(GEOGRAPHY)

Presented by:Abhishek Kumar Pandey

Guided By: Smt.Biraja Mishra
PRINCIPAL
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA-5
KALINGA NAGAR BHUBANESWAR

NAME OF THE CHAPTER:AGRICULTURE

CLASS -10
You tube link to stydy this chapter:
For First part of the lesson you may refer the channel:

https://youtu.be/LpVSBViXJ1w
For Second part of the lesson you may refer the channel:

https://youtu.be/qjrCGqNFg8Y

*You can copy this link and paste it on you tube to see the explanation of this chapter.
 KEY NOTES
ON

PRESENTED BY: ABHISHEK KUMAR PANDEY

M.A. GEOGRAPHY (BHU), M.ED. (BHU),
UGC NET(GEOGRAPHY),UGC NET-JRF(EDUCATION

Guided By: Smt.Biraja Mishra

PRINCIPAL
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA-5
KALINGA NAGAR BHUBANESWAR
 AGRICULTURE
Etymological meaning of Agriculture: The word agriculture is derived from Latin words ager or
agri meaning soil and culture meaning cultivation.
AGRICULTURE
AGRI+ CULTURE

SOIL CULTIVATION

Meaning of Agriculture= Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables,
flowers and rearing of livestock.
Agriculture or Farming can be looked as a system.

AGRICULTURE AS A SYSTEM
AGRICULTURE AS A SYSEM

INPUT(Seed,Fertilisers,Machinery
and Labour)

PROCESS OR OPERATIONS
(Plouhing,Sowing,Irrigation,weeding
and Harvesting)

Outputs(Crops,wool,dairy,poultry)
 TYPES OF FARMING
Depending upon the characteristics of physical environment ,technological know-how and socio-cultural
practices it may be divided into two types.

FARMING

SUBSISTENCE COMMERCIAL
FARMING FARMING

PRIMITIVE INTENSIVE
PLANTATION & MIXED
SUBSISTENCE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
FARMING FARMING

1. Shifting Cultivation
2. Nomadic Herding

Primitive Subsistence Farming

 Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools
 Family/community labour work in fields.
 It depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown.
 It is also called as a‘slash and burn’ agriculture. It is known by different names in different parts of the
country .
 It is jhumming in north-eastern .
 The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America,
 The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America,
 Roca’ in Brazil, ‘‘Ladang’ in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

 In Intensive subsistence farming pressure of population on land
 In intensive subsistence farming labour intensive farming is used
 In intensive subsistence farming there is low capital investment
 In intensive subsistence farming farmers produce for their own consumption
 In intensive subsistence farming processing industries are not associated with farms .
 In intensive subsistence farming multiple cropping is practiced .
 Commercial Farming
 Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
 Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
 Plantation is also a type of commercial farming . Plantation cover large tracts of land
 Use of well-developed network of transport and communication
 Single crop grown in large area
 The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
 Using capital intensive input
 Use migrant labourers
 All the produce is used as raw martial in respective industries
 High productivity for commercial purpose
 Example:Tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane, banana etc.

CROPPING PATTERN
Cropping Seasons: It means any particular season suitable for any crop. India has three cropping seasons.

RABI CROP

KHARIF CROP

ZAID CROP

TABULAR PATTERN OF CROPPING SEASON

S NAME SOWIN HARVE CROPS NAME NAME OF THE
L OF G STING STATES
N CROPP SEASON
O ING /MONT
SEASO
. SEASO HS NS
N
1 RABI WINTER SUMM WHEAT,BARLEY,P PUNJAB,HARYA
,OCTB- ER,AP EAS,GRAM NA,UP,RAJS
DEC
RIL TO
JUNE
2 KHARI ONSET SEPT- PADDY,MAIZE,JO ASSAM,WB,ODI
F OF OCTB WAR,COTTON SHA,ANDHRA
MONSO
ON
PRADESH
3 ZAID SUMME - WATERMELON,M -
R,IN USKMELON,CUCU
BETWE
EN RABI
MBER,FODDER
AND CROPS
KHARIF
 GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF Important Crops
SL CROP GEOGRAPHICAL LEADING PRODUCERS
N
O NAME CHARACTERISTICS
1 RICE KHARIF WB, UP, Punjab, Odisha
CROP,TEMP:25degree C,
high humidity with
rainfall 100 cm, Alluvial
Soil
2 Wheat Rabi crop, Cool growing Ganga-Satluz Plain,
season and a bright Black soil region, UP,
sunshine at the time of Punjab
ripening
3 Sugarca Tropical and Subtropical Country-Brazil-India
ne crop,Hot and Humid States:U.P.,Maharastra
Climate,TEMP:21-27
Degree c, Annual Rainfall
75-100 cm
4. Tea Plantation, Assam hills of
Beverage crop,Tropical- Darjeeling,JalpaiguriOF
Subtropical Crop,Deep WB,ASSAM,Tamilnadu,K
and Fertile well drained erala
soil,Rich in Humus and
organic matter,Frequent
shower,No stagnation of
water at roots
5. Rubber Equatorial crop,Humid KERALA,TAMILNADU
Climate,Rainfall more
than 200cm,Temp-25
degree Celsius
6 Cotton Drier parts,Black Soil,High Mahar.,GUJ.
temperature,210 frost
free days,Require 6-8
months to mature
7. Jute(GO Well-drained fertile soilin West
LDEN the flood plain,High Bengal,Bihar,Assam,Odi
Fibre) temperature at the time sha
of growth
 GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT CROPS
S CROP GEOGRAPHICAL LEADING
L NAME CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCERS
N
O
1 Millets(J Coarse grain but high Jowar:Maharastra,
owar,Baj nutritional value, Karnatka
ra,Ragi) Jowar is a Rain-fed crop
mostly grown in moist Bajra:Rajasthan,Utt
region,Hardly need ar Pradesh
irrigation,
Bajra grows well in sandy Ragi:Karnatka,Tami
soil and shallow black soil, l Nadu
Ragi is a crop of dry season
and grows well on
red,black,sandy,loamy and
shallow black soil.
2 Maize Used as both food and Karnataka, Uttar
fodder, Kharif Pradesh
crop,Temp:21-27degree c,
Alluvial soil
3 Coffee Indian coffee known for Nilgiri in Karnataka,
good quality,Arabica Kerala, and Tamil
brought from Yemen is Nadu
produced heree
4. Pulses(t Major source of protein for Madhya Pradesh,
ur or vegetarian ,Need less Uttar Pradesh
arhar,ur moisture and survive even
ad,moo in dry season, Leguminous
ng,masu crop
r,peas,a
nd
gram)
 Technological and Institutional Reforms
INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
 A Comprehensive Land Development Programme was initiated.
 Provision of crop insurance against drought, floods, cyclone, fire and disease.
 Establishment of Gramin Banks , Cooperative Societies and
 Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
 Kissan Credit Card (KCC) introduced.
 Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced.
 The government announced Minimum Support Price,
remunerative and procurement prices to reduce exploitation.

Technological Reforms
 HYV seeds / Chemical Fertilizer/ Pesticides were provided.
 Methods of Irrigation modernized.
 Latest agricultural equipment’s introduced.
 Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for
 farmers were introduced on Radio and Television.
*BHOODAN-GRAMDAN MOVEMENT WAS STARTED BY VINOBA BHAVE.IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS BLOODLESS REVOLUTION.

Contribution of agriculture to the national economy, employment and output

 In 2010-11 about 52 per cent of the total work force was employed by the farm sector.
 The declining share of agriculture in the GDP will also affect different sector.
 The Government of India made concerted efforts
to modernise agriculture.
1.Set up of ICAR,
2.agricultural universities,
3.veterinary services and animal breeding centres,
4.Horticulture development, research and development
5.Rural infrastructure.

India: Growth Rate of GDP and Major Sectors (in %)

Sector 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Agriculture 4.2 -0.2 1.1
Industry 5.0 5.9 7.3
Services 7.8 10.3 9.2
GDP 6.6 7.2 7.6
Source: Economic Survey 2015-16
 Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture
 Globaliasation can be seen from colonization.
 Export of Cotton, Spices and Indigo
 Competitions from highly subsidised agriculture from
developed countries.
 Indian agriculture faced several problems.
 Indian agriculture needs some reforms like different
revolution in agriculture like green and white revolution and
Gene revolution which includes genetic engineering.
 Organic Farming
 Production of high value crop like fruits, medicinal herbs,
flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba
which need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane.

Previous year Board questions papers

2013-2020
2019-20 Analyse the contribution of agriculture in the Indian Economy and Employment. 5
2019-20 Analyse any five challenges faced by the Indian Farmers. 5
2019-20 Analyse any five features of Commercial Farming. 5
2019-20 Write the temperature requirement of Maize crop. 1
2019-20 Write the amount of rainfall required for the cultivation of Wheat. 1
SQP QUESTION:Mohan owns a farm in Uttar Pradesh; he wishes to cultivate either Jute or Sugarcane. He shall cultivate 3
2017-18 which crop out of these two keeping in mind the conditions required for their growth? Explain.
a. He should cultivate Sugarcane as the geographical conditions it requires are available in Uttar Pradesh.
b. Sugarcane grows well in hot and humid climate
c. Requires a temperature of 21°C to 27°C
d. Needs annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm.
e. Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.
f. It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to
harvesting. All these conditions are available in Uttar Pradesh.
Geography – Theme 4, Agriculture, Page – 40
2018 QUESTION: “The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve 5
agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s.” Support this statement with examples.
OR
Compare „intensive subsistence farming‟ with that of „commercial farming‟ practiced in India.
i.A Comprehensive Land Development Programme was initiated.
ii. Provision of crop insurance against drought, floods, cyclone, fire
and disease.
iii. Establishment of Gramin Banks , Cooperative Societies and
Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates
of interest.
iv. Kissan Credit Card (KCC) introduced.
v. Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced.
vi. The government announced Minimum Support Price,
remunerative and procurement prices to reduce exploitation.
Technological Reforms
HYV seeds / Chemical Fertilizer/ Pesticides were provided.
ii. Methods of Irrigation modernized.
iii. Latest agricultural equipments introduced.
iv. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for
farmers were introduced on Radio and Television.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained in which at least any two from
Institutional and two from technological reforms to be explained. 42,43(G)
OR
Comparison between „Intensive Subsistence farming‟ and
„Commercial farming‟-
i. In Intensive subsistence farming pressure of population on land
is high whereas in commercial farming population pressure is low.
ii. In intensive subsistence farming labour intensive farming is used
whereas in commercial farming mechanized form of farming is used.
iii. In intensive subsistence farming there is low capital investment
whereas in commercial farming high capital investment is seen.
iv. In intensive subsistence farming farmers produce for their own
consumption whereas in commercial farming production is mainly for the market.
v. In intensive subsistence farming processing industries are not associated with farms whereas in commercial farming
processing industries are associated with plantations.
vi. In intensive subsistence farming multiple cropping is practiced whereas in commercial farming single cropping is practiced.
42,43(G)
COMP “The declining share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a matter of serious concern in India.” 5
2018 Support the statement.
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy though its share in the Gross Domestic Product has registered a
declining trend (from 1951 onwards) In 2010 – 11 about 52% of the total work force was employed by the farm sector which
makes more than half of the Indian population dependent on agriculture for sustenance. The declining share of agriculture in the
GDP is a matter of serious concern because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in other spheres of
the economy having wider implications for society. Considering the importance of agriculture in India , the government of India
made concerted efforts to modernize the agriculture.
Pg 44(Geo)
SQP Establish the difference between Commercial farming and Subsistence farming with the help of a suitable example.
2018-19 A. Commercial Farming
i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication
v. High productivity for commercial purpose
B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii. Use of primitive tools 3
 iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.
vi. Low productivity Geography Page No. 35
2019BOARD QUES. Describe any three main features of Rabi crop season. 3
1. Rabi crops are sown in Winter from October to December.
2. Harvested in Summer from April to June.
3. Important Rabi crops are Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram and Mustard.
4. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops. (G36)

2019 QUES.Describe any three main features of kharif crop season. 3

1. Grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country.
2. Harvested in September-October.
3. Important Kharif crops are Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur (arhar) etc. (G36)
2019 QUES.Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas. 5
Two major beverage crops: Tea and coffee
Tea growing areas:- Assam , West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Coffee producing states: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (G40,41)
2019 QUES.Name any two major fibre crops grown in India. Describe the conditions required to grow these two crops. 5
Two fibre crops – cotton and jute
Cotton : Blacksoil, high temp, light rainfall, clear sky
Jute: Well drained fertile soil, high temp.(G42)
2019 QUES.Name the two most important cereal crops grown in India. Describe the conditions required to grow these two 5
rops.
The main cereal crops – Rice & Wheat
Conditions for growing rice –
(i) High temperature above 250c
(ii) High Humidity with annual Rainfall above 100 cms
(iii)Important Kharif crop
Condition for growing wheat –
(i) Annual Rainfall 50-75 cms
(ii) Low temperature with bright sunshine
(iii)Important Rabi crop(G36,38)
2019 QUES.Name the two major fibre crops grown in India. Describe the conditions 5
required for growth of these two crops with their growing areas.5
Two major fibre crops
A cotton and jute are the fibre crops
Geographical condition require for Cotton
1. It requires black soil
2. It requires high temperature and light rainfall or irrigation
3. It requires 210 frost free days and bright sun shine
4. It is grown in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P,
Karnataka etc.
Geographical condition require for Jute
1. It requires well drained fertile soil in the flood plains
2. It requires high temperature
3. It requires high rainfall
4. Requires fresh water & Cheap labour
5. It grows in west Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa & Meghalaya etc.(G42)
2019 QUES.Describe any five technological and institutional reforms undertaken by 5
the Government of India to improve Indian agriculture.
1. Expansion of irrigation facilities
2. Collecivisation & consolidation of land holdings
3. Establishment of cooperative societies
4. Abolition of Zamindari System
5. Laws of land reforms were enacted
6. Promotion of green revolution, white revolution & use of
package technology in 1960s & 1970s
7. 1980s programmes intiated for crop insurance against
calamities
8. Establishment of Govt. banks co-operative societies & banks
for providing loan facilities
9. Schemes like KCC, PAIS, were introduced by the govt.
10. Weather bulletin, MSP etc.(G42,43)
2019 QUES.Describe any five features of commercial farming.
1. Single crop grown in large area 5
2. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry
3. Using capital intensive input
4. Use migrant labourers
5. All the produce is used as raw martial in respective industries
ex. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane, banana etc.
6. Plantation cover large tracts of land(G36,42)
2019 QUES. Highlight any three differences between primitive subsistence farming and
commercial farming.
i. Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools
ii. Family/community labour work in fields.
iii. It depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
iv. It is also called as a‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Commercial Farming
i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in
order to obtain higher productivity.
ii. The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another.
 iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming and single crop is grown on a large area.
iv. Jute, cotton, wheat are important commercial plantation crops. (G34,35)
Categorise the following as Kharif crops and Rabi crops : 1
(i) Wheat(ii) Maize(iii) Barley(iv) Peas(v) Bajra(vi) Tur (Arhar)
Categorise the following as „Rabi crops‟ and „Zaid crops‟ : 1
(i) Wheat(ii) Watermelon(iii) Fodder crops(iv) Mustard(v) Cucumber(vi) Peas
Categorise the following as „Kharif crops‟ and „Zaid crops‟ : 1
(i) Paddy (Rice)(ii) Cucumber(iii) Bajra(iv) Cotton(v) Fodder crops(vi) Muskmelon
2019COMP Describe geographical conditions required for tea cultivation. 3
Tea Cultivation :
i. Tea grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.
ii. Fertile well drained soil.
iii. Warm and moist frost-free climate.
iv. Frequent showers throughout the year.
v. Intensive labour.(G40)
Describe the geographical conditions required for rubber cultivation.SET3 3
Rubber Cultivation –
i. It is an equatorial crop.
ii. It requires moist and humid climate.
iii. Requires more than 200 cm of annual rainfall.
iv. Requires 25o C temperature.(G42)
Name the cropping season related to wheat crop. Mention any two features of this crop.SET2 1+2
Cropping season of Wheat – Rabi Crop Season
Features of Wheat cultivationi.
It requires a cool growing season.
ii. Bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
iii. Requires 50-75 cms of annual rainfall.
iv. There are two important wheat growing zones.(G38)
2019SQP Complete the following table with correct information with regard to the cultivation of rice: 1
Rice Annual rain fall required Cropping season Temperature required for its growth (in degrees)
100 cm (A) - ? (B) - ?
(A) Kharif Cropping Season (B) 16°C – 27°C
Contemporary India-II Chapter-3; Agriculture pg-32