

There are three types of user who play different roles in DBMS:
• Application Programmers
• Database Administrators
• End-Users
 1.Application Programmers
The users who write the application programs in programming languages (such as Java,
C++, or Visual Basic) to interact with databases are called Application Programmer.
2. Database Administrators (DBA)
A person who manages the overall DBMS is called a database administrator or simply
DBA.
3. End-Users
The end-users are those who interact with the database management system to perform
different operations by using the different database commands such as insert, update,
retrieve, and delete on the data, etc.
Database Applications
`Applications where we use Database Management Systems are:
• Telecom: There is a database to keeps track of the information regarding calls made,
network usage, customer details etc. Without the database systems it is hard to maintain
that huge amount of data that keeps updating every millisecond.
• Industry: Where it is a manufacturing unit, warehouse or distribution centre, each one
needs a database to keep the records of ins and outs. For example distribution centre
should keep a track of the product units that supplied into the centre as well as the
products that got delivered out from the distribution centre on each day; this is where
DBMS comes into picture.
• Banking System: For storing customer info, tracking day to day credit and debit
transactions, generating bank statements etc. All this work has been done with the help
• Sales: To store customer information, production information and invoice details.
• Airlines: To travel though airlines, we make early reservations, this reservation
information along with flight schedule is stored in database.
• Education sector: Database systems are frequently used in schools and colleges to
store and retrieve the data regarding student details, staff details, course details, exam
details, payroll data, attendance details, fees details etc. There is a hell lot amount of
inter-related data that needs to be stored and retrieved in an efficient manner.
• Online shopping: You must be aware of the online shopping websites such as
Amazon, Flipkart etc. These sites store the product information, your addresses and
preferences, credit details and provide you the relevant list of products based on your
query. All this involves a Database management system.