Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Value Added Tax
Value Added Tax
A. SCOPE
142
Title IV, NIRC, as amended by RAs 7716, 8241, 8424, 9238, 9337, 9361, 9511
and
10378 and 10864.
143
The term “in the course of trade or business” means the regular conduct or
pursuit of a commercial or economic activity, including transactions incidental
thereto, by any persons regardless of whether or not the person engaged therein is a
non-stock, non-profit private organization, or government entity.
144
Sec. 109(V), supra. RR 16-2011 increased the amount of the threshold from
PhP1,500,000 under RA 9337 to PhP1,919,500 using 2010 CPI effective January 1,
2012. The amount shall be adjusted to its present value using the CPI, as published by
the NSO, every three (3) years thereafter and the adjustment shall be published
through revenue regulations to be issued not later than March 31 of each year.
145
Sec. 105, supra.
146
Sec. 106(B), supra.
147
Transfer of goods or properties not in the course of business can take place
when a VAT registered person withdraws goods from his business for his personal
148
Sec. 106(A), supra.
149
Sec. 106(E), supra.
150
RMC 7-2006 increased the VAT rate from 10% to 12% effective February 1,
2006 upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance and after certain
conditions were satisfied as stated under RA 9337.
C. TRANSACTIONS SUBJECT TO 12%
2. Importation of Goods153
151
Sec. 106(A), supra.
152
The term “gross selling price” means the total amount of money or its
equivalent which the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the seller in
consideration of the sale, barter or exchange of the goods or properties, excluding
VAT. The excise tax, if any, on such goods or properties shall form part of the gross
selling price.
In the case of sale, barter or exchange of real property subject to VAT, gross
selling price shall mean the consideration stated in the sales document or the fair
market value, whichever is higher. If the VAT is not billed separately in the document
of sale, the selling price or the consideration stated therein shall be deemed to be
inclusive of VAT. (Sec. 4, RR 4-2007)
153
Sec. 107, supra.
i. Dealers in securities;
154
Sec. 108, supra.
155
The term “sale or exchange of services” means the performance of all kinds
of services in the Philippines for others for a fee, remuneration or consideration,
regardless of whether or not the performance thereof calls for the exercise or use of
the physical or mental faculties. [Sec. 108(A), NIRC.]
156
The term “gross receipts” means the total amount of money or its equivalent
representing the contract price, compensation, service fee, rental or royalty, including
the amount charged for materials supplied with the services and deposits applied as
payments for services rendered and advanced payments actually or constructively
received during the taxable period for services performed or to be performed for
another person, excluding VAT, except those amounts earmarked for payment to
unrelated third (3rd ) party or received as reimbursement for advance payment on
behalf of another which do not redound to the benefit of the payor. (Sec. 4.108-4, RR
4-2007)
j. Lending investors;
157
It is noted that transport network companies, such as but not limited to the
likes of UBER, GRAB TAXI, their Partners/suppliers and similar arrangements, who
are not holders of a valid and current Certificate of Public Convenience are known as
land transportation service contractors subject to the 12% VAT. Otherwise, it is
classified as a common carrier subject to the 3% domestic carrier tax under Sec. 117.
(RMC 70-2015)
158
RA 9337 removed the VAT exemption of common carriers by air and sea
relative to their transport of passengers.
159
RA 9511 imposed a 3% franchise tax on all gross receipts derived by the
National Grid Corporation from its transmission operation, in effect, amending the
VAT by reverting the taxation of transmission companies to the franchise tax.
Chapter III Value Added Tax
r. The lease or the use of, or the right to use of any industrial,
commercial or scientific equipment;
x. The lease or the use of, or the right to use, radio, television,
satellite transmission and cable television time;
160
A real estate investment trust (REIT) shall be subject to VAT on its gross
sales from any disposal of real property, and on its gross receipts from the rental of
such real property. A REIT shall not be considered as a dealer in securities and shall
D. TRANSACTIONS SUBJECT TO 0%
1. Sale of Goods164
a. Export sales;165
161
Starting October 1, 2011, the 12% VAT shall be imposed on the gross receipts
of toll way operators from all types of vehicles. (RMC 39-2011)
162
Gross receipts of recreational clubs or clubs which are organized and
operated exclusively for pleasure, recreation, and other non-profit purposes including
but not limited to membership fees, assessment dues, rental income, and service fees
are subject to VAT. (RMC 35-2012)
163
In RMCs 65-2012 and 9-2013, association dues, membership fees and other
assessments/charges collected by a condominium corporation and homeowners’
association are subject to VAT since they constitute income payment or compensation
for the beneficial services it provides to its members, tenants and homeowner-
members. However, they may be exempted from VAT subject to the fulfillment of the
conditions provided by Section 18 of RA 9904, otherwise known as the “Magna Carta
for Homeowners and Homeowners’ Associations”.
164
Sec. 106(A)(2), supra.
165
“Export sales” means the sale and actual shipment of goods from the
Philippines to a foreign country; sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a
non- resident buyer for delivery to a resident local export-oriented enterprise; sale of
gold to the BSP; those considered export sales under Executive Order (EO) No. 226
and other special laws; and sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons
engaged in international shipping or international air transport operations. [Sec. 106(A)
(2)(a), supra.]
166
“Foreign currency denominated sale” means the sale to a non-resident of
goods, except those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 of the Tax Code, assembled or
manufactured in the Philippines for delivery to a resident in the Philippines, paid for
in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and
regulations of the BSP. [Sec. 106(A)(2)(b), supra.]
c. Sales to persons or entities whose exemption under special
laws167 or international agreements to which the Philippines is a
signatory effectively subjects such sales to zero-rate.
2. Sale of Services168
168
Sec. 108(B), supra.
f. Transport of passengers and cargo by domestic air or sea
carriers from the Philippines to a foreign country; and
169
Provided, however, that zero-rating shall apply strictly to the sale of power
or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, and shall not extend to the sale
of services related to the maintenance or operation of plants generating said power.
[Sec. 4.108-5 (b)(7), RR 16-2005]
170
Sec. 109, supra.
171
Products shall be considered in their “original state” even if they have
undergone the simple processes of preparation or preservation for the market, such as
freezing, drying, salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or stripping. Polished and/or
husked rice, corn grits, raw cane sugar and molasses, and ordinary salt, and copra
shall be considered in their original state. [Sec. 109(A), supra.]
2. Importation of:
173
Provided, that the said fuel, goods and supplies shall be used exclusively or
shall pertain to the transport of goods and/or passenger from a port in the Philippines
directly to a foreign port, or vice versa, without docking or stopping at any other port
in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the
purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to
load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad; Provided, further, that if any
portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than that mentioned
in this paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to 12%
VAT. [Sec. 4.109-1 (B)(v), RR 4-2007]
b. Agricultural contract growers174 and milling for others of
palay into rice, corn into grits and sugar cane into raw sugar
or raw cane sugar;
174
Toll processing/toll dressing/toll manufacturing services performed
independently from growing poultry, livestock or other agricultural and marine food
products is subject to VAT pursuant to Sec. 108 of the Tax Code of 1997, as amended.
(RMC 97-2010)
175
“Educational services” shall refer to academic, technical or vocational
education provided by private educational institutions duly accredited by the DepEd,
the CHED and TESDA and those rendered by government educational institutions
and it does not include seminars, in-service training, review classes and other similar
services rendered by persons who are not accredited by the DepEd, the CHED and/or
TESDA. [Sec. 4.109-1 (B)(h), RR 16-2005]
176
Other non-bank financial intermediaries, such as money changers and
pawnshops, subject to percentage tax under Sections 121 and 122, respectively, of the
Tax Code. [Sec. 4.109-1 (B)(w), RR 4-2007]
4. Sales by:
179
The term “residential units” shall refer to apartments and houses and lots
used for residential purposes, and buildings or parts or units thereof used solely as
dwelling places (e.g., dormitories, rooms and bed spaces) except motels, motel rooms,
hotels, hotel rooms, lodging houses, inns, and pension houses. On the other hand, the
term “unit” shall mean an apartment unit in the case of apartments, house in the case
of residential houses; per person in the case of dormitories, boarding houses and bed
spaces; and per room in case of rooms for rent. (Sec. 3, RR 16-2011)
180
Sec. 109(Q), supra. RR 16-2011 increased the amount of the threshold
effective January 1, 2012 for the lease of residential lot from PhP10,000 to PhP12,800,
regardless of the amount of aggregate rentals received by the lessor during the year.
For a detailed discussion of the VAT treatment of lease or residential unit refer to RR
16-2011.
181
“Low-cost housing” refers to housing projects intended for homeless low-
income family beneficiaries, undertaken by the Government or private developers,
which may either be a subdivision or a condominium wherein the unit selling price is
within the selling price per unit of PhP750,000. On the other hand, “socialized
housing” refers to housing programs and projects covering houses and lots or home
lots only undertaken by the Government or the private sector for the underprivileged
and homeless citizens which shall not exceed PhP450,000 for a house and lot
package. In the case of homelots only, the price shall not exceed 40% of the
maximum limit prescribed for the house and lot package. [Sec. 4.109-1 (B)(p)(2) and
(3), RR 16-2005 as amended by RMC 36-2011 and RMC 35-2014]
182
Sec. 109(P), supra. RR 13-2012 increased the amount of the threshold
effective January 1, 2012 for the sale of residential lot from PhP1,500,000 to
PhP1,919,500, and from PhP2,500,000 to PhP3,199,200 for house and lot and other
residential dwellings where the instrument of sale/transfer/disposition was executed
and notarized on or after January 1, 2012. For a detailed discussion on the VAT
treatment on sale of adjacent residential lots, house and lots or other residential
dwellings refer to RR 13-2012.
9. Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any
newspaper, magazine, review, or bulletin which appears at regular
intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is
not devoted principally to the publication of paid
advertisements;183
183
Sec. 109(R), supra. The terms “book”, “newspaper”, “magazine”,
“review” and “bulletin” as used in Section 109(R) refer to printed materials in hard
copies. They do not include those in digital or electronic format or computerized
versions, including but not limited to: e-books, e-journals, electronic copies, online
library sources, CDs and software. (RMC 75-2012).
184
Sec. 109(S), supra. RA 10378 amended Sec. 109 of the NIRC of 1997 by
inserting transport of passengers by international air and shipping carriers as one of
the exempt transactions from the VAT. (Sec. 2, RA 10378)
185
For purposes of the threshold of PhP1,919,500, the husband and wife shall
be considered separate taxpayers. However, the aggregation rule for each taxpayer
shall apply. For instance, if a professional, aside from the practice of his professions,
also derives revenue from other lines of business which are otherwise subject to VAT,
the same shall be combined for purposes of determining whether the threshold has
been exceeded. Thus, the VAT-exempt sales shall not be included in determining the
threshold. (Sec. 3, RR 16-2011)
F. CREDITABLE INPUT TAXES186
a. For sale; or
186
Sec. 110, supra, as amended by RA 9361 which repealed the 70% input VAT
cap. (approved on November 21, 2006)
187
Input tax is not allowed on non-depreciable vehicles including all
maintenance expenses incurred. Yachts, helicopters, airplanes and/or aircrafts, and
land vehicles which exceed the threshold amounts of PhP2.4 million are non-
depreciable unless the taxpayer’s main line of business is transport operations or lease
of transportation equipment and the vehicles purchased are used in said operations
(RR 12-2012).
6. Presumptive input tax allowed under Section 4.111 (b),
supra; and
* The unutilized input tax can be carried over to the succeeding month/
quarter.
188
The term “output tax” means the VAT due on sale or lease of taxable goods
or properties or services by any person registered or required to register under Section
236 of this Code. [Sec. 110(A)(3), supra.]
189
The term “input tax” means the VAT due from or paid by a VAT-registered
person in the course of his trade or business on importation of goods or local purchase
of goods or services, including lease or use of property, from a VAT-registered person.
It shall also include the transitional input tax determined in accordance with Section
111 of this Code. [Sec. 110(A)(3), supra.]
Specifically, in computing the VAT, the input tax paid in a taxable
quarter is credited against the output tax for the same quarter.
If at the end of any taxable quarter the output tax exceeds the
input tax, the excess shall be paid by the VAT-registered person. If the
input tax exceeds the output tax, the excess shall be carried over to the
succeeding quarter or quarters: Provided, however, That any input tax
attributable to zero- rated sales by a VAT-registered person may, at his
option, be refunded or credited against other internal revenue taxes due
him, subject to the provisions of Section 112.190
(b) If the estimated useful life of a capital good is less than five
years: Total input tax of the capital goods xxx
Divided by: actual number of months comprising xxx
the estimated useful life of the capital goods
(beginning on the month of acquisition)
Input tax to be claimed monthly xxx
any calendar month does not exceed PhP1 million, the total input tax will be
allowable as credit against output tax in the month of acquisition.191
I. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
191
Ibid.
192
Sec. 111, supra.
193
The term “processing” shall mean pasteurization, canning and activities
which through physical or chemical process alter the exterior texture or form or inner
a. Optional Registration195
195
Sec. 236(H), supra.
Chapter III Value Added Tax
196
Sec. 114(C), supra.
197
The 5% final VAT withholding rate shall represent the net VAT payable of
the seller. The remaining 7% effectively accounts for the standard input VAT for sales
of goods or services to government or any of its political subdivisions,
instrumentalities or agencies including GOCC’s, in lieu of the actual input VAT
directly attributable or ratably apportioned to such sales. Should actual input VAT
attributable to sale to government exceeds 7% of gross payments, the excess may
form part of the sellers’ expense or cost. On the other hand, if actual input VAT
3. Invoicing Requirements198
198
Sec. 113(A) and (B), supra.
199
Failure or refusal to comply with the requirement shall, upon conviction, for
each act or omissions, be punished by a fine not less than PhP1,000 but not more than
PhP50,000 and suffer imprisonment of not less than two (2) years but not more than
four (4) years. (Sec. 2, RR 18-2011)
(2) If the sale is exempt from VAT or zero-rated, the term
VAT- exempt or zero-rated sale shall be written or printed
prominently on the invoice or receipt; and
4. Accounting Requirements200
201
Sec. 114, supra.
authorized agent bank, Revenue Collection Officer or duly
authorized city or municipal Treasurer in the Philippines located
within the revenue district where the taxpayer is registered or
required to register. The VAT-registered persons shall pay the
VAT on a monthly basis on the taxable sales/receipts for the
month, using the VAT declaration form within 20 days after the
end of each month: Provided, however, That with respect to
taxpayers who availed of the electronic filing and payment
system (EFPS), the taxpayers classified under the following
business industries shall be required to file monthly VAT
declarations on or before the dates prescribed as follows:
1. Retail Sale
2. Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade
3. Sale, Maintenance, Repair of Motor Vehicle, Sale
ofAutomotive Fuel
4. Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water
5. Computer and Related Activities
6. Real Estate Activities
1. Air Transport
2. Electricity, Gas, Steam, and Hot Water Supply
3. Postal & Telecommunications
4. Publishing, Printing & Reproduction of Recorded Media
5. Recreational, Cultural and Sporting Activities
6. Recycling
7. Renting of Goods and Equipment
8. Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities
202
Sec. 107, supra.
203
Sec. 115, supra.
a. Failure to register with the appropriate RDO;