ASSESSMENT OF SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG SOUTH

CHENNAI COAST USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES

A Project Report submitted

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree in
Master of Science in Applied Geography

Submitted by
SHIVAGANESH.A
M.Sc. Applied
Geography Registration
No: 33219419

Submitted to
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC
SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
GUINDY - 600 025

APRIL 2021
 UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
GUINDY CAMPUS, GUINDY, CHENNAI - 600 025
Phone: 044- 22202891 Email: geogoffice.unom@gmail.com

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that this project entitled as “ASSESSMENT OF SHORELINE CHANGES
ALONG SOUTH CHENNAI COAST USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES is the
bonafide work carried out by MR.SHIVAGANESH.A(Register number : 33219419) for
partial fulfilment of Master of Science in Applied Geography from Department of Geography,
University of Madras, Chennai – 600 025. The work has been carried out under the
supervision of Dr. S. SANJEEVI PRASAD, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography,
School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Madras.
Certified further that, to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not
form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Signature of Guide
Examined and Conducted Viva Voice Examiner

1:

Examiner 2:

Office/Seal Signature

Head of the Department

 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
GUINDY 600 025

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I declare that I have learnt the subject oriented skills on “ASSESSMENT OF

SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG SOUTH CHENNAI COAST USING GEO SPATIAL
TECHNIQUES”. I declare that the
Project Report submitted by me for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Geography is
the record of work carried out by me during the period from Dec 2020– April 2021under the
guidance of Dr.S. Sanjeevi Prasad Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, School of
Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Madras and has not formed the basis for the
award of any Degree, Diploma, Associate ship, Fellowship and other project report of any
University / Departments / Institution / organization of research and higher learning.

Place: Chennai
Date:

Signature of the Student

SHIVAGANESH..A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my Head of Department of Geography Dr. R. Jaganathan

Professor and Head, Department of Geography, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
University of Madras Which helped in bringing out analytical perspectives for carrying out the
research.

I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide Dr.S. Sanjeevi Prasad, who took interest
on our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing
all the necessary information for developing a good system.

I heartily thank our scholars for guidance and suggestions during this project work.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and

guidance from all teaching staffs of Department of Geography which helped us in
successfully completing our project work.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
COASTAL EROSION IN INDIA
COASTAL EROSION REASONS
COASTAL EROSION PREVENTIVE MEASURES
GIS USED FOR SHORELINE CHANGE

1.2 Need for the present study

1.3 Area selection
1.4 Aim & objectives

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Review of Literature

CHAPTER 3
3.1 LOCATION
3.2 WATERBODIES
3.3 Population
3.4 ROADS AND NETWORK
3.5 3.5.1 RAINFALL
3.5.2GEOLOGY
3.5.3 SOIL
3.5.4 GEOMORPHOLOGY
3.5.5 NET SHORELINE MOVEMENT(NSM)
3.5.6 END POINT RATE (EPR)
3.5.7 LINEAR REGRESSION RATE (LRR)
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 Methodology
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Result and findings
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Conclusions
CHAPTER 7
7.1 References
CHAPTER -1
1.1Introduction

Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-

term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the
action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice,
or other impacts of storms. The landward retreat of the shoreline
can be measured and described over a temporal scale of tides,
seasons, and other short-term cyclic processes. Coastal erosion may
be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion by
wind and water, and other forces, natural or unnatural.
On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations
in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones
with varying resistance to erosion. Softer areas become eroded
much faster than harder ones, which typically result in landforms
such as tunnels, bridges, columns, and pillars. Over time the coast
generally evens out. The softer areas fill up with sediment eroded
from hard areas, and rock formations are eroded away. Also
abrasion commonly happens in areas where there are strong winds,
loose sand, and soft rocks. The blowing of millions of sharp sand
grains creates a sandblasting effect. This effect helps to erode,
smooth and polish rocks. The definition of abrasion is grinding and
wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of
other rock or sand particles.

According to the IPCC, sea level rise caused by climate

change will increase coastal erosion worldwide, significantly
changing the coasts and low lying coastal areas.
Coastal Erosion in India
Coastal Erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of
beach sediments by high winds, drainage, wave action, wave
currents, and tidal currents. This article throws light on Coastal
erosion, the causes behind coastal erosion, findings of the Ministry
of Earth Sciences and National Centre for Coastal Research.
Coastal morphodynamics studies the erosion and sediment
redistribution in coastal areas. It is caused by corrosion, hydraulic
action or abrasion.

The beaches and shorelines in India serve multidimensional

needs such as seaport for maritime commerce, space for residential
& commercial structures, recreational purposes etc. Developmental
activities along the coastline have increased and the trend is
expected to continue in the decades to come. Similar to any other
maritime country, India’s long peninsular region constantly battles
erosion. The developmental activities are often carried out without
a clear understanding of the coastal dynamics. This leads to a long
term, in the worst cases, permanent damage particularly to the local
communities.

Coastal Erosion – Reasons

 Wave energy is considered to be the primary reason for coastal

erosion.

 According to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change (MOEFCC) 40% of India’s coastline is subjected to
high, medium or low coastal erosion.

 Natural hazards like cyclones, thermal expansion of seawater,

storm surges, tsunami etc due to the melting of continental
 glaciers and ice sheets as a result of climate change hamper the
natural rhythm and precipitate erosion.

 Strong littoral drift resulting in sand movement can also be

considered as one of the major reasons for coastal erosion.

 Dredging, sand mining and coral mining have contributed to

coastal erosion causing sediment deficit, modification of water
depth leading to longshore drift and altered wave refraction.

 Coastal erosion has been sparked by fishing harbours and

dams constructed in the catchment area of rivers and ports
reducing the flow of sediments from river estuaries.

Coastal Erosion – Preventive Measures

 Improving vegetation along the coastline, which is important
for improving slope stability and providing shoreline
protection.

 Using Geosynthetic tubes that are being used along the coast
in Odisha.

 Building out into the sea, low walls or barriers called groynes
to check drifting.

 Making use of indigenous knowledge of local communities

prior to decision making with respect to developmental
projects along the coastline.

GIS used for Shoreline change

The SCE, EPR, and LRR methods were used through the
DSAS extension running on ArcGIS software to detect the annual
shoreline changes. The SCE method was used to estimate the
magnitude of changes in the shoreline, and the EPR and LRR
methods were used to calculate the change rates.

1.2Need for Study

The changes occurring in the coastal regions of the countries

with coasts are a very important issue for many professional
disciplines, especially management and planning. Although the
studies conducted on the detection of shoreline changes, future
predictions, planning and taking measure are the center of interest
all over the world, studies conducted on the subject are inadequate.
In this study, it is aimed to reveal the shoreline change occurring in
the south chennai coast by using satellite images and GIS-based
analyses.

1.3Area selection

The adayar zone,shollinganallur zone,perungudi

zone,teynampet zone were selected on the basis of 30% high
erosion and accretion is recorded in the south chennai coast.

1.4Aim

The aim of the study is to access the shoreline change along

South Chennai Coast

Objectives

(i) To study the shoreline changes occured along the south chennai
coast.
(ii) To identify the alteration (accretion and erosion) occured in
south chennai shoreline from 2004 to 2020
(iii) To Access the vulnerable regions in the south chennai coast
CHAPTER -2
2.1Review of Literature
IMRAN A. DAR,2009, CHENNAI COAST The author
quantifies the erosion of the Chennai coast in india and predicts
how the shoreline will recede in future.The research reported in this
paper addresses this issue,using mapping data from 1904,1974,1996
and 2002 to estimate by linear regression,the shoreline recession.

S.Saravannan,2014, SOUTH EAST INDIA:THE Author made

an attempt here to delineate different zones based on their sand
budget and erosion rate.Linear imaging self scanning sensor
(liss)III AND PAN merged data of year 2001 have been utilized
here to identify the coastal geomorphological features,shoreline
changes and river course changes.

k.ANBARASU,2002, EAST COAST OF INDIA:The author

analysed the causes for coastal erosion is due to wave refraction
patterns exhibit convergence of wave energy around the study area
leading to erosion.

SAMPATH KUMAR,2015, SOUTH CHENNAI: THE author

signifies the different forces like hydrodynamic
force,hydrodynamic uplift forces are considered for the design of
sea wall.Thecritcical load combination is the impact force which
can be protected through the constructive build up projects as
mentioned in this study.

USHA NATESAN,2015, TAMILNADU:The author made an

attempt to eradicate the accreting and eroding sites from multi
temporal satellite images of tamilnadu coast (1978 to 2014) using
geospatial techniques coupled with unitedstates geological survey
digitalshoreline analysis system(DSAS).Rate of shoreline changes
were demarcated based on END POINT RATE(EPR)and Linear
regression rate of change(LRR)

KANMANI.T,2012, THE author quantifies to describe the

areal extent of coastal morphology along the entire tamilnadu
coast,within a 3km buffer zone.Analysis of the results in his study
shows that any one of the relief features present along a given coast
is the result of a combination of process sediments and the geology
of coast itself.

DHANALAKSHMI.S,2020, CHENNAI COAST The study

has been attempted to made to demarcate the impact of sea level
rise along the Chennai coast.The shoreline has been extracted and
using DSAS tool in ARC GIS,long term (1990-2014)were analyzed
using linear regression rate and weighted linear regression.

ISHITA AFREEN.2007, VISAKKHAPATTINAM Coastline or

Shoreline calculation is one of the important factors in the finding
of coastal accretion and erosion and the study of coastal
morphodynamic. Coastal erosion is a tentative hazard for
communities especially in coastal areas as it is extremely
susceptible to increasing coastal disasters. The study has been
conducted along the coast of Vishakhapatnam district, Andhra
Pradesh, India with the help of multi-temporal satellite images of
1991 2001, 2011 and 2018. The continuing coastal erosion and
accretion rates have been calculated using the Digital Shoreline
Analysis System (DSAS). Linear regression rate (LRR), End Point
Rate (EPR) and Weighted Linear Regression (WLR) are used for
calculating shoreline change rate. Based on calculations the district
shoreline has been classified into five categories as high and low
erosion, no change and high and low accretion.
CHAPTER -3
Study Area
South Chennai Coast
3.1Location

Chennai is located at 13 04°N 80.17°E on the southeast coast

of India and in the northeast corner of Tamil Nadu. It is located on a
flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. The city has
an average elevation of 6 metres (20 ft), its highest point being
60 m (200 ft).

3.2Water Bodies

Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River (or

Koovam) in the central region and the Adyar River in the southern
region. Both rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and trash
from domestic and commercial sources. The Adyar, which is much
less polluted than the Cooum, is de-silted and cleaned periodically
by the state government. A protected estuary of the Adyar forms the
natural habitat of several species of birds and animals. Buckingham
canal is the only canal which touches the zone in Moolakotharam
canal road that travels about 2.75Km and leaves at George Town to
zone 9 (Teynampet).

3.3Population

South Chennai region would include Valasaravakkam,

Alandur, Adyar, Perungudi and Sholinganallur and have a total area
of 158.84 km. The population of the region would be 10.8 lakh. The
head office of the South Chennai region would be in Saidapet.
3.4ROADS & NETWORK

In this zone there are 1427 roads, out of which 1,370 roads to a
length of 220.38 Km are interior Roads, 57 Roadsto a length of
37.98 Km are Bus Route Roads which are maintained by GCC.
Fig –1, Study Area Map (South Chennai Coast line), Chennai City
3.5Data Analysis

Location Analysis

3.5.1Rainfall

The average annual rainfall is about 1,400 mm (55 in). The

city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon
winds, from mid-September to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay
of Bengal sometimes hit the city. Highest annual rainfall recorded is
2,570 mm in 2005. The most prevailing winds in Chennai is the
Southwesterly between the end of May to end of September and the
Northeasterly during the rest of the year.
3.5.2Geology

The geology of Chennai comprises mostly clay, shale and

sandstone. The city is classified into three regions based on
geology, sandy areas, clayey areas and hard-rock areas. Sandy areas
are found along the river banks and the coasts. Clayey regions
cover most of the city. Hard rock areas are Guindy, Velachery,
Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet. In sandy areas such as
Tiruvanmiyur, Adyar, Kottivakkam, Santhome, George Town,
Tondiarpet and the rest of coastal Chennai, rainwater run-off
percolates very quickly. In clayey and hard rock areas, rainwater
percolates slowly, but it is held by the soil for a longer time. The
city's clayey areas include T. Nagar, West Mambalam, Anna Nagar,
Perambur and Virugambakkam.
3.5.3Soil

The soil of Chennai mostly consists of clay, sedimentary rocks

and sandstone. Riverbanks and coasts, such as Tiruvanmiyur,
Adyar, Kottivakkam, San Thomes, George Town, Tondiarpet and
the rest of coastal Chennai have sandy soil. Hence, rainwater
percolates quickly through the soil.
3.5.4Geomorphology

Chennai based on archaeological findings on the ferricrete

surface, geomorphological observations supplemented by
radiocarbon dating. The coastal landscape around Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, has preserved ferruginised boulder gravel deposits,
ferricretes and fluvial deposits of varying thickness. The area
studied is approximately 150 km east to west and 180 km north to
south with a broad continental shelf towards the seaward. Several
rivers enter the Bay of Bengal along its shores like the
Koratallaiyar, Cooum and the Adyar. Precambrian charnockite and
Upper Gondwana sandstone and shale bedrock rim the shelf
margin. For the most part, the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene fluvial
sediments overlie an erosion surface that has cut into older
Pleistocene sediments and ferricrete surface. Incised valleys that cut
into this erosion surface are up to 5–6 km wide and have a relief of
at least 30 m. The largest valley is that cut by the Koratallaiyar
River. Holocene sediments deposited in the incised valleys include
fluvial gravels, early transgressive channel sands and floodplain
silts. Older Pleistocene sediments are deposited before and during
the 120-ka high stand (Marine isotope stage 5). They consist of
ferricretes and ferricrete gravel formed in nearshore humid
environments. Muddy and sandy clastic sediments dated to the ca. 5
ka highstand suggest that the climate was semi arid at this time with
less fluvial transport. The coarsening up sequence indicates
deposition by high intensity channel processes. Pedogenic mottled,
clayey silt unit represents an important tectonic event when the
channel was temporarily drained and sediment were sub aerially
exposed. Uplift of the region has caused the local rivers to incise
into the landscape, forming degradation terraces.
3.5.5Net Shoreline Movement(NSM)

Statistics plotted include the net shoreline movement (NSM),

which is the total movement between the two shoreline positions.
This measurement of change uses only two dates, and thus is
considered an end point measure of change, as it does not use any
other information between dates.

The netshoreline movement analyse the actual change in the

shoreline movement which signiies the zone 1 values ranges from -
2.39 to -1.456 and zone2 varies at the rate of -1.45 to 6.54.

zone 3 and zone 4 come up with moderate chages in values

ranging from -65.41 to -9.43 and54.40 to -127.54 which rises up to
the peak with the numeric values which is alinghned in the map
extension.
3.5.6End Point Rate(EPR)

The end point rate is calculated by dividing the distance of

shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the two
shorelines. The rate is reported in meters per year with positive
values indicating accretion and negative values indicating erosion.

The EPR values which ranges from zone 1 to zone 2 along the
shoreline which includes -14.39 to – 9.91 and -9.90 to -5.43 ,zone 3
to zone 4 values of numeric sequences ranges between -5.42 to -
0.96 and -0.95 to -3.52and 3.53to 8.00 which is identified in the
extension of end point rate which shows the changes in shoreline
3.5.7Linear Regression Rate

The DSAS approach calculates shoreline rates of change based

on the measured differences between the shoreline positions
associated with specific time periods. ... (iv) Linear Regression
Rate (LRR): determines a rate-of-change statistic by fitting a least
square regression to all shorelines at a specific transects.

The linear regression rate of change ranges from the numeric

values between -10.16 to -6.13 to -3.35 from zone1 to zone 2,-3.34
to 8.23to -0.24 to 3.53 from zone 3 to zone4 which signifies the
linear regression and determines the rate of change of erosion level
in theshorelinearea
CHAPTER -4
4.1Methodology

Demarcating the study area as per the analysis over the

shoreline and influencing the satellite images
(pancromatic),conferencing the pancromatic image and once the
process is over soon the extraction of shoreline is done through dsas
tool in arc gis,and then finding out the results by interpreting the net
shoreline movement(NSM)

end point rate(EPR)and also the LRR(linear regression rate.

Fig –1.1Flow chart demonstrating the main steps of the study
procedures.
CHAPTER -5
5.1Result and Findings
Coastal Erosion – Reasons

 According to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change (MOEFCC) 40% of India’s coastline is subjected to
high, medium or low coastal erosion.

 Wave energy is considered to be the primary reason for coastal

erosion.

 Natural hazards like cyclones, thermal expansion of seawater,

storm surges, tsunami etc due to the melting of continental
glaciers and ice sheets as a result of climate change hamper the
natural rhythm and precipitate erosion.

 Strong littoral drift resulting in sand movement can also be

considered as one of the major reasons for coastal erosion.

 Dredging, sand mining and coral mining have contributed to

coastal erosion causing sediment deficit, modification of water
depth leading to longshore drift and altered wave refraction.

 Coastal erosion has been sparked by fishing harbours and

dams constructed in the catchment area of rivers and ports
reducing the flow of sediments from river estuaries.

Coastal Vulnerability Analysis over coastalerosion

 The zone1 adyar remains more vulnerable to coastal erosion
with the status of very high erosion recorded in that area

 The zone2 perungudi ranks second in the list which remains

high vulnerable next to adyar region in south chennai coastline

 The zone 3 shollinganallur ranks third in the list which

remains less amount of erosion compared to adyar and
 perungudi which is analysed in the map were it is less
vulnerable.to erosion

 The zone 4 teynampet area ranks fourth vulnerable region

compared to the three areas it shows the stable vulnerability to
the erosion along the shoreline analysis in south chennai
coastline

Zone – I:
In the analysis of south chennai coast the adyar region is vulnerable
to high accretion with the ranging values of EPR rate which
ranges from 14.390- 9.150 and NSM rate which ranges between
7.36-5.45 which shows the peak in net shoreline movement.

Zone -2:
The perungudi region is second most vulnerable to erosion with
ranging values of EPR rate which ranges between 9.149-4.110 and
NSM rate which ranges between 6.41 -4.14 which is the second
most eroded area.

Zone 3:
The sholinganallur region is the third most vulnerable to coastal
erosion and accretion with ranging values of EPR rate 4.109-0.590
and NSM rate which changes between 5.21-3.25 which is third
most eroded area.

Zone 4:
The tynampet area is ranked fourth most vulnerable to coastal
erosion with ranging values of EPR RATE which rangs between
0.589- 3.410 and NSM rate which ranges between 3.62 -0.59 which
is the fourth most eroded area
CHAPTER -6
6.1Conclusion

Coastal erosion assessment for the southern Chennai coast has

been carried out using natural and anthropogenic factors. The
results shows that effect of anthropogenic activities have played a
pivotal role for present-day negative sedimentary budget.
Anthropogenic threats are the consequences of
rapidurbanization, population growth, tourism activities, port and
harbor development, industrialization, over-exploitation of
natural resources, waste accumulation and environmental
pollution. On the other hand, natural pressures include sea-level rise
and its effects on near-shore sedimentation, present and past coastal
circulation dynamics, particularly associated with coastal
geomorphology, global warming and climatic anomalies. The
impacts noticed due to beach erosion are persistent loss of land and
ecosystem, reduced supply of sediment, destruction of human
properties, damages due to wave attack, loss of natural
resources, increase of water turbidity and siltation, impact on
biota, tourism activities and economic losses. As a maritime
continental country, India will have to rely more on its coastal and
marine than land-based resources. It is, therefore, vital to have a
comprehensive understanding of coastal erosion structures,
functions and dynamics in such a way that the conservation and
management of coastal zone can be conducted in an efficient
and sustainable manner.
CHAPTER -7
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