THE CYCLE CELL

The nucleic acid is the gene. The gene is formed the DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) and store it
in Nucleus cell. A eukaryotic nucleus contains multiple DNA molecules and packaged with histone
and non-histone protein and assembled into a Chromosome. Chromosomes are made up of
Chromatin, a mass of very long thin fibers.

Structure of chromosome :

Types of chromosomes :
1. Metacentric chromosome
2. Submetacentric chromosome
3. Telocentric chromosome
4. Acrocentric chromosome

Cell karyotipe :
1. Diploid (2n) : 44 A + XY (male) , 44A + XX (female)
2. Haploid (n) : 22 A + X/ Y (male), 22A + X/X (female)

The cell cycle

There are two phase in cell cycle :

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
 1. Interphase (resting phase)  not including in Mitosis.
Cells spend most their time at interphase. Cells still carry out activities such as absorbing
nutrients and building up protoplasm. At interphase, chromosomes appear as long thin
threads called chromatin. Trust before the cell divides, the chromatin threads (DNA
molecule) replicate, producing two identical threads. Each chromosome now consists of two
identical DNA molecules called sister chromatid. There are 3 phases in the interphase :
a) G1 phase
The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the cell increases in mass in
preparation for cell division, cell grows and organelles duplicate. The chromatin is exist
in the nuclei.

b) S phase
The period during which DNA is synthesized (replication) and centriole duplicated.

c) G2 phase
The period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell
synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size (grow).

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
DNA Replication
DNA is heredity information for cells in our body. DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick in
1953- their DNA model feature known as double helix.
Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it.
During phase S on Interphase, DNA replicates itself into DNA template. This process occurs in the
nucleus of the cell.

There are 3 types of DNA replication:

1) Conservative
In this model the two parental DNA strands are back together after replication has occurred.
That is, one daughter molecule contains both parental DNA strands, and the other daughter
molecule contains DNA strands of all newly-synthesized material.
2) Semiconservative
In this model the two parental DNA strands separate and each of those strands then serves
as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand. The result is two DNA double helices,
both of which consist of one parental and one new strand.
3) Dispersive
In this model the parental double helix is broken into double-stranded DNA segments that,
as for the Conservative Model, act as templates for the synthesis of new double helix
molecules. The segments then reassemble into complete DNA double helices, each with
parental and progeny DNA segments interspersed.

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DNA replication is a semi-conservative process, because when a new double-stranded DNA
molecule is formed:

 One strand will be from the original template molecule

 One strand will be newly synthesised

This occurs because each nitrogenous base can only pair with its complementary partner

 Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T)

 Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G)

Consequently, when DNA is replicated by the combined action of helicase and DNA polymerase:

 Each new strand formed will be identical to the original strand separated from the template
 The two semi-conservative molecules formed will have an identical base sequence to the
original molecule

The theory that DNA replication was semi-conservative was confirmed by the Meselson-Stahl
experiment in 1958

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
 VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqe4thU-os8
Mechanism of DNA replication:

The enzymes which involved in DNA replication:

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MITOSIS
There are four stage of Mitosis :
a. Prophase
The characteristics :
 The chromatin becomes chromosome,
 There are 2 centrioles in opposite poles,
 The nucleolus membrane disappears,
 A spindle fiber is formed.
b. Metaphase
The characteristic :
 Chromosomes line up on the equator of the spindle fibres.
c. Anaphase
The characteristic :
 Each centromere splits. The spindle fibers pull the chromatids a parts to
opposite pole of the cell. The daughter chromosome pulls a part to opposite
pole of the cell
d. Telophase
The characteristics :
 A nuclear membrane (envelope) forms around the chromosomes at each pole
of the cell.
 Chromosome become chromatin,
 The cell devided into 2 cell by cytokinesis process.
Cytokinesis is the process of divided of cell cytoplasm.

The roles of Mitosis :

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 1. For growth of an organism
For increase of size body the cells must be divided. The cell makes cell division.

2. To repair of worn –out part of the body

Mitosis helps you heal from wounds it produces new cell.

3. Important in asexual reproduction

To produces the new organism that has same chromosome (DNA), the organism divided
into 2 cells that have same chromosome set.

The conclusion of mitosis :

1. Mitosis happen in our body cells,
2. Mitosis produces 2 cells by same amount of chromosomes,
3. Mitosis produces the same set chromosome (diploid-----diploid).
4. Amount of chromosome (46 chromosomes--- 46 chromosome)

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MEIOSIS

Another cell division in our body is meiosis (reduction division). Meiosis is the nuclear division
that the daughter nuclei produced contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Example :
2n (diploid)  n (haploid)  set of chromosomes
46 chromosomes  23 chromosomes  amount of chromosome

The meiosis happens in gametes cells (sperm and ovum).

The process :

Why the gametes must be haploid?

Because each gametes will make uniting and form zygote. To keep the chromosomes stay 46, the
gametes cell must do meiosis division. In which : Sperm (n) + ovum (n) ----- zygote (2n)

The meiosis consist of two divisions : Meiosis I and II. Each division in turn consists of Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Meiosis I
1. Profase I
There are 5 stages of prophase, they are :

a) Leptotene : the leptotene stage, also known as leptonema, from Greek words meaning
"thin threads".
Chromatine condance and coiling form the chromosomes.
b) Zygotene : The zygotene stage, also known as zygonema, from Greek words meaning
"paired threads.
The homologue chromosomes begin paired (synapsis) and both of centriol going to the
each opposite poles. Each chromosome begin to replicate itself and being two sister
chromatid with one centromer. Tetrad is in this stage.
c) Pachytene : The pachytene stage, also known as pachynema, from Greek words
meaning "thick threads". Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange
segments over regions of homology. Chyasmata occurs in this stage.

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 d) Diplotene : the diplotene stage, also known as diplonema, from Greek words meaning
"two threads".

The sister chromatid bigger and shorten, and being parallel with homologue
chromosome.

e) Diakenesis : Chromosomes condense further during the diakinesis stage, from Greek
words meaning "moving through".

This is the first point in meiosis where the four parts of the tetrads are actually visible.
Sites of crossing over entangle together, effectively overlapping, making chiasmata
clearly visible. Other than this observation, the rest of the stage closely resembles
prometaphase of mitosis; the nucleoli disappear, the nuclear membrane disintegrates
into vesicles, and the meiotic spindle begins to form.

2. Metaphase I
In this stage homolog chromosomes (tetrad) is going to equator line.
3. Anaphase I
The homologue chromosomes separate to opposite poles.
4. Telophase I
The cytokinesis occurs and the cell divided into 2 cells.

INTERKINASE
5. Prophase 2
The same charateristics with prophase 1.
6. Metaphase 2
The chromatid sister is line up on equator-line.
7. Anaphase 2
The chromatid sister is separated.
8. Telophase 2

Cytokinesis occurs in this phase.

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The importance of Meiosis :
1. Meiosis produces haploid gamete
When male gamete and female gamete fuses, the diploid chromosomes restored in the
zygote. This maintain the normal diploid number of chromosome in the species.
2. Meiosis result in variation in gamete produced.

How does mitosis differ from meiosis?

Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis
Happen in Body cells Gametes cells

Amount of daughter cell 2 cells 4 cells

Amount of chromosomes 46 46 46  23

Set of chromosome 2n 2n 2n  n

Important in Growth and repair the worn Maintain the set

out of body chromosomes of species.
Nuclear division One nuclear division Two nuclear division

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 EVALUATION
A. Multiple Choice
1. Meiosis results in …
A. 2 haploid daughter cells
B. 4 haploid daughter cells
C. 2 diploid daughter cells
D. 4 diploid daughter cells
2. Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?
A. Sperm cell
B. Liver cell
C. Unicellular organism
D. All of these
3. The picture below shown as …. phase of meiosis.

A. Prophase I
B. Prophase II
C. Anaphase I
D. Anaphase II
4. When does crossing over occur?
A. At pakiten
B. At leptoten
C. At zygoten
D. At diakinesis

Look at the picture below for answering question no 5 - 6.

Examine the picture above. What phases is the cell in?

A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
5. What is the structure labeled ‘X’ on the picture?
A. Centromere
B. Spindle

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
 C. Chromatid
D. Centriole
6. During which phase do chromosome fisrt become visible?
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
7. A cell with 10 chromoosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells are created?
____ Each daughter cell has ____ chromosomes.
A. 2, 10
B. 4, 10
C. 2, 5
D. 2, 5
8. What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during meiosis?
A. Spindle fiber
B. Centriole
C. Centromere
D. Kinetochore
9. During which phases DNA duplictaes itself?
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
10. What does the process occur during anaphase I in meiosis…?
A. The chromatid sister is separated to each opposite poles
B. The homolog chromosome is separated to opposite pole
C. The chromosome is separated to opposite pole
D. None of the above

B. True (T) or False (F)

1. ______ Cell spends most of the time in prophase of mitosis.
2. ______ Interphase is the division period of the cell cycle.
3. ______ during anaphase II, the sister chromatid moves toward opposite poles.
4. ______ If cell has 10 chromosomes, during S phase the chromosomes becomes 20 and
at the end of meiosis each cell contains 5 chromosomes.
5. ______ During metaphase II, homolog chromosomes are line up on the equator line.

C. Fill in the Blank

1. Look at the picture below.

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
 Which numbers shown as telophase? ______ and _____
Which numbers shown as interphase? ______ and ______
Which number shown as metaphase? ____
2. Look at the picture below.

Arrange those phases into the correct sequences.

______  ______  _______  ________  ______

3. Fill the blank table below with the correct answer.

Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis
Number of daughter cell
Number of nuclear division
Number set of chromosome

4. Label the diagram of the cell cycle. Use all of the letters that apply. You may have
multiple letter answers.

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 _______ G1 _______ mitosis
_______ S phase _______ G2
_______ Cytokinesis _______ interphase
_______ where DNA is copied
_______ when DNA is called chromatin.
_______ when cell splits into 2 cells
_______ chromosomes are line up on equator line.
5. Fill the blank labels below into the correct terms.

D. Matching these terms to correct statements

1. Anaphase II … DNA strand which runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction towards the fork and
it is able to be replicated continuously by DNA polymerase.
2. Metaphase I … Okazaki fragments
3. S phase … Produce identical cell as the parent
4. Chromatids … Diploid
5. Helicase … Contain identical gene
6. Lagging strand … Homolog chromosomes line up together
7. Leading strand … DNA copied
8. Full set of … Sister chromatid seperates
chromosomes
9. Gamete cells … Has role in unzipping the DNA by breaking down the hydrogen
bonds
10. Mitosis … Product of meiosis

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Ms. Dewi Keumalasari, S. Si
LABORATORY ACTIVITY
Introduction
In plants, cell division cell division generally takes place in meristematic tissues where the plant is
actively growing, at the apex of roots and shoots. An onion root may be divided roughly into four
regions:
1. the root cap-protective tissue composed largely of dead cells
2. meristematic tissue-rapidly dividing cells located just behind the root cap
3. elongating cells-located immediately behind the meristematic tissue
4. mature and specialized cells-root hairs and other plant tissues
You will be examining cells of the meristematic tissue, located just behind the root cap at the
tapered end of the root tip

Materials

1. Compound microscope
2. Onion root tip slide

Procedure

1. In Figure 5 below, identify the phase of mitosis and write the name of the phase below each
diagram. The cells go in the appropriate temporal sequence through cell cycle and you are
likely to use the same term multiple times. While technically not a phase of mitosis, you
may use “interphase” for some of the cells, but you should not use “cytokinesis.”
2. Hold the slide of the onion root up to the light and note that there are several longitudinal
sections on the slide. Examine all sections on the slide. Locate the meristematic tissue to
observe phases of mitosis using high power.
3. Find each phase of mitosis on the slide. As you locate each phase, your instructor will verify
that you are correct and initial your paper. After you have received verification from your
instructor, draw the cell in Table 1.

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 Figure Mitosis in the onion root tip

Observation Result
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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