SCIENCE

HOLIDAY
HOMEWORK
Adya Verma (group-2)
SOLAR
ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY, RADIATION FROM THE SUN
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HEAT, CAUSING
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, OR GENERATING
ELECTRICITY. THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SOLAR
ENERGY INCIDENT ON EARTH IS VASTLY IN
EXCESS OF THE WORLD’S CURRENT AND
ANTICIPATED ENERGY REQUIREMENTS. IF
SUITABLY HARNESSED, THIS HIGHLY DIFFUSED
SOURCE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO SATISFY ALL
FUTURE ENERGY NEEDS. IN THE 21ST CENTURY
SOLAR ENERGY IS EXPECTED TO BECOME
INCREASINGLY ATTRACTIVE AS A RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCE BECAUSE OF ITS
INEXHAUSTIBLE SUPPLY AND ITS
NONPOLLUTING CHARACTER, IN STARK
CONTRAST TO THE FINITE FOSSIL FUELS, COAL
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. SOLAR POWER
IS THE ENERGY FROM SUN CONVERTED INTO
THERMAL OR ELECTRICAL ENERGY. SOLAR
ENERGY IS THE CLEANEST AND MOST
ABUNDANT RENEWABLEENERGY SOURCE
AVAILABLE.
 PASSIVE SOLAR
TYPES OF Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s
SOLAR energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces by
exposure to the sun. When sunlight strikes a building,
ENERGY the building materials can reflect, transmit, or absorb
the solar radiation. In addition, the heat produced by
the sun causes air movement that can be predictable in
ACTIVE SOLAR designed spaces. These basic responses to solar heat
lead to design elements, material choices and
Active solar energy systems use solar energy to heat
placements that can provide heating and cooling effects
either a liquid or a fluid. They do this using what’s
in a home. Passive solar technologies convert sunlight
known as a solar collector which absorbs solar energy.
into usable heat and cause air movement for
During this process, heat is captured from the sun’s
ventilating to heat and cool living spaces without active
rays and is transferred to either fluid or air inside the
mechanical or electrical devices
collector where a a fluid is heated, this can next be fed
into a heat exchanger, allowing it to transfer its heat
to water. This water can then be fed into a building’s
hot water supply or central heating system. These
systems may also store the hot water in a storage
tank for later use.
HOW DOES SOLAR PANEL
PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?
When photons hit a solar cell, they knock
electrons loose from their atoms. If
conductors are attached to the positive and
negative sides of a cell, it forms an electrical
circuit. When electrons flow through such a
circuit, they generate electricity. Multiple
cells make up a solar panel, and multiple
panels (modules) can be wired together to
form a solar array. The more panels you can
deploy, the more energy you can expect to
generate.
 USES OF SOLAR
ENERGY
SOLAR HOUSE HEATING
The energy of the sun can also be used
to heat an entire home in one of two
ways. These are systems for the
homeowner truly serious about
renewable energy, as they involve a
substantial investment.
SOLAR POWERED PUMPS
A drawback of some hot-water heating
systems described above is that they
require a pump to circulate water
from the solar collector to the holding
tank. Normally, these pumps are
powered by household electrical
service, and doing so in some ways
consumes some of the energy you
hoped to save by installing the system
in the first place.
SOLAR ENERGY FOR COOKING
Solar energy for cooking
At the other end of the scale, you can also
use solar energy simply to cook a meal.
Although it is something of a novelty
exercise, cooking with solar energy is much
easier than you think. With a box, pan,
aluminum foil, a cooking bag, duct tape
(man's best friend), styrofoam insulation,
and a thermometer, you'll be cooking in no
time at all.
SOLAR POWER
CONSUMPTION IN
AUSTRALIA
solar power in Australia is a fast growing industry. As of December 2020, Australia's over 2.66
million solar PV installations had a combined capacity of 20,198 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar
power of which at least 3,906 MW were installed in the preceding 12 months. In 2019, 59 solar PV
projects with a combined capacity of 2,881 MW were either under construction, constructed or
due to start construction having reached financial closure. Solar accounted for 9.9% (or 22.5 Twh)
of Australia's total electrical energy production in 2020.
The sudden rise in Solar PV installations in Australia since 2018 dramatically propelled the
country from being considered a relative laggard to a strong leader in Solar PV development by
mid 2019. With an installed photovoltaic capacity of 16.3 GW at the end of 2019, Australia has the
highest per capita solar capacity at 600 watts per capita, overtaking Germany with 580 watts per
capita.
SOLAR POWER .In terms of total cumulative installed capacity, by year
end 2017 the United States ranked 2nd in the world
CONSUMPTION behind China. In 2016, 39% of all new electricity
generation capacity in the country came from solar,
IN USA more than any other source and ahead of natural gas
(29%).By 2015, solar employment had overtaken oil and
gas as well as coal employment in the United States. In
2016, more than 260,000 Americans were employed in
Solar power in the United States includes the solar industry.
utility-scale solar power plants as well as local
distributed generation, mostly from rooftop
photovoltaics. As of the end of 2020, the United
States had 97,275 megawatts (MW) of installed
photovoltaic and concentrated solar power
capacity combined. In 2018, utility scale solar
power generated 66.6 terawatt-hours (TWh),
1.66% of total U.S. electricity. During the same
time period total solar generation, including
estimated small scale photovoltaic generation,
was 96.1 TWh, 2.30% of total U.S, electricity
SOLAR POWER
CONSUMPTION IN
INDIA
Solar power in India is a fast developing industry. The country's solar installed capacity was 36.9 GW
as of 30 November 2020.
The Indian government had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved four
years ahead of schedule. In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW
from rooftop solar) by 2022, targeting an investment of US$100 billion. India has established nearly
42 solar parks to make land available to the promoters of solar plants.
Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW, of which 70% is industrial or commercial. In addition to its
large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power
for local energy needs.[8] Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of
2015 just under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need for kerosene.
That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting
installations were provided under a national program; just over 1.4 million solar cookers were
distributed in India.
 SOCIAL POWER The contribution to the total electric energy production
remains modest[11] as the average capacity factor of solar

CONSUMPTION power plants is relatively low at 17% on average. Of the 6,412

TWh electricity produced in China in 2017, 118.2 TWh was
generated by solar power, equivalent to 1.84% of total
IN CHINA electricity production. In 2019, China generated 234 TWh of
electricity from solar power. At the 2020 Climate Ambition
Summit, China announced that its goal is to reach 1,200 GW of
combined solar and wind capacity by 2030.
Solar water heating is also extensively implemented, with a
China is the world's largest market for both total installed capacity of 290 GWth at the end of 2014,
photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. Since 2013 representing about 70% of world's total installed solar thermal
China has been the world's leading installer of solar capacity
photovoltaics (PV). In 2015, China became the world's
largest producer of photovoltaic power, narrowly
surpassing Germany. In 2017 China was the first
country to pass 100 GW of cumulative installed PV
capacity. By the end of 2020, China had more than 250
GW of installed solar capacity. As of May 2018, China
held the record for largest operational solar project in
its 1.5GW project at Tengger. In late 2020, China
turned on its largest solar farm with a capacity of 2.2
GW in Qinghai province
SOLAR POWER
CONSUMPTION IN
JAPAN
Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. The country is a leading manufacturer
of photovoltaics (PV) and a large installer of domestic PV systems with most of them grid connected.
[1] Japan has an insolation of about 4.3 to 4.8 kWh/(m2·day).
Solar power has become an important national priority since the country's shift in policies toward
renewable energy after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011.Japan was the world's second
largest market for solar PV growth in 2013 and 2014, adding a record 6.97 GW and 9.74 GW of
nominal nameplate capacity, respectively. By the end of 2017, cumulative capacity reached 50 GW, the
world's second largest solar PV installed capacity, behind China. Overall installed capacity in 2016 was
estimated to be sufficient to supply almost 5% of the nation's annual electricity demand
SOLAR POWER
CONSUMPTION IN
LEADING COUNTRIES
ELECTRIC
BRANDING
The Tesla Model 3, which has a maximum range of 570
km (353 miles) according to the EPA, has been the
world's best-selling electric vehicle (EV) on an annual

CARS basis since 2018, and became the world's all-time best-
selling electric car in early 2020.

An electric car is a car that is propelled by one or more

electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable
batteries. Compared to internal combustion engine
(ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, have no exhaust
emissions, and lower emissions overall. In the United
States, as of 2020, the total cost of ownership of recent
EVs is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to
lower fueling and maintenance costs. Charging an
electric car can be done at a variety of charging
stations; these charging stations can be installed in
both houses and public areas.