CHAPTER 6

RESISTANCE AND POWER

6.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we are going to see the topics that are ship’s resistance calculation and
engine selection. Modern methods available for ship resistance evaluation are based on
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). However, there are four basic methods
including CFD that are used commonly in the industry. The choice of the method
depends not only on the capability available but also on the accuracy desired, funds
available and degree to which the approach has been developed.

Figure 6.1: Technique used for measuring ship resistance.

6.2 REGRESSION – BASED METHOD

Ship resistance prediction based on statistical regression methods has been a subject of
some interest for a number of years. The theme of statistical prediction was then taken
up by Holtrop in a series of papers. The papers are written by him trace the development
of a power prediction method based on the regression analysis of random model and
full – scale data together. This chapter resistance of the ships was estimated both manual
and using the software Maxsurf Resistance module.
Modern day regression data is based on the following ship resistance Equation (6.1):
RT = RF (1+k1) + RAPP + RW + RB + RTR + RA (6.1)

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 RT – Total Resistance
 RF – Frictional Resistance
 RAPP – Appendages Resistance
 RB – Bulbous Resistance
 RW – Wave Resistance
 RTR – Immersed Transom Resistance
 RA – Air Resistance
In this equation, the frictional resistance RF is calculated according to the 1957 ITTC
friction formulation, and the hull form factor (1+k1) is based on a regression equation
and is expressed as a function of the after-body form, breadth, draught, and length along
the waterline, length of run, displacement and prismatic coefficient. The resistance was
estimated using the Haltrop and Mannen method were shown in the Table 6.1.

 Resistance calculation using- Haltrop and Mannen method

Table 6.1: Particulars for resistance calculation

Parameters Values Units Remarks
LBP 320.00 m
LWL 325.50 m From Lines
LOA 333.58 m
B 58.000 m
D 28.00 m
T 20.80 m
L/B 5.51 No Units
B/T 2.78 No Units
T/D 0.74 No Units
B/D 2.07 No Units
CB 0.81 No Units
CM 0.998 No Units
CP 0.797 No Units
CWP 0.886 No Units
AM 1623.21 m2
AWP 16726.87 m2
∆ 320194 Tons
Vol of Displ 312698.88 m3
V 15.50 knots
V 7.97 m/s

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For tanker ship the frictional resistance is more compare with other resistance, the
frictional resistance calculation was sown in the Table 6.2.

Table 6.2: Frictional Resistance (RF)

Parameters Values Units Remarks
Density 1025.00 kg/m3
Transverse Sectional Area
ABT 173.58 m2
of Bulb
S 27694.64 m2 Wetted Surface Area
Μ 0.00000118 m2/s Kinematic Viscosity
Rn 2429927619 Reynolds' s Number
CF 0.001374 Frictional Coefficient
RF 1700816.14 N Frictional Resistance
RF 1700.81 KN Frictional Resistance

Other important resistance which would be affecting the ship would be appendage
resistance. This resistance is due to the appendage present in ship mainly rudder,
propeller and bilge etc. were this type of resistance would be less when compared to
other resistance.

Table 6.3: Approximate 1+k2 values

Parameters Values
Rudder behind skeg 0.00
Rudder behind stern 1.30
Twin-screw balance rudder 0.00
Shaft brackets 3.00
Skeg 0.00
Strut bossings 0.00
Hull bossing 2.00
Shafts 0.00
Stabilizer fins 0.00
Dome 0.00
Bilge keels 1.40

Table 6.4: Appendages Resistance (RAPP)

Parameters Values Units Remarks
Wetted Surface
SAPP 266.82 m2 Area of
Appendages
∑(1+k2) 7.70
(1+k2)eq 7.70
Appendage
RAPP 76530.12 N
Resistance
Appendage
RAPP 76.53 KN
Resistance

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Appendage 1+k2 values were shown in the Table 6.3 and the appendage resistance
calculation were shown in the Table 6.4. Wave making resistance is to be considered
for the large angle of the endurance ship like VLCC. To minimize the wave-making
resistance there should be provided with a bulb in which there would be resistance due
wave were the calculation where shown in the Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Wave-Making Resistance and Wave-Breaking Resistance

Parameters Values Units Remarks
Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (%
LCB 6.50 m
LWL) from Midship
LR 95.95 Length of Run
iE 50.36 Half Angle of Entrance (Degrees)
B/L 0.18
C7 0.18 C7=(B/L) (if .11<(B/L)<.25)
c1 7.23
VCG of Transverse Area of Bulb above
hB 9.18 m
Keel
c3 0.06
c2 0.61
Immersed Part of Transom Area at
AT 4.21 m2
Zero Speed
c5 0.99
λ 0.986
c16 1.16 if Cp<0.8
m1 -2.19
L3/Vol 104.79
c15 -1.69 c15=-1.69385 (if(L^3)/vol.<512)
d -0.90 Refer Paper
g 9.81 m/s2
Fn 0.14
M4 -6.48518x10-10
Wave-Making and Wave-Breaking
RW 43583.04 N
Resistance
Wave-Making and Wave-Breaking
RW 43.58 KN
Resistance

The resistance is due to the bulbous bow, were the bulbous bow where provided on the
ship to reduce the wave-making resistance. The resistance due to the bulbous was
shown in the Table 6.6. Transom resistance is another factor of resistance in which this
were due to the transom of the ship. In which transom part of the ship were immersed
in water were due to this there would be form due to transom was the calculation shown
in the Table 6.7. Model ship correlation is an external factor which was added to get
the proper result in which mainly done when the result from model to prototype. This

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is an empirical method to get the resistance of ship in which, model ship correlation
was shown in the Table 6.8.

Table 6.6: Bow Resistance

Parameters Values Units Remarks
Froude Number
Fri 0.83 Based on
Immersion
Measure of
PB 1.05
Emergence
RB 903.14 N Bow Resistance
RB 0.90 KN Bow Resistance

Table 6.7: Transom Resistance

Parameters Values Units Remarks
Froude Number
FrT 21.09 Based on Transom
Immersion
c6 -0.64
Added Pressure
RTR -88403.52 N Resistance Due to
Immersed Transom
Added Pressure
RTR -88.40 KN Resistance Due to
Immersed Transom

Table 6.8: Model-Ship Correlation Resistance

Parameters Values Units Remarks
TF/L 0.06
C4 0.04 C4=0.04 when TF/L>0.04
Model Ship Correlation
cA 0.0002326
Coefficient
Model-Ship Correlation
RA 209884.25 N
Resistance
Model-Ship Correlation
RA 209.88 KN
Resistance

Total resistance is the resistance due to all factors which affect on the ship hull, the
main resistance factors where frictional, wave-making, and wave braking and
appendages resistance. The total resistance calculation were shown in the Table 6.9.
Table 6.9: Total Resistance
Parameters Values Units Remarks
1+k1 1.34
RT 2489188.65 N Total Resistance
RT 2489.18 KN Total Resistance
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 Resistance calculation using – Maxsurf Software:

For the resistance calculation the manual Haltrop Mannon method and also Maxsurf
Resistance module where used to estimate the resistance of the ship. The resistance was
predicted using Maxsurf the data from the Maxsurf where shown in the Table 6.10. And
the result from the software were shown in the Table 6.11.

Table 6.10: Data from Maxsurf Resistance

Parameters Values Units

LWL 325.50 m
Beam 58.00 m
Draft 20.80 m
Displaced volume 312383.91 m3
Wetted area 27694.64 m2
Prismatic coeff. (CP) 0.79
Waterpl. Area coeff. (CWP) 0.88
1/2 angle of entrance 33.80 deg.
LCG from midships(+ve for'd) 7.44 m
Transom area 189.50 m2
Transom wl beam 0.00 m
Transom draft 0.02 m
Max sectional area 1203.84 m2
Bulb transverse area 123.68 m2
Bulb height from keel 10.05 m
Draft at FP 20.80 m
Deadrise at 50% LWL 0.00 deg.
Hard chine or Round bilge Round bilge
Frontal Area 0.00 m2
Headwind 0.00 kn
Drag Coefficient 0.00
Air density 0.001 tonne/m3
Appendage Area 0.00 m2
Calculated by
Correlation allowance use 19th ITTC formulation
method
Kinematic viscosity 1.1883x10-06 m2/s
Water Density 1.02 tonne/m3
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 Table 6.11: Resistance results

Speed (knots) Speed (m/s) Resistance (N) Power (W)

1 0.5144 10601.21 5453.73
2 1.0288 39669.52 40815.53
3 1.5432 86739.78 133868.40
4 2.0576 151944.77 312668.59
5 2.572 235542.82 605868.48
6 3.0864 337520.47 1041813.21
7 3.6008 457681.37 1648161.48
8 4.1152 595677.53 2451543.99
9 4.6296 751035.78 3477295.71
10 5.144 923224.54 4749477.39
11 5.6584 1111757.49 6291312.13
12 6.1728 1316355.88 8126303.71
13 6.6872 1537182.54 10280335.31
14 7.2016 1775139.38 12784948.39
15 7.716 2032198.34 15681797.33
16 8.2304 2311722.73 19028046.73
17 8.7448 2618736.24 22902303.42
18 9.2592 2960107.01 27410591.10
19 9.7736 3344629.35 32691893.96
20 10.288 3783002.86 38922896.29

4000000
3500000
3000000
Resistance (N)

2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
0 5 10 15 20
Speed (Knots)

Figure 6.2: Total resistance versus speed

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