CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. Formulate your own summary ,conclusions and recommendation based on your
chosen study
2. Determine the purpose and guidelines in writing chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusion
and Recommendation)

INTRODUCTION:
This chapter is the last chapter in the research, it provides idea and suggestions for
concluding the study. This is where the researcher summarizes the information presented in
previous chapters. It shows guidelines to follow in writing chapter 5. The generalization in the
form of conclusion is made and the recommendation for the solution of the problem of the
study are being addressed.

LECTURE NOTES:

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Written as “SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS”
 It highlights the significant findings of the study in summary form
 It presents the summary, conclusions made by the researcher out of significant
findings
 It provides recommendation for change in policy or practice, and suggests the need
for further study
 This chapter begins with untitled, introductory section that includes the purpose of the
study and a brief description of what is to come in the chapter.

Heading for Chapter 5

 It reflect a summary of the previous chapters,extending to a discussion of findings,

interpretation of results, recommendations for change and future study, and
conclusions.

Background and Setting

Briefly review the background and setting for the study as described in Chapter One.

Methodology and Research Design

 This section summarizes the methodology addressed in Chapter Three.

 Review why you chose the specific design for your study.

MEDT 24 RESEARCH 2 - TTV,JHDC 1

CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 What literature supports the design and methodology you chose? It may be necessary
to summarize findings from the Chapter Two Review of Literature to show support for
the use of particular independent variables.

Discussion of findings and conclusions.

 The discussion of findings reviews and expands on what has been learned as a direct
result of the study as described in Chapter Four.
 And a reality is that the findings from a study may raise as many questions as they
answer, and therefore lead to recommendations for further study.

 Findings for each research question should be summarized separately.

Guide questions that would help us in summarizing the study

1. How is the findings contributed to knowledge in the general field of study?
2. Were the findings what you expected? If not, what factors may have contributed to
the unexpected?
3. Did an intervention result in no change? If it did, what factors might explain the lack
of change?

 The finding of ‘no change’ in a study does not mean failure on the part of the researcher.
 Such a finding can be an important contribution to the field of study.
 Are there recommendations you might include for researchers who replicate your study
or investigate further? Are there factors you did not anticipate that you suggest they
consider? Is there a need for further study to expand on what you found?

Summary

Guidelines:
 A brief presentation of the content of the study
 It starts with the general and then specific objective of the study.
 It is followed by time an place of the study, methodology and summarized
findings or result
 It must be lumped up altogether but clarity demands that each specific questions
to the statement of the problem must be written first to be followed by the
findings that would answer it.
 Findings should be textual generalization, that is a summary of the important
data consisting of the text and numbers
 Statement of facts should consist of words, numbers or statistical measures
woven into a meaningful statements
 it is the longer version of Abstract
 No inference nor interpretation should be made, otherwise it will only be
duplicated in the conclusion.
 Only the important findings and the highlights of the findings should be included
in the summary
 Findings are not explained nor elaborated
 No new data should be introduced in the summary of findings

MEDT 24 RESEARCH 2 - TTV,JHDC 2

CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusions

Guidelines:
 These are Inferences, deductions, abstractions, implication, interpretations,
general statements of the findings.
 This section presents conclusion/s drawn in the light of the findings of the study
or simply,the generalizations of the researcher after knowing the answers to the
statements of the problems or questions presented at the beginning of the study
 It should be logical and valid outgrowths of the findings
 The number of conclusions that can be made depends on the objectives and
the hypothesis
 It answers the specific questions raised at the beginning of the investigation
 No conclusion should be made that are not based upon findings
 Conclusion should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry
 No conclusion should be made from the implied or indirect effects of the findings
 It should be formulated concisely that is brief and short, yet they convey all
necessary information resulting from the study as required by the specific
questions

Things to avoid when drawing conclusions

1. Bias
a. Do not manipulate data results to the favor of the researcher
2. Incorrect generalization
a. Made when there is a limited body of information or when the sample
is not the representative of the population
3. Incorrect deduction
a. It happens when a general rule is applied to specific case
b. We cannot make general conclusion into a specific case
4. Incorrect Comparison
a. The basis of this error is comparing two things that are not really
comparable.
b. Ex. Number of microscope in school A with more students compared
to other schools with less students.
5. Abuse of correlation data
a. A correlation study may show a high degree of association between
two variables
b. They may moved in the same direction at the same rate but it is not
right to conclude at once that one is the cause of the other unless
confirmed so by other studies
c. Ex. Price hike of gasoline and prices of commodities
6. Limited information furnished by any one ratio
a. Ratio shows only partial picture of most analytical work
b. Limited information does not show significant result thus conclusion of
the study is incorrect
c. Avoid making conclusions not sufficiently and adequately supported
by facts

7. Misleading impression concerning magnitude of base variable

MEDT 24 RESEARCH 2 - TTV,JHDC 3

CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

a. Using ratio may give erroneous impression when they are used to
express relationship between two variables of small magnitudes.
b. To avoid making false impressions by making conclusions using ratios
concerning variables of very small magnitudes, use the original data,
because the relationship is clear even without the use of ratio
c. Ex. Passing rate of 2 colleges with very small magnitudes.

Recommendation

Guidelines:
 It is an appeal to fill the gap between the present body of knowledge and ideal
situation necessary for technology generation, policy formulation and theory building
 It contains suggestions for further research similar or related topics
 Do not include recommendations that have no direct link to findings
 Some insights from the study may indirectly imply the need for change; however,
discussion of such insights should be within the context of the need for further
study rather than for change in policy or practice.
 No recommendation should be made for a problem that has not yet been
discovered or discussed in the study
 It should be logical and valid
 It should be address to person, entities or agency or offices who are in a position to
implement them
 There should always be recommendation for further study or research on the same
topic in other places to verify, amplify or even negate the findings of the study.

Purpose of recommendation

 Solve or help solve problems discovered in the investigation

 It is due to probability to some lingering doubts on the accuracy or reliability of
findings
 Failure to show more evidence
 The study needs advance approached or superior test, tools or instrument.

References:
Crizaldo, R.S., Ilagan, B.J.P., Plete, A.J.T. & Sedigo, N.A. (2017). CvSU Form and
Style for Thesis Writing. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

MEDT 24 RESEARCH 2 - TTV,JHDC 4

CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Kornuta, H.M.,Germaine, R.W.(2019). A Concise Guide to Writing a Thesis or

Dissertation, Educational Research and Beyond.2nd ed. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New
York, NY 10017.

MEDT 24 RESEARCH 2 - TTV,JHDC 5