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3.Hvdc Controls
3.Hvdc Controls
3.Hvdc Controls
Overview
HVDC Control & Protection
Id
U1 U2
AC System A AC System B
Id
U1 U2
AC System A AC System B
HVDC Control
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Id
Id in one direction only
U1 = = U2
Magnitude of Id or power is
controlled depending on
U1 U2 the difference in the
terminal voltages (U1, U2)
U1 U2
I
d
Converter Converter
ACF Control Control ACF
Rectifier Inverter
capacitors capacitors
Id-Control Ud-Control
ACF ACF
Reactive Reactive
Power Control Power Control
(AC Voltage (AC Voltage
Limitation Limitation
Control) Control)
AC System A AC System B
Converter Control Reactive Power Control Tap Changer Control
Id Id
V1 V3 V5 V1 V3 V5
Phase A Phase A
Phase B Ud Phase B Ud
Phase C Phase C
V4 V6 V2 V4 V6 V2
+Ud
Rectifier
Operation
160
0
α
5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
Principles of HVDC Controls
Control of DC Voltage
160 α
0
5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
α Inv Limit
α = 0ο α = 30ο α = 60ο
Ud
Ud
ωt
ωt
-Ud
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Fixed Firing Angles α
Fixed αo Fixed αo
Trigger Trigger
set set
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
Converter Control Functions, Fixed Firing Angles α
1.0
Operating
Point
1.0
Id (p.u.)
Station B (Rectifier)
Fixed αo (~15°)
-1.0
Converter Characteristics with Fixed Firing
Angles (no controller)
Rectifier
Rectifier Fixed
Fixed αo (~15°)
αo (~15°)
Inverter Fixed αo (~140°)
Ud (p.u.)
AC Bus Voltage reduction
at rectifier
1.0
Operating Point
Operating Point with reduced rectifier
AC Voltage
Id (p.u.)
1.0
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Id control at Rectifer
I DC Ref
PI Controller
I DC Act + I DC Control αo Fixed αo
-
Trigger Trigger
set set
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
DC Current Control at rectifier station
Ud (p.u.)
No change in DC Current,
but change in DC Voltage
1.0 Id (p.u.)
• Angle of the rectifier is not fixed to 15° anymore but controlled to lets
say 15°
• In case of AC voltage reductions at recitifer station, the current
controller reduced the Angle in order to keep the required DC Voltage
• Angle can be decreased down to 5°
i.e. no change in rectifier DC voltage as long as the DC voltage referring
to 5°
• Reaction of AC voltage Decrease at inverter station
• To avoid DC Voltage changes due to inverter AC bus voltage changes, a
DC voltage control is applied at the inverter station
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Control
I DC Ref
U DC Ref
PI Controller PI Controller
I DC Act + I DC Control αo αo U DC Control - U DC Act
- +
Trigger Trigger
set set
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Control
No change in DC Voltage,
DC Current reduction but change in DC Current
(depending on AC Voltage)
DC Current Margin
Control at inverter
1.0 Id (p.u.)
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Id Margin Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref + -
I DC Control + I DC Act
I DC Ref
- U DC Ref
PI Controller PI Controller
I DC Act + I DC Control αo αo M U DC Control - U DC Act
- A
X +
Trigger Trigger
set set
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Id Margin Control
1.0
AC Bus Voltage reduction
at rectifier
Inv Fixed αmax (~160°)
Operating Point
Operating Point without (e.g. αRect =15°, αInv =140°)
inverter Id Margin
Control
1.0 Id (p.u.)
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Extinction Angle Control
Operating Point
(e.g. αRect =15°, αInv =140°)
1.0 Id (p.u.)
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, Extinction Angle Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref + -
I DC Control + I DC Act
I DC Ref
- U DC Ref
PI Controller PI Controller
I DC Act + I DC Control αo αo
M U DC Control - U DC Act
- A +
X Gamma Ref
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
Extinction Angle Control (Gamma Control)
Rectifier DC Voltage
Limit Control Operating Point
(e.g. αRect =15°, αInv =140°)
DC Voltage Margin
1.0 Id (p.u.)
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions, DC Voltage Limit Control
I DC Ref
I marg
I DC Ref + -
I DC Ref I DC Control + I DC Act
- M
αo αo
M U DC Control - U DC Act
U DC Ref I A +
U DC Act + U DC Control N X Gamma Ref
- + Trigger Trigger Gamma Control + Gamma Act
set set
U marg
-
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
DC Voltage Limitation Controller at Rectifier
Rectifier Ud Cont.
Inverter Ud Cont.
1.0
d Contr.
DC Line Drop
0.9
Operation Point
0.8 CEC
Inverter Id Cont.
Minimum DC Current
0.7
Inverter VDCOL
0.5
0.4
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 ld (pu)
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions
P Ref
Current Order
U DC Act
Calulator
I marg
I DC Ref
+
-
I DC Ref
I DC Control + - I DC Act
I DC Act + I DC Control
- PI Controller PI Controller
U DC Ref
DC Ref U Min
αo αo
MAX
U DC Control - +U DC Act
DC Act U + U DC Control 17°
-+ Trigger Trigger γ Control + - γ Act
U marg set set
Id
AC SYSTEM AC SYSTEM
A Ud Rect Ud Inv
B
Rectifier Inverter
Principles of HVDC Controls
Converter Control Functions
DC Power Control
• The steady state Power Order is normally determined by the Operator from the
Operator Control System
• Current order is calculated by the Current Order Calculator
• Current order calculated by dividing the DC power order by the measured DC
voltage.