Dihedral Group

𝑫𝒏
Symmetries of Regular 𝒏 − 𝐠𝐨𝒏, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has reflection(line) and rotational symmetry?
 Equilateral Triangle
3 An equilateral triangle has line symmetry? 3

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has line symmetry?
3 3

𝑫′

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has line symmetry?
3 3

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
3

2 1
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
3 2

𝑹𝟏𝟐𝟎

2 1 1 3

Order ? 3
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
3 1

𝑹𝟐𝟒𝟎

2 1 3 2

Order ? 3
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?
3 3

𝑹𝟑𝟔𝟎

2 1 2 1

Order ? 1
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has reflection and rotational symmetry?
3

2 1
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?

3 3 1

𝒇 𝒓

2 1 2 1 2 3

𝒓𝒇 = 𝑫′
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?

3 3 2

𝒇 𝒓𝟐

2 1 2 1 3 1

𝒓𝟐 𝒇 = 𝑫
 Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry?

3 3 3

𝒇 𝒓𝟑

2 1 2 1 1 2

𝒓𝟑 𝒇 = 𝒇 = 𝑽
𝑮 = 𝑽, 𝑫′, 𝑫, 𝑹𝟏𝟐𝟎 , 𝑹𝟐𝟒𝟎 , 𝑹𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑮 = 𝒇, 𝒓𝒇, 𝒓𝟐 𝒇, 𝒓, 𝒓𝟐 , 𝒆
𝟐 𝟐
𝑮 = 𝑫𝟑 = 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒓, 𝒓 , 𝒓𝒇, 𝒓 𝒇

|𝑫𝟑 | = 𝟔

𝒓 = 𝒆, 𝒓, 𝒓𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝟑
 f, f e 2

 2 n 1
Dn   r, r , ..., r , r  e ⇒ |𝑫𝒏 | = 𝟐𝐧
n

 rf , r 2 f , ..., r n 1 f

𝒓 = 𝒆, 𝒓, 𝒓𝟐 , … , 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒏
 Square
A square has reflection(line) and rotational symmetry?
 Square
A square has line symmetry?

3 4 3 4

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Square
A square has line symmetry?

3 4 3 4

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Square
A square has line symmetry?

3 4 3 4

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Square
A square has line symmetry?

3 4 3 4

𝑫′

2 1 2 1

Order ? 2
 Square
A square has rotational symmetry?

3 4

2 1
 Square
A square has rotational symmetry?

3 4

2 1
 Square
A square has rotational symmetry?

3 4 𝑹𝟗𝟎

𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝑹𝟐𝟕𝟎

𝑹𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝑹𝟎
2 1
 Square
A square has rotational symmetry?

3 4

2 1
 Square
Order of 𝑹𝟗𝟎 ?
4
3 4

2 1
 Square
Order of 𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎 ?
2
3 4

2 1
 Square
Order of 𝑹𝟐𝟕𝟎 ?

3 4

2 1
 Square
Order of 𝑹𝟐𝟕𝟎 ?
4
3 4

2 1
 Square
Order of 𝑹𝟑𝟔𝟎 ?
1
3 4

2 1
 𝑮 = {𝑹𝟎 , 𝑹𝟗𝟎 , 𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎 , 𝑹𝟐𝟕𝟎 , 𝑽, 𝑯, 𝑫, 𝑫′}

𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝑮 = 𝒆, 𝒓, 𝒓 , 𝒓 , 𝒇, 𝒓𝒇, 𝒓 𝒇, 𝒓 𝒇

𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝑮 = 𝑫𝟒 = 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒓, 𝒓 , 𝒓 , 𝒓𝒇, 𝒓 𝒇, 𝒓 𝒇

|𝑫𝟒 | = 𝟖
 ∵ (𝒓𝒇ሻ𝟐 = 𝒆
(𝒓𝒇ሻ(𝒓𝒇ሻ = 𝒆
(𝒓𝒇𝒓ሻ𝒇 = 𝒆
൫𝒓𝒇𝒓ሻ𝒇𝟐 = 𝒇
𝟐
𝒓𝒇𝒓ሻ𝒆 = 𝒇 ∵ 𝒇 = 𝒆 (𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
ቀ𝒓𝒇𝒓ሻ𝒓−𝟏 = 𝒇𝒓−𝟏
𝒓𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓−𝟏 ∵ 𝒓𝒓−𝟏 = 𝒆
𝒓𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓𝒏−𝟏 ∵ 𝒓−𝟏 = 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
 𝒏 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑫𝒏 = 𝒓, 𝒇|𝒓 = 𝒆, 𝒇 = 𝒆, 𝒓𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓

𝐷𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 2𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 3

|𝑫𝒏 | = 𝟐𝒏
Group?

𝑫𝟑
 Rectangle
A rectangle has reflection(line) and rotational symmetry?
 Rectangle
A rectangle has reflection (line) symmetry of order ?

1 2 2 1
𝑽
 Rectangle
A rectangle has reflection (line) symmetry of order ?

1 2

2 1
 Rectangle
A rectangle has rotational symmetry of order ?

1 2 𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝑹𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝑹𝟎
 𝑮 = 𝑹𝟎 , 𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎 , 𝑽, 𝑯

𝑮 = 𝑹𝟎 , 𝑹𝟏𝟖𝟎 , 𝑽, 𝑯 = 𝑲𝟒

|𝑲𝟒 | = 𝟒