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(Surg2) 5.1d Anesthesia Pointers
(Surg2) 5.1d Anesthesia Pointers
(Surg2) 5.1d Anesthesia Pointers
5.1D
1. Study table on ASA Physical Classification, Study comments and examples of Periop Risk Assessment
• Used for infiltration anesthesia, IV anesthesia, and peripheral and regional block
Ropivacaine 0.5% Medium • Less potent and less cardiotoxic
(Naropin) • Used for infiltration anesthesia, regional blocks, epidural, and spinal anesthesia
• Can be used for children
Prilocaine 4% Medium • 40% less toxic because of metabolite o-toluidine, which can cause
(Citanest) methemoglobinemia
• Used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral and regional block, and oral anesthetics
by the dentist
Bupivacaine 0.25-0.75% Slow • Slow onset and longer duration
(Marcaine, Sensorcaine) • High potency and toxicity
• Preferential block on the sensory fibers
• 3-4x more potent than lidocaine
• Used for infiltration anesthesia, epidural, and spinal anesthesia
• NOT use for arterial block because of its cardiotoxicity
ESTER
Procaine 0.5–1% Rapid • Rapid onset and short duration
• NOT effective topically
• LA of choice for Malignant Hyperthermia
Chloroprocaine 2–3% Rapid • Rapidly metabolized
• Favored by obstetricians because of its low fetal exposure
Tetracaine 0.1-0.5% Slow • An ester
(Pontocaine, Amethocaine) • Has relatively fast onset of action and longer duration Effective topically
• Treat local illness and used to desensitize venipuncture site or IV insertion sites,
especially for pediatric population
• Least metabolized among the esters
• Possess higher risk of toxicity
INFRACLAVICULAR Arm surgery of the arm • Provides anesthesia to the • Deeper block
BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK distal to the axilla entire arm distal to axilla • Greater discomfort during
• Good choice for catheter block placement
placement • Requires more expertise
AXILLARY BRACHIAL Arm surgery on the elbow No risk for pneumothorax, neural axial • Hematoma resulting in post-
PLEXUS BLOCK or below block, or phrenic nerve blockade block local discomfort and/or
discoloration relatively
common (with trans-arterial
technique)
• Site of injection can be tender
post-operatively
DISTAL BLOCKS OF THE Handsurgery • Avoids motor block of biceps • Procedures on lateral
MEDIAN, ULNAR, AND and triceps, allowing patient forearm/wrist require
RADIAL NERVES (AT greater post-operative function separate blockade of either
ELBOW, FOREARM) while maintaining analgesia of lateral cutaneous nerve of
hand forearm or its parent nerve,
• Reduction in dose and volume musculocutaneous nerve
of LA, compared with other • Tourniquet on arm/forearm
proximal brachial plexus block may not be tolerated for long
approaches periods
• Requires separate
sedation/analgesia
PNB=Peripheral Nerve Block; LA=Local Anesthesia; US=Ultrasound
CLINICAL USES
• Sedation
• Premedication
• Sole IV induction
PROPOFOL The one that killed Michael Jackson
Diprivan
2,6 DISOPROPYLPHENOL(phenolic compound)
Milky white emulsion
• Propofol 10 mg
• Soybean oil 100mg
• Egg lecithin 12 mg
• Glycerol 22.5 mg
MOA: GABA transmission effect
FAST onset and SHORT duration
CNS EFFECTS
• Excitatory effect, but anticonvulsant
• Analgesic (but this is still questionable)
• Little psychomotor effect after awakening
PNS EFFECTS
• Potentiates effect of NMJ blockers
• Respiratory effect: Greater incidence of apnea
CVS EFFECT
• ↓SVR, SV, MAP
CLINICAL USES
• Induction and maintenance of anesthesia
• Usually combine with remifentanil
• Mostly used for complete abortion
KETAMINE (KETALAR) Congener of PHENCYCLIDINE(1965)
► First used in horses
NMDA receptor antagonist, (NMDA – an excitatory neurotransmitter)
MOA: Depress thalamocortical system (NMDA)
Metabolite: NORKETAMINE
CNS EFFECTS
• Dissociative anesthesia
• Inhibits thalamic transmission to cortex
• Increased CBF, ICP, IOP
• Hallucinations on emergence (“emergence delirium”)
CVS EFFECTS
• Increased sympathetic tone
• Central and decreased NA uptake
• Increased HR, MAP, PVR
• Direct cardiac depressant
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS
• Retention of airway reflexes in low dose
• Increased secretions
• Bronchodilation
MUSCULAR EFFECTS
• Increased tone and movements
• Inhibits PlChE
CLINICAL USES
• Induction
• Maintenance
• Analgesia
• Anesthesia
MORPHINE Opioid agonists
PHENANTHRENE derivative (MOP receptors)
Good sedative and anxiolytic
► Used in heart surgeries in combination with scopolamine, which can counteract the effects of morphine
CNS EFFECTS
• Euphoria
• Dysphoria
• Hallucination
• Resp. depression
• Cough suppression
CVS EFFECTS
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
OTHER EFFECTS
• Rash, itching and bronchospasm
MEPERIDINE Opioid agonists
Synthetic PHENYLPYPERIDINE derivative
30X more lipid soluble than morphine
► Choice as labor anesthesia for labor pain
Metabolite: NORMEPERIDINE
EFFECTS
• Tachycardia
• Dry mouth
• Less marked meiosis
• Less biliary tract spasm
Contraindications: MAO inhibitors
FENTANYL Opioid agonists
Synthetic PHENYLPYPERIDINE derivative
100 times more potent than morphine
500 times more lipid soluble than morphine
Metabolite: NORFENTANYL
EFFECTS
• Dose-dependent respiratory depression
• Chest wall/Truncal rigidity
REMIFENTANIL Opioid agonists
(Ultiva) ULTRA-SHORTacting
Non-specific plasma and tissue esterases
Usually combined with propofol for sedation and analgesia
ADVANTAGES
• Rapid offset
• Organ independent metabolism
• Lack of accumulation
DISADVANTAGES
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
• Muscle rigidity
NEUROMUSCULAR • Muscle relaxants
BLOCKERS (NMBs) A. DEPOLARIZING
• Ach receptor agonist
• Cause muscle contraction/fasciculation (seizure-like)
• SUCCINYLCHOLINE
B. NON-DEPOLARIZING
Do NOT cause muscle contraction
Aminosteroids
• Pancuronium
• Pipecuronium
• Rapacuronium
• Rocuronium
• Vecuronium
Benzylisoquinolinium
• Mivacurium
• Cisatracurium
• Atracurium
7.Study GUEDEL’S 4 Stages of Anesthesia (Note from Doc: This is not used nowadays, discussion is for academic purpose
only)
• Irritates airway
METHOXYFLURANE (PENTHRANE) Clear, colorless with sweet fruity odor
Non-flammable and non-explosive in air
Most potent of the inhalation anesthetic Arrhythmogenic
Cardiotoxic
Hepatotoxic
Nephrotoxic
METABOLITES
• Methoxyfluoroacetic acid
• Dichloroacetic acid
• Oxalic acid
• Fluoride ion
DESFLURANE AND SEVOFLURANE Fluorinated methyl ethyl ether
Only FLUORINE SUBSTITUTIONS
Lower lipid solubility and blood solubility
• Rapid induction
• Rapid recovery
NO cardiac depression
Cause hypotension and respiratory depression Dehalogenation
Least lipophilic
Expensive
Electric vaporizer
NOT used for anesthesia induction
• Irritates the airways
• Coughing
• Breath holding
• Secretions
• Laryngospasm
SEVOFLURANE (ULTANE) Fluorinated isopropyl ether
Agents of choice: Pediatric induction
Metabolite: Hexafluoroisopropanol
Baralyme –CO2absorber
• Airway burns, ignition, and explosion
• “Compound A” –nephrotoxic
• Should not be used in closed circuit as it can produce a nephrotoxic metabolite known as
“Compound A” (Sevoolefin)
Not irritating to the airways
Cardiovascular effect is like isoflurane
One drop of this is rapidly vaporize
Expensive (Php15,000 per bottle)
Face Mask