VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

A Project Report
on
“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPUROSE SEED SOWING
MACHINE FOR AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS”
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

PRAKASH RAJ S 1DT16ME043

SHARATH N 1DT16ME058
VAIBHAV B K 1DT16ME069
PRASHANTH GOWDA M B 1DT17ME443

Under the guidance of

DR. MALLIKARJUN BIRADAR
Associate Professor Department of
Mechanical Engineering
DSATM, Bengaluru-560082

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.
2019 -2020
 DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Accredited 3 years by NBA, New Delhi (Validity: 26-07-2018 to 30-06-2021)

This is to Certify that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPUROSE
SEED SOWING MACHINE FOR AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS” carried out by Mr./Ms.
PRAKASH RAJ S , SHARATH N, VAIBHAV B K , PRASHANTH GOWDA M B bearing the USN :
1DT16ME043, 1DT16ME058, 1DT16ME069 and 1DT17ME443, are bonafide students of Dayananda
Sagar Academy of Technology & Management, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during
the Academic year 2019-2020. It is certified that all corrections / suggestion indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work
prescribed for the said Degree.

Guide Head of the Department Principal

Dr. Mallikarjun Dr. Manohar H.S Dr. B R Lakshmikantha
Biradar

EXTERNAL VIVA VOCE

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1.

2.
 DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Accredited 3 years by NBA, New Delhi (Validity: 26-07-2018 to 30-06-2021)

This is to Certify that, we have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in preparing the project report
and hereby declare that the dissertation work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPUROSE
SEED SOWING MACHINE FOR AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS” have been independently carried out by
ourselves, and whenever we have used materials (Data, Theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other sources. We
have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the project report and giving their details in the references.
We have not submitted this dissertation either in part or full to any other university for the award of any degree.

Sl.No. Name USN Signature

1. PRAKASH RAJ S 1DT16ME043

2. SHARATH N 1DT16ME058

3. VAIBHAV B K 1DT16ME069

4. PRASHANTH GOWDA 1DT17ME443

MB
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture has been the backbone of our Indian economy and it will continue to remain the
same in the future around 70% of the people in India are directly and indirectly dependent on
agriculture and its products but due to increase in population the required resource is not
sufficient by practising old techniques. manual method of seed planting results in low seed
placement spacing efficiencies. generally, cultivation of any crop involves various steps such as
ploughing harvesting sowing and irrigation the farmers has to use various agricultural equipment
and more labourers for handling this task which results in the increase of the total cost of the
product. therefore the main objective of our project is to combine all the individual tools to
provide farmers with a multipurpose equipment which implements all the scientific farming
techniques that are suitable for all the type of seed cultivation that can be easily affordable by
all the farmers in our country as far as possible therefore this project work is focused on
designing and fabricating of a multipurpose equipment which is used for agricultural process like
ploughing the field of various depth sowing different types of seeds and sprinkling of the water
in the field . This multipurpose agriculture machine has the capability of delivering the seeds
precisely with uniform depth in the feed and also maintain uniform distance between the seeds.
The seed planter consists of main frame seed hopper seed storage tank with most of the materials
made up of mild steel

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the journey of present project work, numerous personalities, directly or indirectly have extended their
support and co-operation. We are truly indebted to them and hereby acknowledge their contributions. We
are very thankful to our Parents for supporting us while doing this project.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. B. R. Lakshmikantha, Principal, Dayananda Sagar
Academy of Technology and Management, Bengaluru for his patronage, motivation and constant
encouragement in completing the project work successfully.

We take immense pleasure in thanking Dr. Manohar H.S, Professor and Head of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bengaluru for
guiding us and having facilitated us to complete our project work successfully.

We would also like to express our gratitude to our project guide Dr. M. Rajanish Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DSATM, Bengaluru for his constant support and guidance
throughout the project work.

We consider it a privilege to express our thanks to our faculty members, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, DSATM, Bengaluru for their constant support and invaluable guidance.

PRAKASH RAJ S 1DT16ME043

SHARATH N 1DT16ME058
VAIBHAV B K 1DT16ME069
PRASHANTH GOWDA MB 1DT17ME443

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page. No.

TITLE SHEET

CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURS

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION [1-5]

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY [6-11]

2.1. Types of operation 7
2.1.1. Rack and Pinion Operated 7
2.1.2. Belt Drive 7
2.1.3. DC Worm gear motor 8
2.1.4. Seed feeding mechanism 8
2.2. Literature Review [8-11]
CHAPTER-3 DESIGN AND FABRICATION [12-33]
3.1. Components used 13
3.1.1. Bearing 13
3.1.2. Frame 13
3.1.3. Motor 14
3.1.4. Fleming’s left hand rule 14
3.1.5. Battery 14

iii
 3.1.6. lead acid battery 15
3.1.7. Spur gear 16
3.1.8. Belt Drive 17
3.1.9. Pulley 18
3.1.10. Seed Feeder 19
3.1.11. Planting pipe 19
3.1.12. Water tank 19
3.1.13. Water sprayer 20
3.2. Bill of Materials 20
3.3. Manufacturing process 21
3.3.1. Metal Cutting 22
3.3.2. Lathe Machine 23
3.3.3. Sawing 24
3.3.4. Welding 25
3.3.5. Operation [26-27]
3.3.6. Drilling [28-29]
3.4. Design Of The Model 30
3.4.1. Modeling 30
3.4.2. Catia 30
3.4.3. Catia Design Of The Model 31
3.4.4. Frame of the Model 32
3.4.5. Remote Control Circuit 32
3.4.6. Seed Hopper 33
3.4.7. Model Base Frame 33
CHAPTER-4 CALCULATION AND RESULTS [34-41]
4.0. Calculations 35
4.1. Basic shaft design formula 35
4.2. Cost estimation 40
4.3. Advantages, disadvantages and applications 41
iv
 4.3.1 Advantages 41
4.3.2. Disadvantages 41
4.3.3. Applications 41
CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION [42-43]
REFERENCES

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title of the table Page. No

3.2. Bill of Materials 20

4.2. Cost Estimation 40

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title of the figure Page No.

3.1.6. Lead-acid wet cell 15

3.1. Spur Gear 16
3.2. Belt drive 17
3.3. Pulley 18
3.4. Manufacturing Process 21
3.5. Metal cutting 22
3.6. Lathe Machine 23
3.7. Sawing 24
3.8. Weld 25
3.9. Welding 26
3.10. Welding Process 27
3.11. Drilling 28
3.12. Drill Bit 29
3.13. Drilling Machine 29
3.14. Catia Model 31
3.15. Catia Model 31
3.16. Frame of the Model 32
3.17. Remote Control Circuit 32
3.18. Seed Hopper 33
3.19. Model base frame 33

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1
 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a
long time. ―A man without food for three days will quarrel, for a week will fight and for a month
or so will die‖. Agriculture is a branch of applied science. Agriculture is the science and art of
farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It is the most
important enterprise in the world. Over the years, agricultural practices have been carried out by
small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3 hectares, using human labor and traditional tools such as
wooden plough, yoke, leveler, harrow, mallet, spade, big sickle etc. These tools are used in land
preparation, for sowing of seeds, weeding and harvesting. Modem agricultural techniques and
equipment’s are not used by small land holders because these equipment’s are too expensive and
difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific farming methods, we can get maximum yield and good
quality crops which can save a farmer from going bankrupt but majority of farmers still uses
primitive method of farming techniques due to lack of knowledge or lack of investment for
utilizing modern equipment. The use of hand tools for land cultivation is still predominant in India
because tractors require resources that many Indian farmers do not have easy access to. The need
for agricultural mechanization in India must therefore be assessed with a deeper understanding of
the small holder farmer ‘s activities. There is huge gap in technology adoption and Implement used
with small and marginal farmers. Sustainable improvement in the livelihoods of poor farmers in
developing countries depends largely on the adoption of improved resource conserving cropping
systems. While most of the necessary components already exist, information on the availability
and performance of equipment is lacking and effective communication between farmers and
agricultural research and development department is unsuccessful

(i) Source of livelihood:

Agriculture is the main occupation. It provides employment to nearly 61% persons of total
population. It contributes 25% to national income.

(ii) Dependence on monsoon:

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

Agriculture in India mainly depends on monsoon. If monsoon is good, the production will be more
and if monsoon is less than average then the crops fail. As irrigation facilities are quite inadequate,
the agriculture depends on monsoon.
(iii) Labor intensive cultivation:
Due to increase in population the pressure on land holding increased. Land holdings get
fragmented and subdivided and become uneconomical. Machinery and equipment cannot be used
on such farms.
(iv) Under employment:
Due to inadequate irrigation facilities and uncertain rainfall, the production of agriculture is less;
farmers find work a few months in the year. Their capacity of work cannot be properly utilized. In
agriculture there is under employment as well as disguised unemployment.
(v) Small size of holdings:
Due to large scale sub-division and fragmentation of holdings, land holding size is quite small.
Average size of land holding was 2 to 3 hectares in India while in Australia it was 1993 hectares
and in USA it was 158 hectares.
(vi) Traditional methods of production:
In India methods of production of crops along with equipment are traditional. It is due to poverty
and illiteracy of people. Traditional technology is the main cause of low production.
(vii) Low Agricultural production:
Agricultural production is low in India. India produces 27 Qtrs. Wheat per hectare. France
produces 71.2 Qtrs. per hectare and Britain 80 Qtrs. per hectare. Average annual productivity of
an agricultural labor is 162 dollars in India, 973 dollars in Norway and 2408 dollars in USA.
(viii) Dominance of food crops:
75% of the cultivated area is under food crops like Wheat, Rice and Bajra, while 25% of cultivated
area is under commercial crops. This pattern is cause of backward agriculture.
Stagnation in Production of Major Crops: Production of some of the major staple food crops
like rice and wheat has been stagnating for quite some time. This is a situation which is
worrying our agricultural scientists, planners and policy makers.
High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the years rates of farm inputs have increased. Farm inputs

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV seeds, farm labor cost etc. Such an increase puts
low and medium land holding farmers at a disadvantage.
Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from farming the same crop
over and over again. This usually happens in the rain forest.
Depletion of Fresh Ground Water: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of Punjab, Haryana and
Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of ground water. Today fresh ground
water situation in these states is alarming. In the coming few years if this type of farming
practice continues, these states are going to face water famine.
Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change: Among various challenges, global climatic
change is the recent one. It is predicted that due to climate change, temperature would increase
from 2°C to 3°C, there would be increase in sea level, more intense cyclones, unpredictable
rainfall etc These changes would adversely affect the production of crops.
Impact of Globalization: You can see the effect of globalization on the farm sector in India.
All developing countries have been affected by it. The most evident effect is the squeeze on
farmer ‘s income and the threat to the viability of cultivation in India. This is due to the rising
input costs and falling output prices. This reflects the combination of reduced subsidy and
protection to farmers.
Providing Food Security: Before the introduction of green revolution in India, we were not
self-sufficient in terms of our food grain production. With the introduction of green revolution,
production of food grains increased substantially and India became self-sufficient. However,
during the last one decade the total production has become stagnant. On the other hand, we
have added another 16 to 18 million populations over this period. Although India has become
self-sufficient in good it is yet to ensure food security which is dependent upon accessibility,
affordability as well nutritional value of the food available. One of the biggest challenges
facing India is Providing Food Security to its population.
Farmers Suicide: Every suicide has a multiple of causes but when you have nearly 200,000 of
them, it makes sense to seek broad common factors within that group. The suicides appear
concentrated in regions of high commercialization of agriculture and very high peasant debt.
Cash crop farmers seemed far more vulnerable to suicide than those growing food crops. Yet

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

the basic underlying causes of the crisis remained untouched. Commercialization of the
countryside along with massive decline in investment in agriculture was the beginning of the
decline. Withdrawal of bank credit at a time of soaring input prices and the crash in farm
incomes compounded the problems. Shifting of millions from food crop to cash crop
cultivation had its own risks. Privatization of many resources has also compounded the
problems. The devastation lies in the big 5 States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. These states accounted for two-thirds of all farm suicides
during 2003-08. Some of the major factors responsible are indebtedness, crop failure and
deterioration in economic status. Decline in social position, exorbitant charges by local money
lenders for the vulnerable farmers, chronic illness in the family, addiction etc. have made life
of farmers difficult.
The production and productivity of ground nuts, corns, etc., were quite low, when India became
independent in 1947. The production was not sufficient to feed the Indian population. The
country used to import them in large quantities for fulfilling the needs of our people from many
countries. The reasons of low production and productivity were unavailability of machines in
the cultivation field. In India most of the farming work is done manually when compared with
foreign countries.
When small farmers with minimal physical resources or financial assets attempt to improve
their productivity, they have a limited choice. The only resource they can maximize is
knowledge in which they are not poor. To prove the above statement, Mr Shivarj was invented
the first bullock driven sowing machine in the year 1987 at Madhya Pradesh .

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE SURVEY

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The rotating blades which is present in the front end of the machine first loosens the soil. The
cultivator which is behind plough the ground with the required depth when the machine moves
forward. The seed impeller then sows the seed in the path created by the cultivator the seed impeller
obtains the power through the belt arrangement connected between hoppers shaft and the back-
wheel shaft. Water pump supplies the water to the sprinkler from the tank. V shaped solid closes
the path by mud when the vehicle moves forward. Power supply for the machine is through solar
energy

2.1. TYPES OF OPERATION

• Rack and pinion operated

• Belt drive

• DC worm gear motor

• Seed feeding mechanism

Brief discussion of all the types is as follows.

2.1.1. rack and pinion operated

Here the lowering and the raising of the header are carried out manually using the rack and pinion
arrangement. In this case the required pressure is applied manually using direct hand pressure on
the rack using pinion and lever arrangement. Since the machine is robust and requires large
pressure, hence, it is not suitable.

2.1.2. Belt drive

A belt drive mechanism for transmitting torque between a driving rotatable member and a driven
rotatable member through a drive belt which is an automatic belt tightener By this arrangement,
the belt has imparted to it a driving force delivered by the driving member and both of the pulleys.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

2.1.3. DC worm gear motor

A DC worm motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, the terminology is often
confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm
drive as a unit

2.1.4. Seed feeding mechanism

Seed feeder plate is rotated by the power which is obtained from the back shaft of the vehicle
which is connected to the hoppers shaft through belt and gear arrangement and thus the rotary
motion of the shaft/impeller is used for sowing the seed linearly which also helps in the feeding
the seed in a controlled distance

2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW

• B.Pokharkar , Keshav K. Sanap [1] The main purpose of this paper is to compare
between conventional sowing method and new proposed machine which can perform number
of simultaneous operation. The required row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing
and fertilizers placement varies from crop to crop can be achieved by the proposed machine
• Aditya Kawadaskar, Dr. ss chaudhari [2] Redesigned and tested the seed sowing machine
using CAD package like PROE. This Paper deals with the various sowing methods used in
India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. The comparison between the traditional sowing
method and the new proposed machine which can perform a number of simultaneous
operations and has number of advantages.
• WankhedeA.P RathodAV, GordeR.K.Gondane[3] The purpose of developing this paper is to
develop multipurpose machine to reduce cost and time required for seed sowing and fertilizer
placement. By using advance seed sowing machine and advance techniques we can increase
the production of crops in minimum cost and time.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

• Mr. Muhammed Kashif R Mr. Sharanabasappa Bolashetty [4] The main objective of this
project is to design and development of semi-automated multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe
to use of weeding, ploughing and cultivating in single equipment. Their aim is to reduce the
man power required for the operation of the wheel hoe.
• Humbade A.BKalingwar C.M[5] This Project presents work on design of a new agricultural
multipurpose vehicle to be used for various applications. As global competition is pressing
farmers on many fronts, mechanized agriculture has become one of the important modern
agricultural methods
• Dr. C.N. Sakhale, Prof. S.N. Waghmare,Rashmi S.Chimote[6] In this equipment they used
24cc engine for digging operation. And for spraying used motor with 12V battery. Next two
operations are manual base which is cultivation and sowing. This machine performs four
farming operation (digging, sowing, cultivation, spraying) which is used small scale farming
• •V.M. Martin Vimal, Madesh, S.Karthick [7] In this project a multipurpose sowing machine is
designed for small farmers to improve their productivity. In this machine a common seed
storage place is introduced to reduce the cost of the machine
• Dr.kavya, Dr.A.R Patel [8] A manually operated template row planter was designed and
developed to improve planting efficiency and reduce drudgery involved in manual planting
method. Seed planting is also possible for different size of seed at variable depth and space
between two seed.
• Dr.kayan khan, Dr. c.s mosses,Dr. Ashok kumar [9] This project work focused on the design
and fabrication of a manually operated planter sowing for different crop seed that is cheap,
easily affordable by the rural farmers, easy to maintain and less laborious to use
• Mr. Mohammed Yaseen, Ms. Bhargav [10] The main objective of this project is to design and
development of semi-automated multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe to use of weeding,
ploughing and cultivating in single equipment. Their aim is to reduce the man power required
for the operation of the wheel hoe.
• Amol B. Rohokale, Pavan D. Shewale,[11] The main purpose of this paper is to compare
between conventional sowing method and new proposed machine which can perform number
of simultaneous operation. The required row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

spacing and fertilizers placement varies from crop to crop can be achieved by the proposed
machine. This machine reduces the sowing time, human efforts and labour cost.
• D.A. Mada, Mahai, [12] In this research paper author has mentioned the magnitude of automation
in agricultural field by giving some instance. The conclusion from the paper was need of
multifunctional vehicle for pre and post harvesting. We have taken this as base of our research
and take further changes in production of our multipurpose agricultural vehicle.
• V.K. Tewari, A. Ashok Kumar, SatyaPrakash Kumar, BrajeshNare [13] In this research papers
author have done case study on farm mechanization in west Bengal as being part of India it
give clear status about availability and progress in India. This ensured us to take right steps
compared to current steps.

• Laukik P. Raut et al. [14] This project is a mechanically operated sprayer and weeder.the rotary
motion of pinion is converted into reciprocating motion of pump which further pumps the
pesticide through sprayer.

• Nitin Kumar Mishra [15] This machine included solar panel, battery and motor. This project is
a multipurpose agro equipment as it includes all the three equipment together i.e. Seed feeder,
pesticide sprayer and crop cutter. A solar photovoltaic panel is fixed that converts solar energy
into electric energy.

• Patil Nikhil V et al, [16] This vehicle's main objective is drilling, leveling, fertilizer spraying,
seed sowing and ploughing.

• Mahesh R. Pundkar and A. K. Mahalle [17] is presented review provides brief information
about the various types of innovations done in seed sowing machine available for plantation.
The seed sowing machine is a key component of agriculture field. The performance of seed
sowing device has a remarkable influence on the cost and yield of agriculture products.
Presently there are many approaches to detect the performance of seed-sowing device.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

• D. Ramesh and H. P. Girish Kumar [18] presented review provide brief information about the
various types of innovations done in seed sowing equipment. The basic objective of sowing
operation is to put the seed and seed in rows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover
the seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed. The recommended row to
row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to
crop.

• Pranil V. Sawalakhe and et. al [19] are investigated the today’s era is marching towards the
rapid growth of all sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands,
the farmers have to implement the new techniques which will not affect the soil texture but
will increase the overall crop production. This Paper deals with the various sowing methods
used in India for seed sowing and seed placement.

• Laukik P. Raut a [20] studied to meet the food requirements of the growing population and
rapid industrialization, modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization enables the
conservation of inputs through precision in metering ensuring better distribution, reducing
quantity needed for better response and prevention of losses or wastage of inputs applied.
Mechanization reduces the unit cost of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND FABRICATION

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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND FABRICATION
3.1 COMPONENTS USED
The major parts that are effectively employed in the design and the fabrication of the multipurpose
agro machine seed sowing with groundnut thrasher ferti sprayer are described below:
Bearing,
Frame,
Motor,
Battery,
Spur gears,
Belt drive,
Pulley,
Seed feeder,
Planting pipe,
Water tank,
Water sprayer.
3.1.1 BEARING

The bearings are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if hammered the bearing may
develop cracks. Bearing is made up of steel material and bearing cap is mild steel.

3.1.2 FRAME

This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame structure with the
suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores done in one setting so as to align the
bearings properly while assembling. Provisions are made to cover the bearings with grease

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

3.1.3 MOTOR

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its action
is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a magnetic force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. When a motor
is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce mechanical rotation. DC motors are
also like generators classified into shunt wound or series wound or compound wound motors.

3.1.4 FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

Keep the force finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually perpendicular to one
another. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field and middle finger indicates
direction of current in the conductor, then the thumb indicates the direction of the motion of
conductor.

3.1.5 BATTERY

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar energy
converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as irrigation
pumps or drinking water supplies for storage. In fact for small units with output less than one
kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available storage means.
Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs. It is necessary that the
overall system be optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern. To be
economically attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular
combination of properties:

Low cost
Long life
High reliability
High overall efficiency
Low discharge

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

3.1.6 LEAD-ACID WET CELL

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly
used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂ SO₄ ). In the application of battery
power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is
typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in
a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery. The lead acid cell type is
a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be
repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition.
However, heat with excessive charge and discharge currents shortens the useful life to about 3 to
5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead- acid type has
the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a specified battery voltage.

Charge

Pb + pbO₂ + 2H₂ SO₄ 2pbSO₄ + 2H₂ O

Discharge

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On discharge, the Pb and PbO₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the equation to form
lead sulfate (PbSO₄ ) and water (H₂ O) at the right side of the equation. One battery consists of 6
cells, each have an output voltage of 2.1V, which are connected in series to get a voltage of 12V
and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get a 24 V battery. They are placed in the water
proof iron casing box.

3.1.7 SPUR GEAR

Fig :3.1

The spur gears, which are designed to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts, are the
most economical gears in the power transmission industry. Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the
simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the
teeth are not straight-sided (but usually of special form to achieve a constant drive ratio, mainly
involute but less commonly cycloidal), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the
axis of rotation. These gears mesh together correctly only if fitted to parallel shafts.

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3.1.8 BELT DRIVE

Fig:3.2
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts, most
often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track
relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys and
the shafts need not be parallel. In a two-pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally
in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts) or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of
the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source
of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continuously carry a load
between two points. A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often
shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of conveyor systems. A
belt conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an
endless loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the
pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is
called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley.

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3.1.9 PULLEY

Fig :3.3
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift
loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle and
supporting shell is referred to as a "block." A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may
have a groove between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system
can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove. Pulleys are assembled
to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys
are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating
shaft to another.

A belt and pulley system is characterized by two or more pulleys in common to a belt. This allows
for mechanical power, torque and speed to be transmitted across axles. If the pulleys are of
differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realized. A belt drive is analogous to that of a chain
drive, however a belt sheave may be so that the mechanical advantage is approximately given by
the ratio of the pitch diameter of the sheaves only, not fixed exactly by the ratio of teeth as with
gears and sprockets. In the case of a drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley
often is slightly convex to keep the flat belt centered. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned
pulley. Though once widely used on factory line shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

the rotating brush in upright vacuum cleaners, in belt sanders and bandsaws. Just as the diameters
of gears and, correspondingly, their number of teeth determine a gear ratio and thus the speed
increases or reductions and the mechanical advantage that they can deliver, the diameters of
pulleys determine those same factors. Cone pulleys and step pulleys (which operate on the same
principle, although the names tend to be applied to flat belt versions and V belt versions,
respectively) are a way to provide multiple drive ratios in a belt-and-pulley system that can be
shifted as needed, just as a transmission provides this function with a gear train that can be shifted.
V belt step pulleys are the most common way that drill presses deliver a range of spindle speeds.

3.1.10 SEED FEEDER

This is simply a circular plate with a suitable arrangement. This circular plate is placed inside the
hopper. The motion to this plate is delivered with the help of the motor. When this seed feeder
rotates, it carries the groundnut seeds by the suitable arrangement provided and delivers it to the
planting hose. By using this technique, the manual planting method is eliminated and thus the
planting operation is automated.

3.1.11 PLANTING PIPE

This is the pipe that is connected from the seed feeder. The seeds are fed to this pipe with the help
of the seed feeder and the pipe delivers the seeds to the ground. Before delivering a suitable
cultivator, arrangement is made in order to cultivate the land for planting the seeds. And a flat plate
is provided behind the pipe for making the cultivated and even.

3.1.12 WATER TANK

This is a small reservoir like setup provided in the top of the machine. The water or the other
fertilizer is stored in this tank which is sprayer using a sprayer when the machine is moved
manually. the cultivation process is complete only when the seeds are sowed and the water is
sprayed. Hence the water is sprayer automatically and the water or the fertilizer is stored in this
reservoir setup.

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3.1.13 WATER SPRAYER

This is a long pipe with holes placed horizontally on the machine. The water from the water tank
is connected to this sprayer by means of the hoses so that the water from the tank enters this pipe
and comes out through the holes with some greater pressure so that the water or the fertilizer is
sprayed onto the ground effectively.

3.2 BILL OF MATERIALS

Sl. No. PARTS Qty. Material

1 Motor 5 DC

2 Battery 1 Lead acid

3 Tank 1 Plastic

4 Bearings 6 CI

5 Spur gear 2 CI

6 Sprayer 1 MS

7 Cultivator 1 MS

8 Belt 2 Rubber

9 Pulley 2 MS

10 Hopper 2 MS

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11 Circular plate 2 MS

12 Thresher 1 MS

3.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Manufacturing processes are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final
product. The manufacturing process begins with the creation of the materials from which the
design is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the
required part. Manufacturing processes can include treating (such as heat treating or coating),
machining, or reshaping the material. The manufacturing process also includes tests and checks
for quality assurance during or after the manufacturing, and planning the production process prior
to manufacturing.

Fig 3.4

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3.3.1 METAL CUTTING

Fig:3.5
Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is processed. Usually, the portion
that is fractured away is in small sized pieces, called chips. Common cutting processes include
sawing, shaping (or planning), broaching, drilling, grinding, turning and milling. Although the
actual machines, tools and processes for cutting look very different from each other, the basic
mechanism for causing the fracture can be understood by just a simple model called for orthogonal
cutting.

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3.3.2 LATHE MACHINE

Fig:3.6
In all machining processes, the work piece is a shape that can entirely cover the final part shape.
The objective is to cut away the excess material and obtain the final part. This cutting usually
requires to be completed in several steps – in each step, the part is held in a fixture, and the exposed
portion can be accessed by the tool to machine in that portion. Common fixtures include vise,
clamps, 3-jaw or 4-jaw chucks, etc. Each position of holding the part is called a setup. One or more
cutting operation may be performed, using one or more cutting tools, in each setup. To switch from
one setup to the next, we must release the part from the previous fixture, change the fixture on the
machine, clamp the part in the new position on the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine
tool with respect to the new location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for this
setup.
Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we should try to do the entire
cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the task of determining the sequence of the

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individual operations, grouping them into (a minimum number of) setups, and determination of
the fixture used for each setup, is called process planning.
These notes will be organized in three sections:
(i) Introduction to the processes,
(ii) The orthogonal cutting model and tool life optimization and
(iii) Process planning and machining planning for milling.
3.3.3 SAWING
Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through various types of metal,
including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with the action that takes place during the
cutting process, which manages to keep both the metal and the blade from becoming too hot. A
cold saw is powered with electricity and is usually a stationary type of saw machine rather than a
portable type of saw.

Fig:3.7
The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often constructed of highspeed steel. Steel blades
of this type are resistant to wear even under daily usage. The end result is that it is possible to
complete a number of cutting projects before there is a need to replace the blade. High speed steel
blades are especially useful when the saws are used for cutting through thicker sections of metal.
Along with the high-speed steel blades, a cold saw may also be equipped with a blade that is tipped
with tungsten carbide. This type of blade construction also helps to resist wear and tear. One major
difference is that tungsten tipped blades can be re-sharpened from time to time, extending the life
of the blade. This type of blade is a good fit for use with sheet metal and other metallic components
that are relatively thin in design.

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3.3.4 WELDING
Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by melting and fusing 1, the
base metals being joined and 2, the filler metal applied. Welding employs pinpointed, localized
heat input. Most welding involves ferrous-based metals such as steel and stainless steel. Weld
joints are usually stronger than or as strong as the base metals being joined.

Fig:3.8

Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies,
aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers,
general repair work and ship building.

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3.3.5 OPERATION

Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a few are considered
here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known as shielded metal arc In
this process an electrical machine (which may be DC or AC, but nowadays is usually AC) supplies
current to an electrode holder which carries an electrode which is normally coated with a mixture
of chemicals or flux. An earth cable connects the work piece to the welding machine to provide a
return path for the current. The weld is initiated by tapping ('striking') the tip of the electrode
against the work piece which initiates an electric arc. The high temperature generated (about
6000oC) almost instantly produces a molten pool and the end of the electrode continuously melts
into this pool and forms the joint.

Fig :3.9
The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the work piece while moving the
electrode along the joint

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Fig:3.10
In the shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW) the 'stick' electrode is covered with an extruded
coating of flux. The heat of the arc melts the flux which generates a gaseous shield to keep air
away from the molten pool and also flux ingredients react with unwanted impurities such as surface
oxides, creating a slag which floats to the surface of the weld pool. This forms a crust which
protects the weld while it is cooling. When the weld is cold the slag is chipped off. The SMAW
process cannot be used on steel thinner than about 3mm and being a discontinuous process it is
only suitable for manual operation. It is very widely used in jobbing shops and for onsite steel
construction work. A wide range of electrode materials and coatings are available enabling the
process to be applied to most steels, heat resisting alloys and many types of cast iron.

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3.3.6 DRILLNG

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the
workpiece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces
the cutting edge against the workpiece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.

Fig :3.11

OPERATION

The geometry of the common twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it has straight cutting
teeth at the bottom – these teeth do most of the metal cutting, and it has curved cutting teeth along
its cylindrical surface. The grooves created by the helical teeth are called flutes, and are useful in
pushing the chips out from the hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity of the tip of the
drill is zero, and so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting. Therefore it is common to
machine a small hole in the material, called a center-hole, before utilizing the drill. Center-holes
are made by special drills called center-drills; they also provide a good way for the drill bit to get
aligned with the location of the center of the hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill
shapes and sizes; here, we will only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.

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Fig:3.12
Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel, Titanium Nitride coated
steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard inserts, e.g. carbide or CBN inserts, are used;
In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while those for cutting hard
and brittle materials have larger point angle; If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be
machined is large, then we need a special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very
long; such operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of few
mm or more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of guns;

Fig:3.13

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3.4 DESIGN OF THE MODEL

3.4.1 MODELING

Model is a Representation of an object, a system, or an idea in some form other than that of the
entity itself. Modeling is the process of producing a model; a model is a representation of the
construction and working of some system of interest. A model is similar to but simpler than the
system it represents. One purpose of a model is to enable the analyst to predict the effect of changes
to the system. On the one hand, a model should be a close approximation to the real system and
incorporate most of its salient features. On the other hand, it should not be so complex that it is
impossible to understand and experiment with it. A good model is a judicious tradeoff between
realism and simplicity. Simulation practitioners recommend increasing the complexity of a model
iteratively. An important issue in modeling is model validity. Model validation techniques include
simulating the model under known input conditions and comparing model output with system
output. Generally, a model intended for a simulation study is a mathematical model developed
with the help of simulation software.
Software for modeling:
Solid works
Creo
CATIA
Unigraphics, etc

3.4.2 CATIA
CATIA software (computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) is. CATIA offers a
solution to shape design, styling, surfacing workflow and visualization to create, modify, and
validate complex innovative shapes from industrial design to Class-A surfacing with the ICEM
surfacing technologies. CATIA supports multiple stages of product design whether started from
scratch or from 2D sketches (blueprints).

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3.4.3 CATIA DESIGN OF THE MODEL

Fig:3.14

Fig :3.15

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3.4.4 FRAME OF THE MODEL

Fig :3.16

3.4.5 REMOTE CONTROL CIRCUIT

Fig:3.17

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3.4.6 SEED HOPPER

Fig :3.18

3.4.7 MODEL BASE FRAME

Fig:3.19

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CHAPTER 4
CALCULATION AND RESULTS

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CHAPTER 4
CALCULATION AND RESULTS
4.0 CALCULATIONS
4.1 BASIC SHAFT DESIGN FORMULA

The drive shaft with multiple pulleys experience two kinds of stresses, bending stress and shear
stress. The maximum bending stress generated at the outer most fiber of the shaft. And on the other
hand, the shear stress is generated at the inner most fiber. Also, the value of maximum bending
stress is much more than the shear stress. So, the design of the shaft will be based on the maximum
bending stress and will be driven by the following formula:

Maximum bending stress Tb = (M * r) / I

M is maximum bending moment on the shaft.

r is the radius of the shaft.

I is area moment of inertia of the shaft

Design Procedure

Draw the bending moment diagram to find out the maximum bending moment (M) on the
shaft.
Calculate the area moment of inertia (I) for the shaft.
Replace the maximum bending stress (Tb) with the given allowable stress for the shaft
material.
Calculate the radius of the shaft.

Shaft Design Problem

Input data:

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Maximum allowable shear stress for the shaft material= 40 N/mm2

Solution:

From the bending moment diagram, the maximum bending moment (M) is calculated as 66666.67
N/mm2.

I = pi * r^4 *0.25

40 = (66666.67 *r)/ (0.785*r^4)

r= 12.85 mm

So, the minimum radius of the shaft should be 12.85 or 13 mm.

DESIGN OF GEAR WHEEL

SPUR GEAR:
Pressure angle = 14½°
No. of Teeth (N) = 50
Diameter Pitch (DP) = 18
PCD = (N/DP) x @%.$
= ( 50 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 70.56 mm
Outer Diameter (OD) = { ( N+2 0 ) / DP } x 25.4
= { ( 50+2 ) / 18 } x 25.4
= 73.38 mm
Depth of cut (or) Tool depth = 2.157 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 3.0049mm
Dedendum = ( 1.157 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 1.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 1.633 mm
Working Depth = ( 2 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2 / 18 ) x 25.4

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= 2.82mm
Tooth thickness = ( 1.5708 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 1.5708 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 2.22 mm
Clearance = ( 0.157 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 0.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 0.222 mm
Radius of fillet = 1 1/3 x Clearance
= 4/3 x 0.222
= 0.296 mm
Index = 40 / N
= 40 / 50
Working Depth = ( 2 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 2.822 mm
Tooth Thickness = ( 1.5708 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 1.5708 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 2.217 mm
Clearance = ( 0.157 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 0.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 0.22 mm
Radius of fillet = ( 4/3 ) x Clearance
= ( 4/3 ) x 0.2216
= 0.295 mm
Index = 40 / N
= 40 / 25

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DESIGN OF IDLER GEAR:

Pressure Angle = 14 ½°
No. of Teeth (N) = 25
Diameteral Pitch (DP) = 18
PCD = ( N / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 25 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 35.28 mm
Outer Diameter (OD) = { ( N+2 ) / DP } x 25.4
= { ( 25 + 2) / 18} x 25.4
= 38.1 mm
Depth of Cut (or) Tool depth = ( 2.157 /DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
3.044 mm
Dedendum = ( 1.157 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 1.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 1.633 mm
DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR
SPEEDS IN GEAR BOX:
Measured Specifications:
N1/N2 = D2/D1
Where,
N1 = Motor speed in RPM---40 RPM
N2 = Output speed
D2 = Diameter of the big gear wheel
= 100 mm
D1 = Diameter of the small gear wheel
= 30 mm
N2 = (D1/D2) x N1
= (30 /100) x40 =12rpm

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DESIGN OF GEAR WHEEL

SPUR GEAR:
Pressure angle = 14½°
No. of Teeth (N) = 50
Diameter Pitch (DP) = 18
PCD = (N/DP) x @%.$
= ( 50 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 70.56 mm
Outer Diameter (OD) = { ( N+2 0 ) / DP }
= { ( 50+2 ) / 18 } x
= 73.38 mm
Depth of cut (or) Tool depth = ( 2.157 / DP ) x
= ( 2.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 3.0049
Dedendum = ( 1.157 / DP ) x
= ( 1.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 1.633 mm
Working Depth = ( 2 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 2.82

Tooth thickness = ( 1.5708 / DP ) x

= ( 1.5708 / 18 ) x
= 2.22 mm
Clearance = ( 0.157 / DP ) x 25.
= ( 0.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 0.222 mm
Radius of fillet = 1 1/3 x Clearance
= 4/3 x 0.222
= 0.296 mm
Index = 40 / N
= 40 / 50
Working Depth = ( 2 / DP ) x 25.4
= ( 2 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 2.822 mm
Tooth Thickness = ( 1.5708 / DP ) x
= ( 1.5708 / 18 ) x

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHNE

= 2.217 mm
Clearance = ( 0.157 / DP ) x 2
= ( 0.157 / 18 ) x 25.4
= 0.22 mm
Radius of fillet = ( 4/3 ) x Clearance
= ( 4/3 ) x 0.2216
= 0.295 mm
4.2 COST ESTIMATION
Sl. PARTS Qty. Amount (Rs)

No.

1 Motor 5 4500

2 Battery 1 800

3 Tank 1
850

4 Bearings 6
900

5 Spur gear 2
1500

6 Sprayer 1
1000

7 Cultivator 2
1500

8 Belt 2 1250
850

9 Pulley 2
1000

10 Hopper 2
1500

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11 Circular plate
2 1500

12 Thresher 2 1500

TOTAL = 22,000
4.3 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
4.3.1 ADVANTAGES

Simple in construction.
Maintenance cost is low.
The cost of the system is less.
Small in size, hence portable.
Light weight.
Time taken for planting operation is less.
No need of skilled operators for operating the machine.
Fully automated process and hence no need of any assistance.
It ensures simple and safety operation.

4.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

More number of moving parts.

Must be handles carefully because of more number of moving parts.
Suitable only for planting small sized seeds.
4.3.3 APPLICATIONS

These types of multipurpose agro machine seed sowing with groundnut thrusher ferti sprayer have
a wide range of applications in the fields like,
Mainly used in agricultural purposes,
Highly suitable for planting groundnuts, corns, etc.

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CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION
The project entitled design and fabrication of multipurpose seed sowing machine is successfully
completed and results obtains are satisfactory this machine will be highly useful for small and
middle scale farmer and also the operation are easier the reduction of the cost of the tool and the
life span of the tool is also increased and the mechanism which are used are simple where it can
be understood by all The multipurpose equipment is designed and fabricated with low cost, easy
to use and effective equipment agriculture. By providing a balanced mechanism for various
objections in a single machine signifies the technological improvement in agriculture sector. Single
equipment performing more objective with flexibility in changing the operation will motivate the
famers. The traditional method of seed sowing has many disadvantages. This paper is regarding
the various styles of technique of seed sowing and plant fertilizer placement within the soil and
developing a multifunctional seed sowing machine which might perform coinciding operation.
Single equipment performing more objective with flexibility in changing the operation will
motivate the famers. The traditional method of seed sowing has many disadvantage

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REFERENCE
Swetha S. and Shreeharsha G.H.,Solar Operated Automatic Seed Sowing Machine,
International Journal of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and Technology 2015, Volume 4,
Issue 1
Keith O. Fuglie, Agricultural productivity slowing, Economic Research Service, US
Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, US.
Amol B. Rohokale, Pavan D. Shewale, SumitB.Pokharkar, Keshav K. Sanap,A Review On
Multi-Seed Sowing Machine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, February 2014, Volume 5, Issue 1.
Satish Kumar K. N, Sudeep C. S, Robots for Precision Agriculture, 13th National Conference
on Mechanisms and Machine, December2007, IISc, Bangalore, India.
S. S. Katariya, S. S. Gundal, Kanawade M. T., Khan Mazhar, Research Article on Automation
in Agriculture, June 2015, International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, Volume 6, Issue
6.
Nithin P. V., Shivaprakash S, Multi-Purpose Agriculture Machine, International journal of
Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue Special 6.
M. V. Achutha, Sharath Chandra N, Nataraj G. K., International Journal of Innovative
Research in Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 3.
Main Features of Indian Agriculture – Explained! - Article Shared by Pooja Mehta
India: Natural Environment, Resources and Development
INDIAN AGRICULTURE – AN INTRODUCTION by MM Pandey Director Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal, India
Livestock Census Report, 2003. Dept. of Livestock & Animal Husbandry, Ministry of
Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Data Book 2007. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi

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