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Multilevel Analysis
Joop J. Hox
‘Utrecht Unicersity, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Cora J. M. Maas
Utrecht Unicersty, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Glossary
centering Transforming a variable by subtracting the
In multilevel data, there are two ways of cente
subtracting the overall mean and subtracting group means.
Centering on the overall mean isa straightforward linear
‘transformation, whereas centering on the group mean leads
to a radically different model.
cross-level interaction When a regression coefficient of an
individual-level variable varies across groups, ths variation
‘ean be modeled by introducing an interaction term ofthat
variable with one of the group-level variables. Such eross
level interactions are common in multilevel analysis,
luster sampling A procedute in which data are collected in
4 tworstage design, starting first with sampling of groups
(qlusters), followed by sampling of individuals within
groups (cluster).
dependence Theaisymption inchister sampling nd multilevel
‘data thatthe observations are not sampled independently of
‘one another. The result of this assumption is strongly biased
standard errors when standard statistical methods are used,
design effect The amount of bias in the standard errors
introduced by having depenclent observations
intraclass correlation ‘The expected correlation between in
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