REINFORCED CONCRETE

UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE
SANTANDER

LUIS E. ZAPATA ORDUZ, PhD

Facultad de Ingenierías Físico-Mecánicas
Escuela de Ingeniería Civil

Bucaramanga, II semestre 2021

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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ If Mu(+) = 400 kN-m. bw = 400 x h = 500 mm, f´c = 4 ksi, fy = 420 MPa
& N°4 st. and cc = 40 mm. Choose the best design: (i) 5N°10 (1 layer:
3/4´´ MAS); (ii) 6N°10 (1 layer: 3/4´´ MAS), and (iii) 6N°10 (2 layers: 1.0´´
MAS). Explain your results. Use NSR-10.

Hint 1. Mn , ϕ, ϕMn and curvature, κ.

Hint 2. tension failure, transition failure or compression failure.
Hint 3. Under-reinforced, balanced, over-reinforced beam analysis.
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FLEXURE THEORY
✓ If Mu(+) = 400 kN-m. bw = 400 x h = 500 mm, f´c = 4 ksi, fy = 420 MPa
& N°4 st. and cc = 40 mm. Choose the best design [from mechanics point
of view]: (i) 5N°10 (1 layer: 3/4´´ MAS); (ii) 6N°10 (1 layer: 3/4´´ MAS),
and (iii) 6N°10 (2 layers: 1.0´´ MAS). Explain your results. Use NSR-10.

Hint 1. Mn , ϕ, ϕMn and curvature, κ.

Hint 2. tension failure, transition failure or compression failure.
Hint 3. Under-reinforced, balanced, over-reinforced beam analysis.
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FLEXURE THEORY
Fy = 420 MPa

Questions:

1. Could you identify the type of

the steel reinforcement used?

2. Which one failure state is better: B

A, B or C?. Explain your results.

3. Is the beam working at (+) or (-)

bending moment?
C
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FLEXURE THEORY

4a. The figure was taken using a local or

A foreign building Code???.

A
4b. Could you identify the foreign country?

C
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FLEXURE THEORY
Fy = 420 MPa
WELCOME TO OUR BUINDING CODE

C
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FLEXURE THEORY

5. What strain hardening is???.

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FLEXURE THEORY

6. Stress independent of strain,

what does that mean???.
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FLEXURE THEORY

 Concrete Design Fundamentals

✓ The single most important characteristic of any structural member is its

actual strength → to resist loads (e.g., service life) → without failure.

✓ Proportioning members → concrete dimensions & reinforcement → to

resist forces significantly above loads expected to occur in service life.

Beam
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FLEXURE THEORY

❑ Sketch both longitudinal and cross-sectional flexural steel reinforcement

in A, B and C. Assume non-seismic zone.
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FLEXURE THEORY

Beam section Beam

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Beam section Beam

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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Historically, members were proportioned so that stresses in the steel and

concrete resulting from normal service loads were within specified limits.

✓ Limits (allowable stresses) → fractions of materials´ failure stresses. We

now refer to this basis for design as service load design.

✓ Allowable stresses, for margin of safety, were set at about one-half of both
concrete compressive strength and steel´s yield stress.

✓ The strength design method has displaced the older service load design
method.

✓ However, the older method provides the basis for some serviceability
checks and is the design basis for many older structures.
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Beams composed of material such as “plain concrete” are categorized as

homogeneous, exhibiting an elastic behavior up to some limiting point.
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ The accepted expression for the maximum bending stress in a beam is

termed the flexure formula:

where

fb = calculated bending stress at the outer fiber of the cross section

M = the applied bending moment
c = distance from N.A to the outside tension/compression fiber
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ By rearranging the flexure formula, the maximum moment that may be

applied to the beam cross section, called the resisting moment, MR,

where Fb = allowable bending stress

Fb

NOTE: MR → also called moment strength or moment resistance

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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ For a RC beam, the use of the flexure formula presents some

complications:

(i) the beam is not homogeneous (literally it is a composite element)

(ii) concrete does not behave elastically over its full range of strength
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Unreinforced beams → if the moment is small and tensile bending

stresses are low with no cracking of concrete → homogeneous & elastic

✓ The flexure formula is valid if the maximum tensile stress in the concrete
does not exceed the modulus of rupture, fr → cracking moment, Mcr.
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FLEXURE THEORY

EXAMPLE

A normal-weight plain concrete beam (150 x 300 mm) is simply supported (span 1.2 m) and is
subjected to a midspan concentrated load of 4500 lb (down). Assume f ′c = 3000 psi.

Using SI units, calculate:

a. Maximum concrete tensile stress using the flexure formula approach.

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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ The flexure formula

300 mm
where
150 mm

fb = calculated bending stress at the outer fiber of the cross section

M = the applied bending moment
c = distance from N.A to the outside tension/compression fiber
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis
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STATICS, MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS OR STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
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STATICS, MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS OR STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ The flexure formula

300 mm
where
150 mm

fb = calculated bending stress at the outer fiber of the cross section

M = the applied moment
c = distance from N.A to the outside tension/compression fiber
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis
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FLEXURE THEORY

EXAMPLE

A normal-weight plain concrete beam (150 x 300 mm) is simply supported (span 1.2 m) and is
subjected to a midspan concentrated load of 4500 lb (down). Assume f ′c = 3000 psi.

Using SI units, calculate:

a. Maximum concrete tensile stress using the flexure formula approach.

b. Compare (e.g., using the DCR) the maximum concrete tensile stress from (a) with the value for
modulus of rupture, fr , using the recommended value from NSR-10 based on f ′c.
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FLEXURE THEORY
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DCR = Fb/fr ≤ 1.0

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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Summary from the example:

The example was based on elastic theory assuming the following:

(1) a plane section before bending remains plane after bending (variation
from zero at N.A in strain throughout the depth member is linear)

(2) E constant → stress is proportional to strain. Stress distribution throughout

the depth was also linear from zero at N.A to a maximum at the outer fibers.

εconcrete

εconcrete
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GENERALITIES

✓ Summary from the example:

εconcrete

εconcrete
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GENERALITIES

✓ Summary from the example:

εconcrete

εconcrete
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FLEXURE THEORY
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

Mcr

ϕcr
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FLEXURE THEORY

EXAMPLE

A normal-weight plain concrete beam (150 x 300 mm) is simply supported (span 1.2 m) and is
subjected to a midspan concentrated load of 4500 lb (down). Assume f ′c = 3000 psi. Using SI units,
calculate:

a. Maximum concrete tensile stress using the flexure formula approach.

b. Compare the maximum concrete tensile stress from (a) and (b) with the value for modulus of
rupture, fr , using the NSR-10 recommended value based on f ′c.

c. Calculate the cracking moment, Mcr based on NSR-10.

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FLEXURE THEORY

C.2.1
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ ϕ or κ: Curvature??? ϕ → slope of the strain diagram

εconcrete

Mcr
εsteel or cte

ϕcr
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

For the example before,

please find: ϕcr = ???

Mcr

ϕcr = ???
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ Curvature??? ϕ → slope of the strain diagram

εconcrete

Mcr
εsteel or cte

ϕcr

La curvatura se define como el cociente entre el

momento flector aplicado y la rigidez de la sección
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FLEXURE THEORY

7. For the example before, find ϕcr = ???

by using the NSR-10 definition.

La curvatura se define como el cociente entre el

momento flector aplicado y la rigidez de la sección
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FLEXURE THEORY

✓ RC members at loads close to / at failure, one or both materials (concrete

or steel), are invariably in their nonlinear inelastic range.
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FLEXURE THEORY

 The nominal strength (Sn) of a member must be calculated based on this

inelastic behavior of the materials.

Wonderland Hypothesis
of behavior

Code imposed C

Sn → Fy (As) & 0.85F´c (ab)

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FLEXURE THEORY

Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:

Cc = 0.85f´c(ab)
a = β1 c
Internal Moment → Two options
Cc

Option 1: ∑MC = Mn
(d – a/2)
Mn Mn = (FyAs)(d – a/2)

Option 2: ∑MT = Mn
Mn = [0.85f´c(ab)](d – a/2)

Fy was assumed
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FLEXURE THEORY

Internal Couple Method in RC

Cc

(d – a/2)

Mn Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:

Cc = 0.85f´c(ab)
a = β1c
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FLEXURE THEORY
Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:
Cc = 0.85f´c(ab)
a = β1 c
Internal Moment → Two options

Cc
Option 1: ∑MC = Mn
Mn = (FyAs)(d – a/2)
Mn
(d – a/2) Option 2: ∑MT = Mn
Mn = [0.85F´c(ab)](d – a/2)

Compression Area (ab) = !!! WARNING ¡¡¡