Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity

SECTION 3
Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Conductivity

1. Darcy’s Law
2. Hydraulic Conductivity
3. Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity
CEE 9870 Winter 2021 Dr. Chris Power

Darcy’s Law
Hydraulic Head and Flow
▪ Hydraulic head: P
h= +z
g
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
Datum
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
z1
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
P1
g
z1
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
P1
g
h1
z1
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
1 2
P1 P2
g g
h1 h2
z1 z2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh
▪ Hydraulic gradient:
L L dl
h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh
L L dl
h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
Head Gradient
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh Flow
L L dl
h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh
L L dl
h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
Head Gradient
h= +z
g
L L dl
h1 h
h2 Gradient 1
h2  h1
Flow 1
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh
L L dl
h1 h
h2
h2  h1
L
Darcy’s Law
Head Gradient
h= +z
g
L L dl
h1 h
Gradient 2
h2  h1 h2
Flow 2
L
Darcy’s Law
h= +z
g
h2 − h1 h dh
L L dl
h1 h
h2  h1 h2
L
Darcy’s Law
Head Gradient
h= +z
g
L L dl
h1 h
Gradient 3
h2  h1
h2
Flow 3
L
Darcy’s Law
Head Gradient
h= +z
g
L L dl dh
Flow=c×
dl
h1 h
Gradient 3
h2  h1
h2
Flow 3
L
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
▪ Hydraulic engineer in Dijon, France
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
▪ Worked on the water supplies in Dijon
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Source: www.touropia.com
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Reservoir
Aqueduct
Filter
Fountain
Public
Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Reservoir
Aqueduct
Filter
Fountain
Public
Source: Brown (2002)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Darcy’s Law for flow in porous media
Source: Brown (2002)

Darcy’s Law
▪ Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858)
Darcy’s Law for flow in porous media

 P2   P1 
 g + z −
2  + z1

Q = − KA    
g
L
(h2 − h1 )
Q = − KA
L
 dh 
Q = − KA  
 dl  Source: Brown (2002)
Darcy’s Law
▪ Volumetric flow rate:  dh 
Q = − KA   [m3 sec]
 dl 
Source: Earle (2015)

Darcy’s Law
Q = − KA   [m3 sec]
 dl 
?
h dh
0
dx
x
Darcy’s Law
Q = − KA   [m3 sec]
 dl 
▪ Volumetric flux: Q  dh 
q = = −K   [m sec]
(Specific Discharge)
(Darcy Velocity)
A  dl 
Darcy’s Law
Q = − KA   [m3 sec]
 dl 
q = = −K   [m sec]
(Darcy Velocity)
A  dl 
▪ Average linear velocity: q K  dh 

v= =−
  dl 
[m sec]

Darcy’s Law
Q = − KA   [m3 sec]
 dl 
q = = −K   [m sec]
(Darcy Velocity)
A  dl 
▪ Average linear velocity: q K  dh 

v= =−
  dl 
[m sec]

Darcy’s Law
The Applicability of Darcy’s Law
▪ Laminar flow
Slowly moving fluids are dominated
by viscous forces
▪ Turbulent flow
Velocity of flow increases, the
moving fluid gains kinetic energy
▪ Reynolds number
 qd
R=

Darcy’s law is valid only when resistive forces of viscosity predominate. Thus it only
applies to very slowly moving ground waters.
Darcy’s Law is valid when R < 1-10

Darcy’s Law
Example
For water flow in a vertical sand-
packed column:
▪ Find the specific discharge/Darcy velocity
▪ Determine the pressures at 1 and 2
▪ Is Darcy’s Law valid under these conditions?

Hydraulic Conductivity
Significance to Darcy’s Law
Source: Earle (2015)

Clay
10-8 m/s
Clay Sand 5 orders

10-8 m/s 10-3 m/s faster
Relationship to Intrinsic Permeability
▪ K is a function of both the porous medium and the fluid
▪ Fluid: proportional to specific weight and inversely proportional to viscosity
▪ Porous medium: intrinsic permeability
 
K =k 

 g 
=k 
  
Relationship to Grain Size

▪ Permeability increases with grain size:
Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity
▪ Empirical relationships:
Hazen (1911): K = C (d10 )2
Shepherd (1989): K = C (d50 ) j
 3 
Kozeny-Carmen (1972): k = Co  2 2
 (1 −  ) Ss 
d 2 3
k=
180 (1 −  )2
 g d 2 3
K=
 180 (1 −  )2
▪ Laboratory Measurements (permeameters)
▪ Field Measurements Source: AQTESOLV (2020)
▪ Slugs Tests
▪ Pumping Tests

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SECTION 3

Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Conductivity

CEE 9870 Winter 2021 Dr. Chris Power

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Encylopedia Britannica (2006)

Source: Brown (2002)

Darcy’s Law for flow in porous media

Source: Brown (2002)

Darcy’s Law for flow in porous media

Source: Earle (2015)

▪ Average linear velocity: q K  dh 

▪ Average linear velocity: q K  dh 

Darcy’s Law is valid when R < 1-10

▪ Determine the pressures at 1 and 2

▪ Is Darcy’s Law valid under these conditions?

Source: Earle (2015)

Clay Sand 5 orders

Relationship to Grain Size

Hazen (1911): K = C (d10 )2

Shepherd (1989): K = C (d50 ) j

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Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity

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