2 Online TRG 2 - 21 TERI HVAC

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Unitary system Centralised AC system (Air cooled water chillers)
Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioner Compressor/condenser fan-kW
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Evaporator Fan-kW
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Compressor-kW
Condenser Fan-kW
Pump-kW Fan-kW
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TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute
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Water cooled water chiller

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CT Fan-kW
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Pump-kW Compressor-kW
A
IB
Pump-kW Fan-kW
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Taiba Engineering Consultants

"www.TaibaMEP.com" 1
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Vapour Absorption Machine system Power & Energy in Air Conditioning
One Ton of A/C= 12,000 Btu/hr
AN
CT Fan-kW
A Ton is a measure of A/C power, and is used when
sizing systems, or when determining electrical
demand
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Pump-kW
VAM-lit/kg One ton-hour of A/C = 12000 Btu
One ton-hour is a measure of A/C energy, and used
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when determining energy consumptions
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Pump-kW Fan-kW
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Energy Efficiency Measures

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Chiller Terminology Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

Tons: One ton of cooling is the amount of heat EER = Cooling capacity (Btu/hr)
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absorbed by one ton of ice melting in one day, which is Energy input in W
equivalent to 12,000 Btu/h or 3.516 thermal kW. Coefficient of Performance (COP)
EN
COP = Cooling capacity (Btu/hr or W)

kW/ton rating: Commonly referred to as efficiency, but
Energy input (Btu/hr) or W)
actually power input to compressor motor divided by
tons of cooling produced, or kilowatts per ton (kW/ton). Specific energy consumption
Lower kW/ton indicates higher efficiency. IKW/TR = Energy input (kW)
Cooling capacity (TR)
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Coefficient of performance (COP): Chiller efficiency kW/TR = 12/EER = 3.5/COP

measured in Btu output (cooling) divided by Btu input
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(electric power). Multiplying the COP by 3.412 yields the

energy-efficiency ratio.
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Unitary system efficiency

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COP – Coefficient of Performance

COP= Refrigerating Effect in kw
Work Done in kw Cooling capacity: 1 TR or 12000 Btu/hr
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Power consumption : 1350 Watts

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EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio

SER : 1.35/1 = 1.35 kW/TR
EER = Refrigerating Effect in Btu/hr
Power consumed in watts EER : 12000/1350 = 8.9
E.E.R = 4.88 x 3.412 = 16.65

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IB

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Chiller system efficiency Thermal storage system
CT Fan-7.5 kW Cooling capacity: 120 TR
AN
SER Chiller : 96/120 = 0.8 kW/TR
SER plant : 122.25/120 = 1.02 kW/TR

Pump- 7.5 kW Compressor- 96 kW
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SER system: 144.7525/120 = 1.21 kW/TR
COP: (120*12000)/(96*3415) = 4.4
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Fan- 22.5 kW Pump-11.25 kW
Good for demand side management
May reduce HVAC capital cost
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May reduce energy consumption
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Unitary System
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Unitary system
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0.75 TR to 3 TR
EN
Window A/C : 1.6 kW/TR
Split A/C : 1.4 kW/TR

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IB

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Reciprocating Chillers Screw Chillers
AN
20 TR to 400 TR 40 TR to 1100 TR
Air cooled : 1.2~1.4 kW/TR Air cooled : 1.1~1.3 kW/TR
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Water cooled : 0.8~1 kW/TR Water cooled : 0.66~0.8 kW/TR
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Centrifugal Chillers Vapour Absorption Machines (VAM)

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100 TR to 1500 TR 70 TR to 1500 TR

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Water cooled : 0.5~0.68 kW/TR Single effect : COP = 0.7
Double effect : COP = 1~1.2

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IB

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Chiller Ranking Minimum equipment efficiency (COP)
1. Window/split unit : 3.08
AN
Range Condenser type Rank Chiller type
(tons)
2. Air cooled water chiller <150 TR : 2.9
1-100 All 1 Scroll
Water 2 Screw 3. Air cooled water chiller > 150 TR : 3.05
All 3 Reciprocating
4. Water cooled reciprocating chiller (All) : 4.2
Air 4 Screw
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101-300 All 1 Screw 5. Water cooled Screw chiller < 150 TR : 4.7
All 2 Centrifugal
6. Water cooled Screw chiller >150 < 300 TR : 5.4
Water 3 Absorption (double effect)
Water 4 Absorption (single effect) 7. Water cooled screw chiller > 300 TR : 5.75
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301-1250 All 1 Centrifugal
8. Centrifugal chiller > 150 < 300 TR : 5.8
All 2 Screw
Water 3 Absorption (double effect) 9. Centrifugal chiller > 300 TR : 6.3
Water 4 Gas Engine
10. Single stage VAM : 0.7
Water 5 Absorption (single effect)
11. Double stage VAM : 1.2
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ECBC Requirements: Mandatory

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Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
» Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency

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requirements in
ECBC Table 5.1. Equipment not listed shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004 §6.4.1
EN
85F, 95F
54F, 44F
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» Unitary Air Conditioner shall meet IS 1391 (Part 1); Split air conditioner shall meet IS
1391 (Part 2); Packaged air conditioner shall meet IS 8148; Boilers shall meet IS
IB
13980 with above 75% thermal efficiency.
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3
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ECBC Requirements: Mandatory

Equipment Efficiencies at IPLV
AN
» Efficiencies at Integrated Part Load Performance (IPLV)values can be
calculated as follows: ARI 550-590-2003
IPLV = 0.01 A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D
TESTING STANDARD FOR
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For COP and EER:
Where: A = COP or EER at 100%; B = COP or EER at 75%; C = COP or EER at 50%; D =
CHILLERS
COP or EER at 25%
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For kW/Ton: IPLV =
Where: A = kW/Ton at 100%; B = kW/Ton at 75%; C = kW/Ton at 50%; D = kW/Ton at 25%
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ARI conditions: Standard reference conditions at

which chiller performance is measured, as defined by TEST CONDITIONS FOR IPLV AND NPLV RATINGS
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the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI):

44°F for water leaving the chiller and, for water entering
the condenser, 85°F at 100 percent load and 65°F at
EN
zero percent load.
Integrated part-load value (IPLV):

This metric attempts to capture a more representative
"average" chiller efficiency over a representative
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operating range. It is the efficiency of the chiller,

measured in kW/ton, averaged over four operating
IB
points, according to a standard formula.

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Air side efficiency
AN
• Two speed fan
• AHU fan on VSD
• Economizer
LT
• Heat recovery from fresh air
• Demand controlled ventilation
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Economizers AHU – Air Handling Unit

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Where does air come from and go to?
Exhaust air
G
EN
Return air
A
Outside air Supply air

IB
Air Side Water Side

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AHU AHU - Economizer
What’s in an AHU?
AN
Sensor
Linked
Heating/Cooling Coil
LT
Filter Fan
Damper
55°F
AL SU
Minimum in summer
More outside air in winter
Economizer mode: Using outside air for cooling rather than mechanical cooling.
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TEC MEP
Pictures Institute
from https://rfd-training.tac.com/docs/HVAC.pdf TEC MEP
Pictures Institute
from https://rfd-training.tac.com/docs/HVAC.pdf
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AHU – Heating and Cooling Humidification

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EN
55°F
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dehumidification Why before the cooling coil?

IB
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TEC MEP
Pictures Institute
from https://rfd-training.tac.com/docs/HVAC.pdf TEC MEP
Pictures Institute
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Economizers Economizers
Free cooling source: When available, use cool outdoor air
AN
instead of mechanically cooled air.
Minimum
supply of 55 oF and
outside air 85% up
55
LT
oF outside
air
85%
80 exhaust 80
AL SU
oF oF
Normal Operation Economizer Operation

Outside air dampers are Outside air dampers are
positioned to provide the fully open. Maximum
minimum outside air outside air is provided
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Zoning and Economizers

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Constant air volume system
• Economizers provide “free cooling”

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when outdoor conditions are optimal
• Proper orientation & zoning yields

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comfort & efficiency
W Core E
A
S
IB

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Variable air volume system
VAV
damper Two variables – Temperature & Air
AN
Volume
The box you can see in
LT
the hallway.
IF temperature too high
AL SU
First reduce reheat till fully closed
Then increase air volume
IF temperature too low
First reduce air volume till minimum
Then start reheat
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Winter Summer
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Outside
G
EN
Cooled and Mixed

dehumidified
Return Return
A
Outside
Mixed
IB
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The Real World The Real World
AN
LT
52°F 52°F
Chilled water is still used when outside air is far below 52F
AL SU
Temperature increased after humidification.
Sensor error.
Separate control caused counteraction.
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Any difference? Anything wrong? 73
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Heat Recovery Wheels

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EN
A
IB

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Variable cooling tower air flow
Two loop chilled water
AN
LT
AL SU
Saving potential = 15 ~ 20 %
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Saving potential = 30 ~ 40 %
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VFD for CAV System

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Cold air system

Glycol is used as refrigerant
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Chiller operates at 3 o C & 12 o C

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Air is supplied at 13 o C
Better humidity control
Less pumping & fan energy cost

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May conserve energy

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Saving potential = 30 %
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Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system
Demand Controlled Ventilation
PROVIDING THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF AIR, IN THE RIGHT PLACE, AT THE RIGHT TIME
AN
LT
Outdoor unit Indoor unit
Provide superior design flexibility
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Conserve space
Conserve energy with modular switching
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A
IB
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TS

Unitary system Centralised AC system (Air cooled water chillers)

Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioner Compressor/condenser fan-kW

Water cooled water chiller

Taiba Engineering Consultants

One Ton of A/C= 12,000 Btu/hr

Energy Efficiency Measures

Chiller Terminology Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

COP = Cooling capacity (Btu/hr or W)

Coefficient of performance (COP): Chiller efficiency kW/TR = 12/EER = 3.5/COP

(electric power). Multiplying the COP by 3.412 yields the

Taiba Engineering Consultants

Unitary system efficiency

COP – Coefficient of Performance

Power consumption : 1350 Watts

EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio

E.E.R = 4.88 x 3.412 = 16.65

TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute

Taiba Engineering Consultants

CT Fan-7.5 kW Cooling capacity: 120 TR

SER plant : 122.25/120 = 1.02 kW/TR

COP: (120*12000)/(96*3415) = 4.4

May reduce HVAC capital cost

TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute

Window A/C : 1.6 kW/TR

Split A/C : 1.4 kW/TR

TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute

Taiba Engineering Consultants

Air cooled : 1.2~1.4 kW/TR Air cooled : 1.1~1.3 kW/TR

Centrifugal Chillers Vapour Absorption Machines (VAM)

100 TR to 1500 TR 70 TR to 1500 TR

Water cooled : 0.5~0.68 kW/TR Single effect : COP = 0.7

Double effect : COP = 1~1.2

TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute

Taiba Engineering Consultants

1. Window/split unit : 3.08

ECBC Requirements: Mandatory

Minimum Equipment Efficiencies

» Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency

13980 with above 75% thermal efficiency.

Taiba Engineering Consultants

ECBC Requirements: Mandatory

Where: A = kW/Ton at 100%; B = kW/Ton at 75%; C = kW/Ton at 50%; D = kW/Ton at 25%

ARI conditions: Standard reference conditions at

the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI):

zero percent load.

Integrated part-load value (IPLV):

operating range. It is the efficiency of the chiller,

points, according to a standard formula.

TEC MEP Institute TEC MEP Institute

Taiba Engineering Consultants

Economizers AHU – Air Handling Unit

Where does air come from and go to?

Outside air Supply air

Air Side Water Side

Taiba Engineering Consultants

AHU – Heating and Cooling Humidification

dehumidification Why before the cooling coil?

Taiba Engineering Consultants

Normal Operation Economizer Operation

Zoning and Economizers

Constant air volume system

COP: (12012000)/(963415) = 4.4