Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CA Notes
CA Notes
BETI 1333
FIRST ORDER SOURCE-FREE RC AND RL CIRCUIT
Halyani binti Mohd Yassim1, Nurul Ashikin binti Mohd Rais2,
1halyani@utem.edu.my, 2nurulashikin@utem.edu.my,
LESSON OUTCOMES
2
SUBTOPICS
Source-free RC
Circuit
Source-free RL
Circuit
3
INTRODUCTION
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑖
𝑜𝑟 2. contains a
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
storage
1. using first element
order
differential
equation First Order
Circuit
4
SOURCE-FREE RC CIRCUIT
1. No
external
sources of
excitation
What?
2. Contains
several
resistors and
a capacitor
3. Output vc(t)
response =
Natural
response
5
SOURCE-FREE RC CIRCUIT
SERIES RC CIRCUIT PARALLEL RC CIRCUIT
Figure 1 Figure 2
6
SOURCE-FREE RC CIRCUIT
Source-free RC Circuit: By applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IA IB 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 = 0
𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+𝐶 =0
𝑅 𝑑𝑡
Capacitor Law
Ohm’s Law
Output response:
Time constant
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏
Figure 3
Initial voltage
across Capacitor
7
EXAMPLE 1
The switch in Figure 1 is opened at t = 0. Find v(t) for t ≥ 0.
Figure 4
8
SOLUTION 1
Step 1: Find initial voltage across capacitor, V0 Tips 1:
when t < 0. Initially, capacitor is not charged. When t < 0, it
acts like an open circuit.
Tips 2:
𝑣 0− = 𝑣(0)
Figure 5
𝑅1 4Ω
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 = 𝑉 = = 2𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2 (4 + 10)Ω
9
SOLUTION 1
Step 2: Find time constant, 𝜏 for t ≥ 0. Tips 3:
When t ≥ 0, circuit in Figure 4 is reduced to Figure
6.
Figure 6
𝜏 = 𝑅1 𝐶 = 4Ω ∗ 0.5𝐹 = 2s
10
SOLUTION 1
Step 3: Find voltage across capacitor, v(t) for t ≥ 0.
Figure 7
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏 = 2𝑒 −0.5𝑡 V
11
OUTPUT RESPONSE 1
Natural response of an RC circuit in Figure 4: V(1): Voltage across capacitor
V(2): Voltage source
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏
Graph 1
12
SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUIT
1. No
external
sources of
excitation
What?
2. Contains
several
resistors and
an inductor
3. Output iL(t)
response =
Natural
response
13
SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUIT
SERIES RL CIRCUIT PARALLEL RL CIRCUIT
Figure 8 Figure 9
14
SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUIT
Source-free RL Circuit: By applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 0
𝑑𝑡 Ohm’s Law
Inductor Law
Output response:
Time constant
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏 𝜏=𝑅
𝐿
Initial current
Figure 10 through inductor
15
EXAMPLE 2
The switch in Figure 11 is opened for t = 0. Find i(t) for t > 0.
Figure 11
16
SOLUTION 2
Step 1: Find initial current through inductor, I0 Tips 1:
when t < 0. Initially, inductor is not charged. When t < 0, it
acts like a short circuit.
Tips 2:
Current will flow to the less resistance.
Tips 3:
𝑖 0− = 𝑖(0)
Figure 12
𝑉2 5𝑉
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼0 = = = 5𝐴
𝑅 1Ω
17
SOLUTION 2
Step 2: Find time constant, 𝜏 for t > 0. Tips 4:
When t > 0, circuit in Figure 11 is reduced to
Figure 13.
Figure 13
𝐿 4𝐻
𝜏= = = 1𝑠
𝑅1 4Ω
18
SOLUTION 2
Step 3: Find current through inductor, i(t) for t > 0.
Figure 14
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜏 = 5𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴
19
OUTPUT RESPONSE 2
Natural response of an RL circuit in Figure 11: I(L1): Current across inductor
V(2): Voltage source
𝑣 𝑖𝑡 𝑡 ==𝑉0𝐼𝑒𝑒−𝑡−𝑡𝜏 𝜏
0
𝜏𝜏
Graph 2
20
SELF REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A source-free circuit has no external sources 4. Given R = 4 Ω and C = 5 F. What is the time
of excitation. constant for this RC circuit?
TRUE FALSE a) 1 s b) 3s
c) 10 s d) 20 s
2. Name a storage element in a first order
source-free RC circuit. 5. An inductor in a source-free RL circuit with
Answer: _____________ L = 2 H and R = 10 Ω is being charged. What is
the time required for the inductor current to
3. Forced response is the behavior of a first decay 50 % of its initial value?
order source-free circuit.
a) 0.20 s b) 0.05 s
TRUE FALSE
c) 0.14 s d) 0.35 s
21
ANSWERS
1. TRUE
2. Capacitor
3. FALSE
4. d
5. c
22
Circuit Analysis Practice Problems for First Order and Second Order Circuits Spring 2018
Page 1 of 4
Circuit Analysis Practice Problems for First Order and Second Order Circuits Spring 2018
Page 2 of 4
Circuit Analysis Practice Problems for First Order and Second Order Circuits Spring 2018
Page 3 of 4
Circuit Analysis Practice Problems for First Order and Second Order Circuits Spring 2018
Page 4 of 4
Chapter 7
Response of First-order RL
and RC Circuits
1
Overview
4
Section 7.1, 7.2
The Natural Response of RL
and RC Circuits
5
What is natural response?
6
Circuit model of a discharging RL circuit
IC depends on initial
energy of the inductor:
i (0 ) i (0 ) I0 Is
d
ODE : L i (t ) Ri (t ) 0, IC : i (0 ) I 0 I s ;
dt
di R
L(di ) Ri (dt ) 0, dt ,
i L
i ( t ) di R t i (t ) R t
dt , ln i i ( 0 ) t 0,
i (0) i L 0 L
i (t ) R
ln i (t ) ln i (0) ln t,
I0 L
t L
i (t ) I 0 e , where …time constant
R
9
Time constant describes the discharging speed
0.37 I 0
10
Solutions of the voltage, power, and energy
2t
96e V
1 t 1 t
i1 (t ) i1 (0) v(t )dt 8 96e 2t dt 1.6 9.6e 2t
A.
L1 0 5 0
1 t 1 t
i2 (t ) i2 (0) v(t )dt 4 96e 2t dt 1.6 2.4e 2t
A.
L2 0 20 0
14
Example 7.2: Solutions in steady state (4)
Since 2t
i1 (t ) 1.6 9.6e 1.6 A,
2t
i2 (t ) 1.6 2.4e 1.6 A,
the two inductors form a closed current loop!
i4
v(t ) 96e 2t 2t
i4 (t ) 9.6e A.
4 (15 // 10 ) 10
3 2t
i3 (t ) i4 (t ) 5.76e A.
5
16
Circuit model of a discharging RC circuit
IC depends on initial
energy of the capacitor:
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0 Vg
d v(t )
ODE : C v(t ) 0, IC : v(0 ) V0 Vg ;
dt R
t
v(t ) V0 e , where RC …time constant
Reducing R (loss)
and parasitic C is
critical for high-
speed circuits.
19
Solutions of the current, power, and energy
1. Charging an RC circuit
2. Charging an RL circuit
22
What is step response?
23
ODE and IC of a charging RC circuit
IC depends on
initial energy of
the capacitor:
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0
dv 1 dv 1
v Vf , dt ,
dt v Vf
v(t ) dv 1 t v (t ) V f t v (t ) V f t
dt , ln , e ,
V0 v IsR 0 V0 V f V0 V f
t
v (t ) V f V0 V f e .
The charging and discharging processes have
the same speed (same time constant = RC).
The branch currents through C and R are:
d V0 t v(t )
iC (t ) C v(t ) Is e , iR (t ) , for t 0.
dt R R 25
Example 7.6 (1)
vo (0 ) vo (0 ) +
v0
V0 30 V
Is 1.5 mA
27
Example 7.6 (3)
IC depends on
initial energy of
the inductor:
i (0 ) i (0 ) I0
d t
Vs Ri (t ) L i (t ), i (t ) If I0 If e ,
dt
L Vs
where , If .
R R
The charging and discharging processes have
the same speed (same time constant =L/R). 29
Section 7.5
Sequential Switching
30
What is and how to solve sequential switching?
31
Example 7.12: Charging and discharging a capacitor (1)
Q: v (t) = ? for t ≥ 0.
t =0
t =15 ms IC: V0 v (0 ) 0
33
Section 7.6
Unbounded Response
34
Definition and reason of unbounded response
35
Example 7.13: (1)
Q: vo(t) = ? for t ≥ 0.
vT vT vT
iT 7 ,
10 k 20 k 20 k
RTh vT iT -5 k 0.
37
Example 7.13 (3)
V0 vo (0 ) 10 V, RC 25 ms 0,
t 40 t
vo (t ) V0e 10e V. ..grow without limit.
38
Why the voltage is unbounded?
Since 10-k , 20-k resistors are in parallel,
i10k = 2i , the capacitor is actually charged (not
discharged) by a current of 4i !
Charging effect will increase vo, which will in turn
increase the charging current (i = vo/20 k ) and
vo itself. The positive feedback makes vo soaring.
6i
2i
39
Lesson for circuit designers & device fabrication
engineers
40
Key points
41
1
n=0:1:1000;
nts=0.1*n;
vc=exp(-0.05*nts).*(10*cos(0.6304*nts)+0.7931*sin(0.6304*nts));
ic=0.5*(-0.05*exp(-0.05*nts).*(10*cos(0.6304*nts)+0.7931*sin(0.6304*nts))+exp(-0.05*nts).*(-
6.304*sin(0.6304*nts)+0.5*cos(0.6304*nts)));
wc=0.25*(vc.*vc);
il=exp(-0.05*nts).*(-3.172*sin(0.6304*nts));
wl=2.5*(il.*il);
vl=5*(-0.05*exp(-0.05*nts).*(-3.172*sin(0.6304*nts))+exp(-0.05*nts).*(-2*cos(0.6304*nts)));
figure
subplot(6,1,1)
plot(ic)
grid on;
grid minor;
title('Capacitor Current')
subplot(6,1,2)
plot(vc)
grid on;
grid minor;
title('Capacitor Voltage')
subplot(6,1,3)
plot(wc)
grid on;
grid minor;
title('Capacitor Energy')
subplot(6,1,4)
plot(vl)
grid on;
grid minor;
title('Inductor Voltage')
subplot(6,1,5)
plot(il)
grid on;
grid minor;
title('Inductor Current')
subplot(6,1,6)
plot(wl)
grid on;
11
grid minor;
title('Inductor Energy')
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
n=0:1:1000;
nts=0.1*n;
vc=exp(-0.05*nts).*(10*cos(0.6304*nts)+0.7931*sin(0.6304*nts));
ic=0.5*(-0.05*exp(-0.05*nts).*(10*cos(0.6304*nts)+0.7931*sin(0.6304*nts))+exp(-0.05*nts).*(-
6.304*sin(0.6304*nts)+0.5*cos(0.6304*nts)));
wc=0.25*(vc.*vc);
il=exp(-0.05*nts).*(-3.172*sin(0.6304*nts));
wl=2.5*(il.*il);
vl=5*(-0.05*exp(-0.05*nts).*(-3.172*sin(0.6304*nts))+exp(-0.05*nts).*(-2*cos(0.6304*nts)));
figure
plot(ic, 'LineWidth',2)
grid on;
grid minor;
hold on;
plot(vc, 'LineWidth',2)
plot(wc, 'LineWidth',3)
legend('Capacitor Current','Capacitor Voltage','Capacitor Energy')
hold off;
figure
plot(vl,'LineWidth',2)
hold on;
grid on;
grid minor;
plot(il,'LineWidth',2)
plot(wl,'LineWidth',3)
legend('Inductor Voltage','Inductor Current','Inductor Energy')
hold off;
figure
plot(vc, 'LineWidth',2)
grid on;
grid minor;
hold on;
plot(wc, 'LineWidth',3)
12
figure
plot(il,'LineWidth',2)
hold on;
grid on;
grid minor;
plot(wl,'LineWidth',3)
legend('Inductor Current','Inductor Energy')
hold off;
figure
plot(wc, 'LineWidth',3)
grid on;
grid minor;
hold on
plot(wl,'LineWidth',3)
hold off
legend('Capacitor Energy','Inductor Energy')
hold off;
figure
plot(ic, 'LineWidth',2)
hold on;
grid on;
grid minor;
plot(vc, 'LineWidth',2)
plot(wc, 'LineWidth',3)
plot(vl, 'LineWidth',2)
plot(il, 'LineWidth',2)
plot(wl, 'LineWidth',3)
legend('Capacitor Current','Capacitor Voltage','Capacitor Energy','Inductor Voltage','Inductor Current','Inductor Energy')
hold off;
figure
plot(vc, 'LineWidth',2)
hold on;
grid on;
grid minor;
plot(il, 'LineWidth',2)
legend('Capacitor Voltage','Inductor Current')
hold off;