CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the seminar on “SMART ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION” is a work carried out by INDIGENE in the department of
Electrical Electronics Engineering ( Instrumentationoption), School Of
Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri Imo State.

_______________________ ____________________
ENGR A.I AKWU. Date
(supervisor).

_______________________ ____________________
ENGR. OSONDU Date
(HOD).

_______________________. __________________
ENGR. R.U. ONUOHA. Date
Seminar co-ordinator

_______________________. _____________________

External Supervisor. Date

 ABSTRACT
One of the most rapidly developing areas of communications is “Smart
Antenna” systems. This paper deals with the principle and  working of smart
antennas and the elegance of their applications in various fields such a 4G
telephony system, best suitability of multi carrier modulations such as OFDMA
etc..,
This paper mainly concentrates on use of smart antennas in mobile
communications that enhances the capabilities of the mobile and cellular
system such a faster bit rate, multi use interference, space division
multiplexing (SDMA),increase in range, Multi path Mitigation, reduction of
errors due to multi path fading and with one great advantage that is a very
high security. The signal that is been transmitted by a smart antenna cannot
tracked or received any other antenna thus ensuring a very high security of the
data transmitted. This paper also deals the required algorithms that are need
for the beam forming in the antenna patters.
The applications of smart antennas such as in WI-FI transmitter, Discrete  Multi
Tone modulation (DMT),     OFDMA and TD-SCDMA is already in real world use
is also incorporated in this paper.

Keywords: Antenna, Frequency, Wireless, communication

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A smart antenna is an array of antenna elements connected to a digital signal
processor. Such a configuration dramatically enhances the capacity of a
wireless link through a combination of diversity gain, array gain, and
interference suppression. Increased capacity translates to higher data rates for
a given number of users or more users for a given data rate per user.

Multipath paths of propagation are created by reflections and scattering. Also,

interference signals such as that produced by the microwave oven in the
picture, are superimposed on the desired signals. Measurements suggest that
each path is really a bundle or cluster of paths, resulting from surface
roughness or irregularities. The random gain of the bundle is called Multipath
fading

In view of explosive growth in the number of digital cellular subscribers,

service providers are becoming increasingly concerned with the limited
capacities of their existing networks. This concern has led to the
deployment of smart antenna systems throughout major metropolitan
cellular markets. These smart antenna systems have typically employed
multibeam technologies, which have been shown, through extensive
analysis, simulation, and experimentation, to provide substantial
performance improvements in FDMA, TDMA and CDMA networks.
Multibeam architectures for FDMA and TDMA systems provide the
straight-forward ability of the smart antenna to be implemented as a
non-invasive add-on to an existing cell site, without major modifications
or special interfaces.
The concept of using multiple antennas and innovative signal processing
to serve cells more intelligently has existed for many years. In fact,
varying degrees of relatively costly smart antenna systems have already
been applied in defense systems. Until recent years, cost barriers have
prevented their use in commercial systems. The advent of powerful low-
cost digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose processors (and
ASICs), as well as innovative software-based signal-processing techniques
(algorithms) have made intelligent antennas practical for cellular
communications systems.

What Is a Smart Antenna System?

In truth, antennas are not smart antenna systems are smart. Generally
co-located with a base station, a smart antenna system combines an
antenna array with a digital signal-processing capability to transmit and
receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. Such a configuration
dramatically enhances the capacity of a wireless link through a
combination of diversity gain, array gain and interference suppression.
Increased capacity translates to higher data rates for a given number of
users or more users for a given data rate per user. In other words, such
a system can automatically change the directionality of its radiation
patterns in response to its signal environment. This can dramatically
increase the performance characteristics (such as capacity) of a wireless
system. Multipath of propagation are created by reflections and
scattering. Also, interference signals such as that produced by the
microwave oven are superimposed on the desired signals. Measurements
suggest that each path is really a bundle or cluster of paths, resulting
from surface roughness or irregularities. The random gain of the bundle
is called multipath fading.

How Many Types of Smart Antenna Systems Are There?

Terms commonly heard today that embrace various aspects of a smart

antenna system technology include intelligent antennas, phased array,
SDMA, spatial processing, digital beam forming, adaptive antenna
systems, and others. Smart antenna systems are customarily categorized,
however, as either switched beam or adaptive array systems. The
following are distinctions between the two major categories of smart
antennas regarding the choices in transmit strategy:

• Switched Beam—a finite number of fixed, predefined patterns or

combining strategies (sectors)

• Adaptive Array—an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) that

are adjusted in real time .
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Saleh Ali Alomari et al. proposed an overview of wireless communication

technology for mobile node and mobile ad hoc network, wireless
transmission and the mobile communication through homogeneous and
heterogeneous networks in the paper, “A Comprehensive Study of
Wireless Communication Technology for the Future Mobile Devices,” .
“Broadband Wireless: The New Era in Communications, “A white paper
published by Intel in Communications, mentioned that there is no doubt
about the world is going wireless, faster and more broadly than anyone
might have expected. In this visionary paper, Intel demonstrates this new
reality and predicts that billions of people will gain highspeed Internet
access wirelessly within the next decade. The premise for this vision is
clear; all high-speed wireless technologies (3G, Wireless Fidelity, WiMAX
and Ultra-Wideband) will coexist, working in tandem to meet service
provider and customer needs for truly mobile computing and
communications across the globe. No single technology will become
dominant, all meet unique user requirements in a wirelessly connected
world. In fact, the most robust wireless solutions will use a combination
of technologies to enable increased mobility and eventually seamless
roaming. Intel wholeheartedly embraces the march to wireless, and is
enabling the revolution through industry leadership, technology
development, and new silicon products. From Intel Centrino mobile
technology to WiMAX technology to Intel PXA processors, you’ll find Intel
at the forefront of the broadband wireless revolution. Daniel J. Bem et
al. in the paper, “Smart antennas for mobile communications systems
[4],” presented an outline of most important problems related to the
development of advanced base station antennas which are referred to as
smart antennas. They are needed by new generations of mobile
communications systems. Smart antennas involve not only RF components,
but also a broad segment of digital beamforming and DSP units.
Rameshwar Kawitkar focused on the issues about the smart antenna in
mobile radio network in the paper, “Issues in deploying smart antenna in
mobile radio networks ”. Khurram Sheikh et al. have given an overview
of SA applications in fixed broadband wireless access (BWA) networks.
Different SA techniques are described including recent advances such as
“spatial multiplexing” that can dramatically increase the performance of
BWA networks. The impact of SA techniques on capacity and throughput
of BWA networks is discussed in the paper, Smart Antennas for
Broadband Wireless Access Networks. Guoqing Li et al. have discussed
the application of directional antennas in ad- hoc/mesh networks and has
identified the potential it presents to mesh networks as well as the
implications and challenges posed to physical, medium access control and
routing protocols including a survey of the state of the art protocols in
this field, in the paper, “Opportunities and Challenges for Mesh Networks
Using Directional Antennas,”,. JOHN A et al. have reviewed the issues in
exploiting smart antennas in mesh networks and identified conditions
necessary for their exploitation, described the legacy contention MAC
(Media Access Control) protocols and reviewed their potential to exploit
directional and smart antennas. Tom Van Leeuwen et al. have suggested
some methods to tackle the pitfalls like bandwidth shortage, frequent
handovers, etc for mobile terminals moving at vehicular speeds, the so-
called ‘virtual office’ or ‘virtual home’, in the paper Broadband Wireless
Communication in Vehicles. Kazuhiro UEHARA reviewed the current trends
in broadband wireless communication systems, including cellular, wireless
LAN, and fixed wireless access (FWA) systems and described the recent
activities in the development of software defined radios (SDRs) that are
essential for realizing the systems beyond 3G, with a particular focus on
processor and security issues in the paper, “Trends in Broadband
Wireless Communication Systems and Software Defined Radios”. Michael
J. Luddy et al., have proposed the use of the ducting layer, with
adaptive antennas, MIMO, ad hoc networking, appliqués, and shared
apertures to improve naval communications systems for beyond line-of-
sight (LOS) at microwave frequencies. By using the ducting layer as a
leaky waveguide and the adaptive array to resolve and coherently
combine multipath in this layer, exploited natural phenomena that were
previously considered impairments to enhance performance using
sophisticated signal processing. Hongwei Yang et al. have given a brief
technical overview of MIMO-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) system design and focused on various research topics for
the MIMO-OFDM-based air interface. X Gu et al. addresses some of the
key issues that remain open regarding MIMO technology for broadband
wireless access in the paper , “MIMO systems for broadband wireless
communications,” the paper focuses on MIMO channel modelling and
capacity analysis. Mursalin Habib et al. have investigated several
techniques that employ adaptive antenna array to improve the
performance of an OFDM based WLAN. They employed the transmission
format specified by the IEEE 802.11g standard, and demonstrated the
improvement in performance with the aid of computer simulations. A. A.
Shishegar et al. have considered a wideband spatio-temporal channel
model for 802.11a WLAN with a variety of possible channel scenarios.
For two different scenarios, they have investigated the effect of the
number of antenna elements on the performance of the system. In case
of Pre-FFT an increase in the number of elements in array causes a
moderate increase in complexity, while for post-FFT, increasing the
number of elements causes a lot more complexity and also a need for
longer training sequences. In both cases increasing the number of
antennas decreases the Bit Error Rate (BER) which is more significant for
Post-FFT. It was thus concluded that there is a tradeoff between the
number of antennas, complexity and the length of training sequences (for
Post-FFT) and hence it is recommended not to increase the number of
antennas after a saturation point. Javier V´ıa et al. have proposed a
general beamforming criterion for pre-FFT processing in OFDM systems
with multiple transmit and receive antennas. They have proposed criterion
which reduces the minimization of the mean square error (MSE), with
maximization of the system capacity, or the maximization of the received
SNR. Defeng (David) Huang et al. proposed a pre- DFT processing scheme
based upon Eigen analysis. In the proposed scheme, the received signals
are weighted and combined both before and after the DFT processing. As
a result, the required number of DFT blocks can be significantly reduced.
Shao-Hua Chu et al. presented Monte Carlo simulation based on the IEEE
802.11a physical layer specification and utilizes switch-beam SA operation
at the AP to enhance WLAN performance. The simulation results show
that, for BER = 10-3, performance improves by 2 dB in LOS case and 6
dB in NLOS case when switch-beam SA is used.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The concept of using multiple antennas and innovative signal processing

to serve cells more intelligently has existed for many years. In fact,
varying degrees of relatively costly smart antenna systems have already
been applied in defense systems. Until recent years, cost barriers have
prevented their use in commercial systems. The advent of powerful low-
cost digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose processors (and
ASICs), as well as innovative software-based signal-processing techniques
(algorithms) have made intelligent antennas practical for cellular
communications systems. This system is providing greater coverage area
for each cell site, higher rejection of interference and substantial capacity
improvements.

Principle of Smart Antenna System

The smart antenna works as follows. Each antenna element “sees” each
propagation path differently, enabling the collection of elements to
distinguish individual paths to within a certain resolution. As a
consequence, smart antenna transmitters can encode independent
streams of data onto different paths or linear combinations of paths,
thereby increasing the data rate, or they can encode data redundantly
onto paths that fade independently to protect the receiver from
catastrophic signal fades, thereby providing diversity gain. A smart
antenna receiver can decode the data from a smart antenna transmitter
this is the highest-performing configuration or it can simply provide array
gain or diversity gain to the desired signals transmitted from conventional
transmitters and suppress the interference. No manual placement of
antennas is required. The smart antenna electronically adapts to the
environment. In truth, antennas are not smart antenna systems are
smart. Generally co-located with a base station, a smart antenna system
combines an antenna array with a digital signal-processing capability to
transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. Such a
configuration dramatically enhances the capacity of a wireless link through
a combination of diversity gain, array gain and interference suppression.
Increased capacity translates to higher data rates for a given number of
users or more users for a given data rate per user. In other words, such
a system can automatically change the directionality of its radiation
patterns in response to its signal environment. This can dramatically
increase the performance characteristics (such as capacity) of a wireless
system. Multipath of propagation are created by reflections and
scattering. Also, interference signals such as that produced by the
microwave oven are superimposed on the desired signals. Measurements
suggest that each path is really a bundle or cluster of paths, resulting
from surface roughness or irregularities. The random gain of the bundle
is called multipath fading.

Types of Smart Antenna Systems

 Switched Beam Antenna

Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with

heightened sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems
detect signal strength, choose from one of several predetermined, fixed
beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves
throughout the sector. Instead of shaping the directional antenna pattern
with the metallic properties and physical design of a single element (like
a sectorized antenna), switched beam systems combine the outputs of
multiple antennas in such a way as to form finely sectorized (directional)
beams with more spatial selectivity than can be achieved with
conventional, single-element.

 Adaptive Array Antenna

Adaptive antenna technology represents the most advanced smart

antenna approach to date. Using a variety of new signal-processing
algorithms, the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability to
effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically
minimize interference and maximize intended signal reception.

Both systems attempt to increase gain according to the location of the

user; however, only the adaptive system provides optimal gain while
simultaneously identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering signals.
Adaptive Array Coverage: A representative depiction of a main lobe
extending toward a tser with a null directed toward a co-channel
interferer.

Application in Mobile Communications

A space-time processor (smart antenna) is capable of forming

transmit/receive beams towards the mobile of interest. At the same time
it is possible to place spatial nulls in the direction of unwanted
interferences. This capability can be used to improve the performance of
a mobile communication system.

 Increased Antenna Gain The ‟smart‟ antenna forms transmit and

receive beam s. Therefore, the ‟smart‟ antenna has a higher gain
than a conventional omni-directional antenna. The higher gain can
be used to either increase the effective coverage, or to increase
the receiver sensitivity, which in turn can be exploited to reduce
transmit power and electromagnetic Radiation in the network.
 Decreased inter symbol interference: Multipath propagation in
mobile radio environments leads to ISI. Using transmit and receive
beams that are directed towards the mobile of interest reduces the
amount of Multipath and ISI.
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

“Smart Antenna” systems are the antennas with intelligence and the
radiation pattern can be varied without being mechanically changed. With
appropriate adaptive algorithms such as Recursive Least Square Algorithm
(RLS) the beam forming can be obtained. As the system uses a DSP
processor the signals can be processed digitally and the performance
with a high data rate transmission and good reduction of mutual signal
interference. The narrow beams get rid of interference, allowing many
users to be connected with in the same cell at the same time using the
same frequencies and can adapt the frequency allocation to where the
most users are located. With adaptive beam forming, spectral efficiency
of the cell could be multiplied at least ten times. Smart antennas
effectively reduce the power consumption which in turn avoids RF
pollution, minimize health hazard and save scarce resource (diesel &
foreign exchange). Indeed it has been argued that performance
requirement of a future cellular communication system cannot be made
without the use of smart antennas.

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