Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review On Traffic
Review On Traffic
A. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation.
The application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic system
to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.
1. Traffic Signs
A device mounted or on portable support where a message is conveyed by means of words or
symbols, officially erected or installed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
2. Pavement Markings or Markers
All lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except, signs, set into the surface of applied or
attached to the pavement of curbing, or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially
placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
3. Traffic Light Signals
Is defined as a signal operated manually, electrically by which traffic is alternatively commanded to
stop and permitted to proceed.
4. Traffic Island
Areas within the roadway construct in a manner to establish physical channels through which
vehicular traffic is guided.
Elementary Requirements
1. They should compel attention
2. They should convey a simple, closer meaning at a glance
3. They should allow time for response
4. They should command respect
Fundamental Traits
1. Design and outward aspect of the device
2. Position or placement with respect to the normal line of vision of road users
3. Maintenance of the condition, appearance and visibility
B. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
The process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
1. Comprehensive
This method places the student into real life of driving situations from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction
This type of instruction depends on instructor student communication.
3. Commentary Driving Method
The instructor has to give commentary on his driving.
4. Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training
The subject is placed in condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.
Essential Component of the Driving Task
1. Collection of Information
Perceptual Scanning
Identification
2. Processing of Information
Predicting
Decision Making
3. Action
Motor Skills and Control of Vehicles
4. Knowledge and Subjective Interpretation
C. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
ENFORCEMENT THEORY:
1. Preventive Activities
Such as preventive patrol, directing, supervising, investigating accidents and eliminating road hazards.
2. Persuasive Activities
Such as oral, written warning or visible patrols
3. Punitive Activities
Normally dealt with by the courts, police or traffic authorities.
Traffic Patrol
Is commonly by mobile and foot patrol to provide traffic patrol services for the safety of the motorist,
pedestrians, and the public in general.
1. Line Patrol – Moving patrol or stationary observation on a specified road between two points usually on one city
street.
2. Area Patrol – Stationary observation in an area or beat, which includes a number of streets.
3. Stationary Patrol – Traffic observation at a selected place usually one with an unfavorable accident experience and
traffic flow problem for traffic law enforcement purposes to detect violations and deter violators.
4. Conspicuous Patrol – Stationary observation in which the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full view of
traffic.
5. Visible Patrol – Traffic observation in which the observer is in full view but so located, for instance on a side street, as
to require effort on the part of the traffic to discover the observer.
6. Concealed Patrol – Stationary observation in which observer is not visible to persons using ordinary powers of
observation from the roadway being observed.
D. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
The study with potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
especially transport congestion that result therein.
External Factors That Influences the existing and future behavior of population:
1. Rapidly increasing population growth.
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization.
3. Rapidly increasing motorization.
4. Industrialization and technical modernization.
5. Improvement of the transportation network.
It deals with the benefit and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Traffic operation is designed to expedite
the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any given locality
adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.
Traffic Supervision
Keeping order on the street and highway within existing regulations to make their use safe and
expeditious.
ROAD SIGNS
The messages and type of responses that road signs convey to the drivers as well as to the pedestrians alike fall
under different categories. They are as follows:
Examples:
1. Dangerous bend 10. Steep Ascent
2. Turn Left/Right 11. Rail Road Crossing
3. Double Left bends 12. Falling Rocks
4. Double Right Bend 13. Two Way Traffics
5. Animal Crossing 14. One Way Traffic
6. Pedestrian Crossing 15. Driver/Water way Ahead
7. Road Works 16. Rotunda Ahead
8. Slippery when wet 17. Intersection Ahead
9. Road Narrow
These signs are modified signs that actually give spatial or DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS for the driver to take.
These signs are designed to provide the driver with information that MAY OR MAY NOT use but will assist him in
one-way or another.
Guide motorist along established routes.
Inform the driver of the proper routes.
Help motorist along the way in the most simple and direct method.
Round/Rectangular, white on blue background.
1. Advance Sign
These are the names and distances of the principal destination served by the intersecting road.
2. Direction Signs
Direction sign shall be placed at the right of intersections to show the direction and destination of a route.
3. Place Identification Signs
These maybe used to show the frontier between two countries or for the purpose of showing the beginning and
or end of built-up areas.
4. Confirmatory Signs
These are used to confirm the direction of a road. They shall bear the name of one or more places. Where
distances are shown, the figures expressing them shall be placed after the name of the locality.
Examples:
Bus Stop - Jeepney Stop - Pedestrian Crossing - Distance/ Destination Sign
These signs require the driver not only to be more attentive as in caution signs but also require the driver to
ACTUALLY PERFORM OR NOT TO PERFORM a specified act.
Intended to inform the road user of special obligations, instructions or PROHIBITIONS which they must comply.
Round, Inverted Triangle or Octagonal and color are Red.
1. Priority Signs
These are intended to regulate priority over a particular road section of roadway intersection.
2. Prohibitory Signs
These signs can be used on specified section of the road, which will be easily seen by motorist to indicate
regulation, which is prohibitive or restrictive in nature.
3. Mandatory Signs
These signs are intended to notify the road users of special rules in which they must comply for the safety and
convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
Examples:
Stop - Speed Limit – Yield - No Blowing of Horns - No Entry - No Parking - No Left/Right Turn - Width, Length, Height,
Weight Capacity - No U Turn - No Overtaking
The color and shape symbolism of international standard signs are based largely on the following principles:
All lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs set into the surface or applied upon or
attached to the pavement or curbing or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the
purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
7. DIRECTIONAL ARROWS
Indicates direction of permitted traffic movement.
When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used, you should enter the lane where the
arrow points in the direction you want to go.
Some have doubled headed arrows that means the lane is for traffic going in the two directions
indicated.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
1. Steady Red
STOP at designated line.
Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane.
Unless specified you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming from the left.
2. Steady Green
GO
It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to STOP.
Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the pedestrian lane in front of you.
Unless specified, you can move up to the middle of the intersection and make a left turn when clear.
Vehicles going straight have the right of way
Do not anticipate a green light.
3. Steady Green Arrow
GO
Vehicles turning left can do so.
On coming straight traffic is still on red t give way for vehicles turning left.
Do not anticipate a green arrow.
4. Steady Yellow (Amber)
Prepare to stop
It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the GO signal shortly.
Do not beat a yellow light.
5. Flashing Red
This is the same as a STOP SIGN
Stop at the designated line
Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane
Proceed when clear
6. Flashing Yellow
This is the same as the yield sign
Proceed through the intersection with caution
You have the right of way over a flashing red light
Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a full stop
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow
Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left turn
Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn
The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing a right turn while the Red light is ON
Definition of Terms
1. Traffic – Refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles either powered by combustion system or animal
drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
2. Accident – is that occurrence in a sequence of events, which usually produces unintended injury, death or property
damage.
3. Traffic Accident – An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
4. Motor Vehicle Accident – Is any event that results in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or
indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its load.
5. Traffic Way – It is the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the
use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
6. Roadway – The portion of a traffic way that is improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, EXCLUSIVE
of the shoulder.
7. Key Event – An event on the road, which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
8. Debris – Is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicle rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the
accident by a collision.
9. Skid Marks – Are marks left on the roadway by tires, which are NOT free to rotate, usually because brakes are
applied strong, and the wheels locked.
10. Scuff Marks – Are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still TURNING.
1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
2. Motor Vehicle Non Traffic Accident – Is any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a
traffic way.
3. Non Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – Is any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way
or travel or transportation but not involving a motor vehicle in motion.
1. Property Damage Accident – Is any accident where there is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the
motor vehicle or to other property.
2. Slight – Accident causing slight damages to properties.
3. Non Fatal Injury Accident – Any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than fatal to one or more
persons.
4. Fatal Accident – Any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to one or more persons.
1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARDS – Is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or
condition that could be taken as a sign of the accident about to happen.
2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – Is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise
avoid a hazard.
3. INITIAL CONTACT – Is a first accidental TOUCHING of an object collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMET – Is GREATEST COLLAPSE or OVERLAP in a collision the force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement.
5. DISENGAGEMENT – The separation of the traffic unit I motion from an object with which it has collided, force
between the object ceases at this time.
* Final Position – Is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to rest without
application of power.