Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Darekar K
Darekar K
Darekar K
By
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
2020
© 2020 Karan Kundan Darekar
To my parents and friends
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to Dr. Aaron Costin of M.E.
research in the field of prefabrication. His deep knowledge of construction and passion towards
his students has been prevalent. His constant motivation and guidance helped me in completing
my thesis.
Secondly, I would like to thank ARCO National construction for the opportunity to work
Thirdly, I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Masoud Gheisari and
Dr.Bryan Franz for their valuable suggestions and constant support throughout this research.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Mrs. and Mr. Darekar for being supportive and
caring at the same time. My friends and family for motivation and encouragement.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11
Overview.................................................................................................................................11
Statement of Purpose ..............................................................................................................12
Objective .................................................................................................................................12
Scope of Research...................................................................................................................12
Prefabrication ..........................................................................................................................15
Advantages and Disadvantages of Prefabrication ..................................................................16
Factors Affecting Prefabrication.............................................................................................20
Safety ...............................................................................................................................20
Quality .............................................................................................................................22
Cost ..................................................................................................................................23
Time .................................................................................................................................24
Results.....................................................................................................................................41
Safety: HUB 1 vs HUB 2 ................................................................................................41
Quality: HUB 1 vs HUB 2...............................................................................................42
Cost: HUB 1 vs HUB 2 ...................................................................................................43
5
Schedule: HUB 1 vs HUB 2 ...........................................................................................43
Discussion ...............................................................................................................................46
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................48
Significance of Research ........................................................................................................49
Limitations and Future Work..................................................................................................49
Recommendations...................................................................................................................50
6
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
3-5 Safety and site waste data collected at HUB 1 & HUB 2 projects ...................................35
3-6 Safety and Site waste data comparison between the two projects ...................................35
8
Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School
of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Construction Management
By
May 2020
fact that it is advantageous in terms of time, quality, cost and safety. Unlike traditional
construction, prefabrication requires planning, coordination, and rigorous control in the field.
Various elements can be used as indicators to measure how effective or ineffective prefabrication
is under categories like time, quality, cost, and safety. However, these indicators are not fully
addressing the challenges faced on the construction site, which necessitates the existence of
The main aim of this research is to identify metrics from potential indicators on
prefabrication projects that would help in enhancing the performance and efficiency of
preliminary surveys, and direct observations. This is tested by collecting data on two nearly-
identical multifamily projects in Gainesville which have prefabricated wall panels as a common
prefabrication sites which if avoided or improved would lead to better results. These indicators
9
site waste, management and pre-planning on the success of these projects. The data will create a
foundation to identify the indicators which would be grounds for comparison between these
projects. Also, the research would highlight the importance of site location, site waste,
environmental factors and management in the prefabrication construction projects. Further, the
comparison would help to come to conclusions based on the results. These conclusions can be
significant on similar projects which would help in finding ways to improve the productivity of
work, save time, achieve better quality, ensure safety, save budget and deliver the project in time.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Overview
The construction industry contributes majorly to the economy of the united states and the
infrastructural development is a key economic indicator for a country. The past 50 years have
changed the face of construction as population increase and technological advancement have
increased hand in hand (Darekar, 2020). Unlike other industries construction is essentially
different because every construction project being unique. Unlike other industries, there are
factors such as environment, soil conditions, labor productivity, machinery, politics, etc. which
vary from location to location. One of the advancements is prefabrication or offsite construction
which is replacing the traditional way to construct. This art of construction offsite and then
transporting the elements to the site and assembling is not new to humankind. The oldest
engineered road known called the sweet track in England built in 3800 BC was made from
prefabricated timber sections that were assembled on-site (New scientist, 2020). The practice
was in use but not popular due to the myths about higher cost and lack of machinery to assemble
bigger units.
the 1500 bed specialty hospital built in 10 days in china In the wake of the novel coronavirus
outbreak (ABC News, 2020). There are buildings assembled as all finished units which are
There are various benefits of using prefabrication but it has its limitations too. It is not
feasible for smaller projects as logistics and cost are a problem (Hashemi, 2015). The availability
of a manufacturing plant nearby is also one factor. But, this research analyzes the factors which
11
are majorly controlled in the field and have an impact on the time, cost, quality and safety of the
project.
Statement of Purpose
Execution in the field is not necessary as planned and unforeseen instances can lead to
delays, cost changes, poor quality, and unsafe work conditions. These conditions can hamper the
training, quality control, practical planning, and effective coordination can be ways to improve
the conditions. This research identifies main factors affecting the time, cost, quality and safety of
two multi-family prefabricated projects and draws a comparison between the two based on these
factors. This research is supported by the data collected on these sites in the form of
questionaries, interviews and site data collection. This research contributes results that can be
used by project managers, superintendents and site personnel working on prefabrication projects.
They can alter the factors and recommendations made in the research based on their site-specific
conditions and avoid achieve the milestones planned on the project schedule at the desired cost,
Objective
The objective of this research is to create and validate metrics by identifying potential
indicators on prefabrication projects which would help in enhancing the performance and
efficiency based on safety, cost, quality and time and provide best practices.
Scope of Research
The scope of this research involves analyzing the data collected on two nearly identical
multifamily prefabrication projects in Gainesville. The data is in the form of field data that would
help in defining factors under safety, quality, time and cost. The projects in consideration are
essentially made up of cold-formed steel wall panels on the exterior. The research analyzes only
12
these two projects and draws up conclusions based on variances between the two job sites. The
lessons learned from the research will be general recommendations for such jobs in the future.
13
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the past few decades, urban cities and towns around the world have seen an enormous
increase in population. This has generated a swift need for more infrastructure, resources, and
employment to cater to the growing public while maintaining safe and productive construction
projects (Costin et. al 2019). This need has been a subject of research for many people around
the world. The construction industry contributes majorly to the infrastructure in terms of
buildings, bridges, roads, dams, utilities, etc. (Costin et.al, 2018). Traditionally construction is
construction that offers great benefits (Rezkenari et..al 2019; Qi et. al, 2018; Abanda et. al, 2019;
New Zealand famously promoted it as a smarter and complicated Lego game, but one people can
construct with voluminous components (Stuff, 2020). More, technically the elements involved in
the project are manufactured or cast in an offsite facility, transported to the site and then
assembled as parts to form the structure. Much research has been done advocating the benefits of
eliminating the lead times for material procurements, assembly, casting, curing and shoring
due to better quality control and controlled environment. Thirdly, the use of prefabricated
safety is improved on the offsite facility due to lesser risks about moisture, environmental
14
As Einstein once famously said “the only source of knowledge experiences”, thus
understanding and building prefabricated construction has proved to be more different then it
looks on paper. There needs to be intricate planning attributing to delivery dates and installation
procedures of the prefabricated elements. Safety is also a prime concern as these members are to
lift by cranes and forklifts, must be placed in exact locations and orientations. Rigging failures
can be catastrophic, hence communication and training are key. Tower cranes are majorly used
in construction sites for lifting these heavy components at enough height (to avoid obstruction)
and then placing them safely in position. Effective crane management is also very necessary to
Construction projects are people-oriented involving manpower from different trades who
are specialized and have a defined scope work of work. In any type of contract, the contractor is
bound by a schedule in which the signing company agrees to abide. Prefabrication is one among
the all other activities which run simultaneously on the project site. Hence, coordination becomes
procurement, casting, transporting, safely installing and finishing. All these activities must be
Prefabrication
construction activities on-site and transfer many activities to the factory to ensure the
development of a product with higher quality and safety and a shorter project delivery time (K
consists mainly of assembling and uniting standardized parts. This art of manufacturing is not
limited to construction but has been widely used in ships, aircraft, vehicles, and machines.
15
Talking about the history of the prefabrication, which dates back to the roman empires and then
prevalent back in the 19th century. Prefabrication is also safer and more environment-friendly
potential benefits of the prefabricated methods of construction (Hashemi, 2015), the adoption of
the prefabricated construction is rather slow around the world, except in a few countries such as
The main reasons for the lagged adoption of prefabrication in the construction industry
include insufficient R&D expenditures and the lack of necessary government regulatory efforts
to promote prefabricated construction (Steinhardt et al., 2013; Cantu et. al, 2019; Qi et. al, 2019)
changed drastically over the last 80 years. For architecture to come into fruition to be built it
takes many years, requires heavy investment, and is fraught with confrontation, value
engineering, headaches, and inevitable heartache. This is not to say that new materials and
methods of production have not advanced other industries, on the contrary (Steinhardt et al.,
2019).
Prefabrication has been around for a lot of decades and the analysis of the projects has
highlighted certain benefits constructing offsite and assembling has over the conventional
construction. Various papers have highlighted the cost savings, increased safety, time savings,
16
The advantages and disadvantages of prefabricated construction have been widely
researched. However, there are still limited studies that measure the benefits of prefabricated
construction compared to conventional construction methods (Blismas, Pasquire and Gibb 2006).
As stated by several studies, the major drivers to use prefabrication are time, cost and quality
(Pan et al. 2007). Prefabricated construction also explores the use of technologies and
information systems which enhance productivity, quality control, supply management, data
collection, and data integration. Kamali and Hewage also emphasize that using prefabrication
can lead to lower environmental impacts compared to conventional construction. Overall, there
are high expectations that the prefabrication process could potentially reduce the environmental
all phases of prefabricated construction, but mainly during the design and manufacturing
processes (Fenner and Kibert 2017). Figure 2-1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of
There needs to be a consideration for the time which is spent in the design,
manufacturing, and shipping. This time is substantial and can affect the time on the site
installation if delayed.
Today sustainability is one of the biggest concerns for people around the world.
Prefabrication is very much sustainable and green due to various reasons. The biggest advantage
of offsite construction is that there is minimum waste and the carbon footprint for this type of
these of huge elements. But this is dependent on the distance of these manufacturing plants from
the construction site. Offsite construction also advantages in warehouse construction which
17
Simultaneous construction work and site
Difficulty to make changes when
preparation
product is being manufactured
Reduced disruptions due to weather
Time
Time
Extra engineering effort during
Reduced of on-site vandalism
the design phase
Shorter schedule on-site
Higher pre-project planning time
Guaranteed delivery, more certainty over the
program, reduced management time
Availability of knowledgeable
Avoided delays due to weather or site severe
experts such as engineers and
conditions
designers
Cost
Cost
Reduced on-site labor
Availability of cheap labor in the
Increased cost certainty
area
Lower overheads
The larger initial investment to
Reduced on‐site damage and waste
run modular services
Negative perception
Reduced elevated work and dangerous activities
Safety
Disadvantages
Advantages
Transportation Restraints
Difficulty to transport modules
Controlled manufacturing facilities for longer distances
Repetitive processes and operations Time delays due to late transit
Quality
Sustainability
Increased transportation
Reduced disturbance on-site
emissions
Easy application of energy performance and
efficient strategies
Possibility to disassemble and reuse materials
Durability
Social
Affordability of a project
Influence on the local economy Difficulty to get full project team
committed
Table 2-2 below states the difference between prefabrication and on-site construction
based on factors like quality, speed, cost, versatility, site space, and side refuse.
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Table 2-1. Difference between Prefabrication and on-site construction (W M Wong et al. 2020)
Factor Prefabrication On-site
designers and builders that could weaken the proliferation of the modular construction, for
example, double floors and walls, lateral systems, modules cutoffs are among the design
complications involved in modular construction. Also, the design should be locked as early as
possible so that the fabrication of the modules can start. This leads to the need for earlier design
decisions and a resistance to change orders. The lack of proper design, regulatory and contractual
construction. This construction method needs new delivery and integrated practices.
understanding about the construction technique damage the extent that modular construction is
considered an option in early project planning. These issues along with poor management and
19
coordination in construction companies call for cultural reform. The lack of expertise and
standard practices led to lower productivity in the fabrication workshops (Fenner et al., 2018).
However, despite all the advantages and the increasing interest in offsite technologies and
innovative building processes from industry advisors and experts, the use of these methods in the
US remains behind other similar economies. As part of the business development, several
strategies were suggested to increase the use of modular construction in the industry. Among
them, the increase in research, marketing, and professional development workshops have become
a priority in the last few years for main organizations, such as the Modular Building Institute
(MBI). To achieve higher market shares, collaborative efforts among industry and academia are
still needed to bridge the current information gap. (Fenner et al., 2018)
Various factors affect prefabrication in direct or indirect ways. But this research is
focused on four main parameters. The four main parameters are listed below:
• Safety
• Quality
• Cost
• Time
Safety
The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in terms of safety. In
2012, the construction industry had the highest count of fatal work-related injuries (U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 2014a). construction sites are dynamic and complex. The dynamic nature is
attributed to the fact that humans (labors, superintendents, project managers, foreman, etc),
materials and machinery are continuously moving on a construction site. The complex nature of
the site is due to the space constraints on construction projects due to urbanization in recent
years. The balance between the above two parameters would create an environment for all
20
elements to continue working safely. Construction accidents included but were not limited to
falls from roofs and other structures, falls from scaffolds, electrocution, improperly operated
power tools, and working close to heavy equipment such as the loader, cranes, and forklifts. Key
factors that cause hazards include changing and unfamiliar work environment, exposure to
severe weather conditions, and using unskilled and temporary workers (Fard et al., 2015). This
research helped in identifying site waste as an important parameter and the effect of site waste on
the safety.
Mobile buildings usually contain integrated frames and axles for transport, which also function
construction; and when it arrives at its final location, it is hoisted off its conveying trailer and
installed on its foundation (Becker et al. 2003). This research helps to understand the
environment compared to traditional on-site building construction due to the following factors
(McGraw Hill Construction, 2013; Modular Building Institute, 2014; Vanguard Modular
• Stable work location, where workers are used to their tasks and are familiar with the risks
• Avoiding work in tight spaces at the site
• Performing off-site or on-ground assembly instead of working from heights,
• Not being exposed to harsh weather,
• Easier ways to monitor unsafe activities,
• Fewer contractors and workers required on site.
by McGraw Hill Construction (2013), 50% of the respondents believed that prefabrication and
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the contractors using prefabricated or modularization claimed that this method of construction
has negative impacts on safety performance. The respondents in the survey were asked to
indicate three parameters impacting modular/prefabricated safety. The highest percentage (78%)
of the general contractors responding to the survey considered ‘complex assembly done at
increases safety performance, while 59% of specialty contractors considered this parameter as an
impacting factor. 69% of specialty contractors and 69% of general contractors believed that
fewer workers’ onsite working on different aspects of building’ is also a factor in improving
sector, 2012 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014a). safety. 58% of general contractors and
47% of specialty contractors indicated that ‘reduced need to work from heights’ is another
2015)
Quality
The quality of construction is one of the matters of the greatest concern for people
working in the construction industry. Quality is one of the biggest benefits of prefabricated
construction as the members are manufactured under strict technical supervision and in a
controlled environment. When compared to the cast-in-situ, factory equipment, machinery, and
tools can offer added quality assurance. Also, safety is improved due to assembly line
manufacturing.
As per the preliminary survey 72% of the participants, the impact of offsite construction
on project quality is very high (Karan,2020). This makes it evident that quality is a good
22
The construction industry like any other production industry is faced with challenges that
affect the performance and output of the endeavor. Identifying potential critical factors that affect
the quality performance of small scale contractors before the commencement of projects will
ensure client satisfaction after the project. Identifying the potential critical factors will however
not eliminate the problem of quality but to a large extent, help the project team to avoid such
negative factors and strictly adhere to project specifications to reduce errors which will call for
re-work by both consultants and contractors. Quality Performance (QP) is a management tool
that is aimed at giving the necessary information to identify quality improvement opportunities
The quality of production and quality of design are the two most vital parameters which
are taken into consideration in the construction industry. As soon as the quality of production
improves, the structure becomes more standardized, while a highly customized design inevitably
the precision of the products and allow superior control over each aspect of quality. In addition
to increased precision the prefab components less divergence and variance. Prefabrication limits
the risk of errors and eliminates the unknowns in a highly multivariable construction (Patil,
2020).
Cost
The single most important factor in the development of a project is the project budget.
The fact that money could serve as a common denominator to reduce all components like
manpower, equipment, materials and time. The cost of prefabrication is one of the reasons for
owners opting out of prefabrication and using traditional construction. Cost is a very dependent
variable, as the cost of prefabrication varies from project to project. The cost of manufacturing is
the same, as the cost of materials varies less but the driver is the transportation cost is a deciding
23
factor. Thus, the project cost increases or decreases depending on the level of prefabrication,
schedule, material availability, equipment available and location of the project concerning the
other methods of construction. The cost inculcated in the construction industry consists of three
aspects on which prefabrication has a significant impact effect: material, labor and time. The
sufficient quantity for the task to be completed and to get a discount as the material is ordered in
expenditure that may be incurred with prefabrication technology includes transportation and
erection expenses.
As per the preliminary survey, 72% of the respondents said that the impact of
Reviewing the literature for potential factors that affect quality performance, Jha and Iyer
(2005) identified among other factors; lack of management commitment to continual quality
improvement; lack of quality training of staff; management leadership; and efficient teamwork
among stakeholders. It was further stated that material and equipment costs rarely affect the cost
Time
deliverables usually with an intended start date and end date. The main reason for the owner and
24
contractors to choose offsite construction is the time savings. Prefabrication is a manufacturing
process, pre-planning can be done in terms of deliveries and installations. Prefabrication is one of
all the activities and hence all the other activities to follow the project schedule are equally
important. For instance, the wall panels can be installed until the slab is poured and set. This is
dependent on the metal deck laid and secured. Hence, planning along with strong execution
As per the preliminary survey, 67% of respondents suggest that there is a high impact on
the project schedule and 27% suggest there is a low impact (Karan,2020).
The savings in time, as well as cost, come with the practice to concurrently construct in
the factory while work is being completed on site. In the case of conventional traditional onsite
construction processes, subcontractors have to wait until the predecessor contractor has
completed its work, in a factory, teams may collaborate by allowing portions to be constructed
by more than one trade. Time savings may also come by way of employing simultaneous
savings may be perceived from the beginning of construction activity (Patil, 2020).
The main reason for selecting offsite construction is the time savings in comparison to
traditional construction. The offsite members have to be stored at the site and these members are
voluminous. This is a major issue in congested construction sites and cities, were are limited
spaces and maintenance of traffic a big problem. Especially in sites that are located in or close to
residential and institutional zones. The storage of such members also requires special care in
25
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology involved the following steps related to the HUB 1 and HUB 2
project
Scope of the project. Design built of two multi-family construction following Florida
codes and meeting the delivering the project in time with desired quality.
The project includes two student housing multi-family construction located in Gainesville
and owned by Core Spaces, the first project’s name is Hub on campus third avenue, and it has
58000 square-feet, the front facade of the building is shown in Figure 3-1.
26
. The design of the project was created by Myfeski Architects for Hub on Campus
University and Antonovich Architects for the Hub on Campus third avenue. The specifications
for the project were 2900 pages and 900 pages for the Hub1 & 2 projects respectively. The
project duration is 81 weeks and the facilities are expected to complete in August 2020.
Hub 2 is a much bigger mix-use multifamily project with an estimated cost of 45 million
dollars. The project has similar features as mentioned for Hub 1 except for the fact that the
project has three times the wall panels, two times the size and more accessible. The storage yard
The second building is Hub on-campus university, and it has 33000 square feet and the
Hub 1 is a mix-use multifamily project built at the cost of 34 million dollars. It has offsite
manufactured wall panels forming the exterior skin of the building. These panels are installed
27
using a 110 ft long tower crane which is located at a location that would cover all parts of the site
and extend to the yard where the panels are stored. The wall panels are stored on trailers and
arrive at the site following a pre-decided schedule. A superintendent and safety manager are
responsible for the supervision of the execution from the general contractor along with a crew
Both the projects were Design built and the lowest bidders for the different trades were
selected and assigned works. The construction can be majorly classified as prefabricated type as
the walls were designed and manufactured offsite and transported to the site, where they were
safely lifted using a 180 ft high and 3000 kg capacity tower cranes.
Figure 3-3. shows the drone capture of the HUB 2 project which helps in capturing the
The author had an opportunity to work as a superintendent intern at the HUB 1 and HUB
2 project located in Gainesville. During this period the project sites were visited daily, drawings
28
and specifications were studied, and prefabricated construction was observed closely. The
project consists of a residential and retail mixed-use development project housed in the midtown
region of Gainesville and is near the University of Florida. The project will also house new
members were identified. Also, the submittals for the prefabricated constructed were procured
• The storage space at Hub 1 is approximately the half-size in the area as compared to Hub
2
• The access roads and maintenance of traffic plans are different on both the jobs
• Hub 1 had major management changes initially and no such changes were made at HUB
2
After studying the projects and identifying the project participants the preliminary
survey was conducted. The main purpose of the preliminary survey was to identify the people
involved in the construction site, the factors affecting prefabrication and technologies emerging
29
in the construction industry. Figure 3-4 depicts the project participants which took part in the
site-specific interviews.
Part A: Respondent background. The section included six questions that all were
construction, in general. The main purpose of this section was to identify the key factors which
have an effect on the offsite construction industry and capture trends from the participants in
terms of increase, decrease or no effect. There were twelve questions in this section
•Superintendent
•Project Manager
HUB 1 •Prefabrication PM
•Prefabrication Foreman
•Superintendent
•Project Manager
HUB 2 •Prefabrication PM
•Prefabrication Foreman
directly related to prefabricated wall panels on the project site, which were reported and recorded
along with an accident report filed by the contracting company recorded from the start of the
current day of the project. This may include accidents occurring during the transportation,
30
storage, rigging, layout, installation, and finishing of the wall panel system. The joist system
over the wall panels is also part of the prefabricated wall assembly, hence includes the accidents
The number of construction near misses on the construction site. The near-misses
relating to prefabricated wall panels on the project site, which were reported and recorded along
with an accident report filed by the contracting company recorded from the start of the current
day of the project. This may include accidents occurring during the transportation, storage,
rigging, layout, installation, and finishing of the wall panel system. The joist system over the
wall panels is also part of the prefabricated wall assembly, hence includes the accidents about
laying of the joist. The accidents occurring indirectly relating to wall panels are included.
injuries on the construction site during the transportation, storage, rigging, layout, installation,
and finishing of the wall panel systems. The accidents caused due to the project waste or bad
accidents/near misses/reportable caused on the construction site due to poor housekeeping of site
Project Quality
The number of panels rejected per 100 panels. The number of panels that were
rejected to be used on the construction site due to issues about the size, quality, opening
dimensions, damage during transportation, overweight or wrong delivery timing per 100 panels
received on site.
31
The number of panels needing modifications per 100 panels. The number of panels
that needed modifications after received on-site about the size, opening dimensions, quality,
damage during transportation and overweight per 100 panels received on site.
The number of damaged panels per 100 panels. The number of wall panels which
were substantially damaged in terms of structural damage during transportation. The structural
damage includes the cracking of the wall, rust and unsafe loose ends needing remanufacturing.
The average number of panels installed per week. It is the average number of panels
installed on the construction site per week. The average is of panels installed over eight weeks.
On an average 38 wall panels are installed on the HUB 1 project and 73 wall panels on the HUB
2 project (Darekar,2020).
Project Cost
The average cost for the manufacturing of one wall panel. The average cost in US
dollars to manufacture one wall panel for the construction site at the offsite manufacturing
facility including the cost of materials, manufacturing, design, technical supervision and profits.
The average cost for transportation of one wall panel. The average cost in US dollars
to transport one wall panel from the offsite manufacturing facility (Missouri) to the project site
location (Gainesville). This includes the cost of loading, packing, fuel, driver charges and tolls
on the way.
The average cost for the installation of one wall panel. The Average cost in US
Dollars for installation of one wall panel on the construction site includes the cost of rigging,
technical supervision, layout, installation, and finishing. This does not include the cost of the
32
Project Schedule
The average time in minutes for installing a wall panel. The average time in hours for
installing a wall panel on the construction site which includes the time required for rigging the
wall panel, placing the wall panel and then holding it with the tower crane until secured with
braces.
The average time in minutes for creating a layout for wall panel. The average time in
minutes for creating the layout for the wall panel on the slab floor. This includes the time taken
to identify the wall panel, mark dimensions and finalize with the chalk.
The average time in minutes to finish a wall panel. The average time is taken to finish
a wall panel after it's been secured and ready for waterproofing, window and door install. This is
the time required to de brace the wall panel and making it ready for further activities.
Schedule comparison. The average time in weeks that the project is behind in achieving
The average crane time allotted to prefabrication in one week (F). It is the average
time in a week in hours that are devoted to the prefabrication elements install. The average crane
time for a week is 60 hours. Assuming 10 hours of work hours every day and six working days
per week.
The average crane time used for panels installation in one week (G). It’s the average
crane time in hours which is used for the installation of the wall panels in one week. It can be
calculated by multiplying the average time for installing wall panels to the average number of
33
Crane productivity in % (Y). The productivity for the crane can be calculated by the following
formula
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 (𝐺)
𝑌 𝑖𝑛 % = (3-2)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 (𝐹)
Considering the variables between the two projects the following was understood
Step 3. Comparison
The testing of the Metric is done on two multifamily prefabrication projects located in the
town of Gainesville, Florida. The main reason for the selection of these projects was that they
had one common prefabrication element which was wall panels. another reason was permission
In this research, we refer to the projects as Hub 1 and Hub 2. Both projects have wall
panels manufactured from the same company and installed by the same sub-contractor. A direct
comparison is possible but a more needed is one which is based on technical and practical
aspects. These aspects have been defined in the last step and then used to compare. The
construction safety, construction quality, construction cost and the schedule for construction
This step mainly focuses on testing the data collected on the construction site to find the
efficiency of the framework and check if the hypothesis is valid or not. Figure 3.5 depicts the
data used to test the framework against safety, quality, cost, and schedule. Figure 3-6 depicts the
comparison between the two projects based on safety and site waste data collected at the HUB 1
and HUB 2 projects located in Gainesville, Florida. These project details have been discussed in
the previous chapters and there significance, location, manufacturing, and nature have been
34
%
differenc
HU HU e
Factors Parameters Title Unit
B1 B2 between
HUB 1 &
hub 2
1. No of Construction related
X Number 12 7 71.5
accidents on the site
2. No of Construction near
Y Number 16 12 33.4
misses on the site
Safety
3. No of Construction
Z Number 21 14 50
reportable on the site
4. No of Construction
accidents/near misses/reportable U Number 4 3 33.4
due to site waste
Figure 3-5. Safety and site waste data collected at HUB 1 & HUB 2 projects (Dareker,2020)
SAFETY
HUB 1 HUB 2
21
16
14
12
12
7
Figure 3-6. Safety and Site waste data comparison between the two projects (Dareker,2020)
The Figure 3.7 shown below depicts the data collected on the site based on the parameter quality.
35
Along with that Figure, 3-8 is graphical of the data to show the comparison between Hub 1 and
HUB 2 projects.
% difference
HUB HUB between
Factors Parameters Title Unit
1 2 HUB 1 & hub
2
Figure 3-7. Quality data collected at HUB 1 & HUB 2 projects (Dareker,2020)
QUALITY
HUB 1 HUB 2
22
17
11
10
36
Figure 3-9 is a depiction of the data collected for the cost parameter and the comparison
% difference
HUB HUB
Factors Parameters Title Unit between HUB
1 2
1 & hub 2
Figure 3-9. Cost data collected at HUB 1 & HUB 2 projects (Dareker,2020)
COST
HUB 1 hub 2
3500
2400
1200
900
700
425
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Figure 3-11 is a depiction of the data collected for the schedule parameter and the
There is a variation of time, and the field data collected helps to understand the time
taken to complete the various activities. Various factors were studied and then a comparison
between the HUB 1 and HUB 2 projects were done. The various factors like the average time to
install the wall panels, which is the time in minutes to pick up one panel and placing it on the
floor. The average time taken in minutes to create a layout for the wall panels is also recorded
and compared between the two projects. Then, the average time to finish wall panels which
includes reshoring the wall panels and preparing them for the finishes to be installed. The above
three factors are in minutes and provide a sound ground for comparison between the two
projects.
Also, the schedule is compared between the two jobs which are very essential to establish
and state the various reasons for the delay caused in the prefabricated construction. Lastly, the
time allotted to the crane is also recorded and studied in this research. The study of time is a very
important aspect of construction. The various aspects of time that are studied in this research are
not the only ones, there can be more research about productivity comparison between the
projects or among various parameters of the project. The relation of time with safety, quality and
cost are also studied. Increase in time can increase the cost of the project, and also affect the
quality and safety. There is also an effect of safety on the quality of the project. Various research
around the world has suggested that safer work environments have better quality. This research,
in particular, fins the time required to install wall panels, which is just one big element of
prefabrication in general and there are various other elements like slabs, columns, beams, lintels,
roofs, etc.
38
%
difference
HUB HUB
Factors Parameters Title Unit between
1 2
HUB 1 &
hub 2
Schedule
5. Average crane time allotted
to prefabrication in one week
F In hours 32 45 -28.9
(Avg hours per week = 60
hours)
Figure 3-11. Time data collected at HUB 1 & HUB 2 projects (Dareker,2020.)
39
TIME
HUB 1 HUB 2
14
12.5
7
6
1.5
MINUTES MINUTES MINUTES IN WEEKS
V D R T
1. AVERAGE TIME IN 2. AVERAGE TIME IN 3. AVERAGE TIME IN 4. SCHEDULE
MINUTES FOR MINUTES FOR CREATING MINUTES TO FINISH A COMPARISON
INSTALLING A WALL A LAYOUT FOR WALL WALL PANEL
PANEL PANEL
Finally, based on the metrics and the data collected, results could be found and then
40
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results
The data collected laid the basis for comparing the parameters between the projects and
Comparison. Comparing the data between the two projects based on safety, quality, cost
and time.
related accidents at HUB 1 is 12 as compared to 7 at HUB 2. This suggests that HUB 2 has a
safer working environment as compared to HUB 1. The accidents caused at HUB 1 are majorly
due to tripping, rigging and inappropriate practices done during the install. Out of the 7 accidents
The number of construction near misses on site. The number of near-misses at HUB 1
HUB 2. The near-misses at both the project are due to miscellaneous reasons.
21 as compared to 14 at HUB 2. The fact that the site environment of HUB 1 is more complex
than HUB 2. There are is lesser space and storing material is not easy. The site has poor
housekeeping which is the main reason for the high number of reportable. The site has 3 main
power poles, which have attributed to the safety concerns on the site.
data includes all the construction accidents, near misses and reportable due to site waste
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specifically. As mentioned above, poor housekeeping is a problem on HUB1 and hence there are
The number of panels rejected per 100 panels. Comparing HUB 1 and HUB 2, the
number of panels rejected is almost the same. This suggests that the number of panels getting
rejected is not a variable of site or site conditions, It is more related to the manufacturing and
transportation phase of the wall panels. 60% of the panels rejected are due to issues about
dimensions, size of openings or damage during transportation. This is evident in both the job
sites. Rejection of panels costs more time and money, as the section cannot be completed until
the panels are delivered from the plant which takes about a week or more. This hurts the
milestone achievement as until the walls are completed, the joist and decking cannot be laid.
The number of panels needing modifications per 100 panels. The number of panels
needing modifications at Hub 1 is 17 as compared to 22 at HUB 2. The fact that HUB 2 has three
times more panels per floor as compared to hub 1 dominates this factor. The modifications are
based on size, opening dimensions, quality, damage during transportation and overweight per
100 panels. Modifications to panels are done on the site by the subcontractors. The time taken is
2 days based on the level of modifications but less as compared to rejection. The cost of
The number of damaged panels per 100 panels. The number of panels damaged at
HUB 1 is 5 as compared to 2 at HUB 2. Damaged panels are rare situations, which are rejected
panels due to severe damage in terms of structural damage includes the cracking of the wall, rust
and unsafe loose ends needing remanufacturing. The number of damaged panels at HUB 1 is due
to a specific situation, wherein due to overloading, the panels loaded first severely cracked.
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The average number of panels installed per week. The average number of panels
installed in HUB 1 is 38 as compared to 73 at HUB 2. The data were averaged based on the per
week panels installed for 4 weeks. The data is evident to judge the size and efficiency of the two
projects.
The average cost for manufacturing for one panel. The average cost of manufacturing
at HUB 1 is $ 2400 compared to $ 3500 at HUB 2. The panels are manufactured at the same
location for both the job sites and the cost is average cost provided by the subcontractor
company. The cost of HUB 1 is lesser than HUB 2 due to the various factors.
one panel at HUB 1 is $ 900 as compared to $ 1200 for HUB 2. The transportation cost at HUB 1
is less because the number of panels installed per week at HUB 1 (32) is lesser than at HUB 2
(45). The cost of transportation is high in general due to the manufacturing plant location at 900
The average cost of installation for one panel. The average cost of install for install of
one panel at Hub 1 is $425 as compared to $700 at Hub 2. The cost is based on the cost of
rigging, technical supervision, layout, installation, and finishing. This factor depends upon the
number of riggers, number of supporting crews and the time taken to install.
The average time in minutes for installing a wall panel. The average time taken to
install a wall panel at HUB 1 is 12.5 minutes as compared to 8 minutes at HUB 2. The time taken
at Hub 1 is more than HUB 2. The extra time taken can be attributed to the fact that the panels at
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HUB 1 are smaller in size and hence more time is spent on hooking up, lifting, placing and
installing. The number of times it is done in a sequence is much more time is taken to install
even though lesser panels are to be installed at Hub 1. Also, the crew has lesser space to rig the
panels at HUB 1 as compared to HUB 2. Adding to the above point, the number of people
The average time in minutes for creating the wall layout for a wall panel. The
average time required for creating the layout for the wall panel is 6 minutes at HUB 1 and 4
minutes at HUB 2. The time was recorded for over 20 wall layouts made over 2 days in the
normal working conditions. The time taken at HUB 1 is more due to the site waste and wet floor
conditions. Site waste is much more at HUB 1 in comparison to HUB 2. More time is needed to
clear the waste to commence with the layout, which needs a clean floor for the chalk to be
visible. Rains on site were a factor, as the wet floor needs to be dried before layout.
The average time in minutes to finish a wall panel. The average time taken to finish a
wall panel is 4 minutes at HUB 1 as compared to 1.5 minutes for HUB 2. The time required to
finish wall panels is the time required to get the panel ready and de bracing. The time required to
finish wall panels at HUB 1 is more than HUB 2, due to the small size of the project and the
project has post-tension slabs. The screws required for drilling in a PT slab was a quarter-inch, to
not hit the dense cable profile below the flooring. The removal of these requires special care,
Schedule comparison. The comparison of the most current schedule with the planned
schedule at HUB 1 shows that it is on average 4 weeks behind as compared to 1.5 weeks for
44
• The project conditions are more complex on HUB 1 attributing to the fact that the storage
space is small, there is various maintenance of traffic requirement due to zoning, the site
has proximity to three light poles, the neighborhood is residential.
• The delay is majorly due to the concrete subcontractor withdrawing from the project
when 30% of progress was achieved. The subcontractor was on both the projects, hence
the effect was the same on both the sites.
• HUB 1 has a post-tension slab for the first 5 floors. Post tension slab takes on average 2
times more time than the normal (reinforcement) slab.
• Lastly, the management at HUB 1 has not been as efficient as that HUB 2.
The average crane time allotted to prefabrication. The average crane time on both the
jobs is 60 hours. This is based on the assumption that the site is working 6 days a week and 10
hours on an average every day. The average crane time used at HUB 1 is 32 hours as compared
to 45 hours at HUB 2. The crane time majorly is distributed between the concrete subcontractor
and the prefabrication subcontractor. The crane time is a point of dispute and delay as it is very
dependent on weather and wind conditions. The crane cannot be operated in winds velocity
exceeding 30 miles per hour and lighting within 10 miles of the crane location. If there is a
delivery, then some sub-contractor have to give up his time which leads to delay. Crane
productivity needs to be analyzed and a more efficient crane schedule needs to be made.
The average time used for panel installation in one week. The average time used for
panel installation in one week at HUB 1 is 2.625 hours as compared to 9.709 hours at HUB 2.
This time is directly dependent on the time required to install one panel and the number of panels
installed in one week. HUB 1 has lesser panels and hence the factor is lesser as compared to
HUB 2.
Crane productivity for installation. The crane productivity is a calculated factor and
the above factors can be used to find the crane productivity. The crane productivity for
installation at HUB 1 is 8.3% while at HUB 2 it is 21.6%. The crane time at both the jobs is the
45
same (60 hours) and the geographic location is also the same (0.2 miles apart). Hence, the crane
Discussion
With the metrics created for the comparison of prefabrication projects, which is based on
four important parameters it would make studying and analyzing such projects more structured
and organized.
ascertaining the fact that there are many more factors that affect the success of a prefabrication
project. Time is the essence of such projects if more is spent on prefabrication than
manufacturing offsite would not be beneficial. The environment around the construction sites is
The cost of the manufacturing projects are more upfront as compared to conventional
construction, but prefabrication leads to savings in terms of time. Especially in design built
projects where the design progresses with construction. But the communication in terms of
changes, revisions and modifications should be done effectively to reduce the overheads.
Safety concerns are observed to be lesser on prefabrication sites, but it is only with proper
training, supervision and using the right techniques. Safety is a variant of site waste hence it is
very important to have a cleaner site to avoid tripping, fall hazards, and other safety hazards.
The quality is a controlled parameter and the manufacturing plant has more influence on
the same. But quality is one of the biggest advantages of prefabrication and a defect affects the
Based on the results one could discuss that HUB 2 had better performance than HUB 1 in
terms of prefabrication in terms of safety, time, cost and quality. The safety on an overall was
better on HUB 2 even though the site is bigger, has more wall panels and number of people
46
(trades, workers, etc.) Based on the quality, it should be noted that HUB 1 and HUB 2 both had
issues about quality. There are more modifications at HUB 2, which could be reduced by
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION, SIGNIFICANCE, AND LIMITATIONS
Conclusion
After working on prefabrication projects, collecting the data, analyzing and observing the
installation, conclusions can be made based on the metrics and the variances.
Every prefabrication project has four critical factors that govern the success or failure of
the project and this framework identifies and lays the foundation for future prefabrication
projects. The framework can be referred and used by the superintendent’s project managers,
foreman and students to study such projects. The data collected during the preliminary survey
indicated safety, cost, time and quality have positive and negative effects on prefabrication
projects. On site-specific interviews with the main project participants on both the projects, the
Before starting any prefabrication projects, there needs to be a properly planned approach
towards time, cost, quality, and safety. The data collected can be used as a guideline to create
preliminary schedules and preliminary cost estimates. This would help in making planning more
site-specific. The framework would serve as the basis for identifying the parameters like time
taken to install one panel, crane hours devoted to prefabrication, etc. These parameters help in
There were several factors which have not been stressed in the past research like the
relation of poor housekeeping to site safety and overall productivity The relation of cost and
quality in the field. Along with the cost of manufacturing is one moderately standard panel, equal
attention needs to be given to panels that are rejected, damaged or modified when delivered on
the site.
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This research would help the students in identifying the potential of construction sites and
help them identify problems on such sites and work on research ways to overcome those
problems.
Significance of Research
The metrics can be used for comparing the past and future prefabrication projects based
on the safety, cost, time and quality. The research would be useful to people involved in the
design, planning, control and execution of prefabrication elements. This research would be
useful to project managers, superintendents, estimators, and workers. The collected data can be
used to make schedules and account for the site installation problems which have been identified
in this study. The recommendations can be used for future projects for improving productivity in
terms of quality of work. The time recorded in the data collection can be useful for making
schedules and safer practices can be implemented. Students in the construction industry, working
as interns on construction sites can use this research to understand elements to be observed and
use the opportunity to implement the research done already or find ways to improve methods on
site.
The limitations of this research are that the data collected was only on multi-family
construction projects which is just a part of the big construction industry. The commercial,
industrial, heavy civil and healthcare construction is not represented in this research. Also, both
the projects are located in Gainesville and are affected by the climatic and topographical
conditions around the region. Hence it does not represent the diversity of construction projects in
the united states. More data is needed to validate the results and metrics which would be a true
representation of the industry. There is a need to conduct future quantitative research studies
such as time trials or field tests to collect data to scientifically validate the work.
49
In the future, more factors affecting prefabrication could be studied and more detailed
metrics could be created. These metrics should be tested by collecting data that would help in
creating a hypothesis. These hypotheses can be validated using statistical tools and would help
draw more comprehensive conclusions. The data set can be large to define the industry
appropriately and cover other diverse projects (e.g. industrial, commercial and heavy highway).
Recommendations
The recommendations are made based on the data collection and study performed.
• The site location plays an important role, which includes the zoning, maintenance of
traffic, proximity to main roads, site storage yard and light poles location
• Site waste is very critical, in terms of the effect on safety, quality, cost, and schedule of
the prefabrication projects. A clean/safer construction environment would improve
overall productivity.
• The effective use of available resources is very crucial. In this case, the effective use of
crane and labor crews is required along with strong leadership and organizational
decisions.
• The productivity can be improved by reducing the time taken to install, create the layout
and finish the wall panel. This would help in achieving the milestones and abiding by the
schedule.
• The cost overall which includes the manufacturing, transportation, and finishing can be
reduced by coordinating the most recent architectural, structural and MEP changes with
the manufacturing plant. This would help reduce the rejection, modifications, and damage
to wall panels.
• Lastly, a safer environment would help in achieving better quality on the construction
site.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Mr. Karan Kundan Darekar joined the M. E Rinker Sr. School of Construction
Management as a full-time graduate student in fall 2018. Mr. Darekar has completed his master’s
graduating in May 2020, Mr. Darekar planned to work in the preconstruction, estimation,
scheduling and project management fields of the construction industry. Before the start of Mr.
Darekar’s career as a graduate student at UF, he was devoted towards obtaining a Bachelor of
Technology degree in civil engineering from India's premier institute VJTI. Mr. Darekar also
holds a technical diploma in civil engineering which helped him gain knowledge in areas like
specifications.
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