192620010

Mobile & Wireless Networking

Lecture 2:
Wireless Transmission (2/2)

[Schiller, Section 2.6 & 2.7]

[Reader Part 1:
OFDM: An architecture for the fourth generation]

Geert Heijenk

Mobile and Wireless Networking

2013 / 2014
 Outline of Lecture 2

q  Wireless Transmission (2/2)

q  Modulation
q  Spread Spectrum
q  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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 Modulation

Process of encoding information from a message source in a

manner suitable for transmission

Two major steps:

1.  Digital modulation
q  digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
2.  Analog modulation
q  shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
q  Motivation
l  smaller antennas (e.g., λ/4)
l  Frequency Division Multiplexing
l  medium characteristics

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 Modulation and demodulation

analog
baseband
digital
signal
data digital analog
101101001 modulation modulation radio transmitter

radio
carrier

analog
baseband
digital
signal
analog synchronization data
demodulation decision 101101001 radio receiver

radio
carrier

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 Modulation

q  Carrier
s(t) = At sin(2 π ft t + ϕt)

q  Basic analog modulation schemes schemes

q  Amplitude Modulation (AM)
q  Frequency Modulation (FM)
q  Phase Modulation (PM)
q  Digital modulation
q  ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus here
q  differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness

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 Digital modulation

Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): 1 0 1
q  very simple
q  low bandwidth requirements
t
q  very susceptible to interference

1 0 1
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
q  binary FSK (BFSK)
q  continuous phase modulation (CPM) t
q  needs larger bandwidth

1 0 1
Phase Shift Keying (PSK):
q  Binary PSH (BPSK)
q  more complex t
q  robust against interference

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 Advanced Frequency Shift Keying

q  bandwidth needed for FSK depends on the distance between

the carrier frequencies (and bit rate of source signal)
q  special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts
è MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
q  bits separated into even and odd bits,
the duration of each bit is doubled
q  depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower
frequency, original or inverted is chosen
q  the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the other

q  even higher bandwidth efficiency using a Gaussian low-pass

filter è GMSK (Gaussian MSK), used in GSM

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 Example of MSK
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
data bit
even 0101
even bits odd 0011

odd bits signal hnnh

value - - ++

low h: high frequency

frequency n: low frequency
+: original signal
-: inverted signal
high
frequency

MSK
signal
t

No phase shifts!

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 Advanced Phase Shift Keying
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying): Q
q  bit value 0: sine wave
q  bit value 1: inverted sine wave I
q  very simple PSK 1 0

q  low spectral efficiency

q  robust, used e.g. in satellite systems 10 Q 11
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying):
q  2 bits coded as one symbol
I
q  symbol determines shift of sine wave
q  needs less bandwidth compared to
BPSK 00 01
q  more complex A
Often also transmission of relative, not
absolute phase shift: DQPSK -
Differential QPSK (IS-136, PHS) t

11 10 00 01

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): combines amplitude and

phase modulation
q  it is possible to code n bits using one symbol
q  2n discrete levels, n=2 identical to QPSK
q  bit error rate increases with n, but less errors compared to
comparable PSK schemes

Q
0010
0001 Example: 16-QAM (4 bits = 1 symbol)
0011 Symbols 0011 and 0001 have the same phase φ,
0000
φ but different amplitude a. 0000 and 1000 have
a I different phase, but same amplitude.
1000

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 Hierarchical Modulation

DVB-T modulates two separate data streams onto a single DVB-T

stream
q  High Priority (HP) embedded within a Low Priority (LP) stream
q  Multi carrier system, about 2000 or 8000 carriers
q  QPSK, 16 QAM, 64QAM
Q
q  Example: 64QAM
q  good reception: resolve the entire
64QAM constellation
q  poor reception, mobile reception: 10
resolve only QPSK portion I
q  6 bit per QAM symbol, 2 most
significant determine QPSK
q  HP service coded in QPSK (2 bit), 00
LP uses remaining 4 bit
000010 010101

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 Outline of Lecture 2

q  Wireless Transmission (2/2)

q  Modulation
q  Spread Spectrum
q  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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 Spread spectrum technology

Problem of radio transmission: frequency dependent fading can

wipe out narrow band signals for duration of the interference
Solution: spread the narrow band signal into a broad band signal
using a special code
protection against narrow band interference

power interference spread power signal

signal
spread
detection at interference
receiver

f f

Side effects:
q  coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination
q  tap-proof
Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping

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 Effects of spreading and interference

dP/df dP/df

user signal
i) ii) broadband interference
narrowband interference
f f
sender
dP/df dP/df dP/df

iii) iv) v)
f f f
receiver

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 Spreading and frequency selective fading

channel
quality

1 2 5 6
narrowband channels
3
4
frequency
narrow band guard space
signal

channel
quality
2
2 spread spectrum channels
2
2
2
1

spread frequency
spectrum

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 Spread spectrum technology

q  Protection against narrow band interference

q  Tightly coupled to CDM
q  coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination
q  High security
q  Military use
q  Overlay of new SS technologies on the same spectrum as old NB
q  Civil applications
q  IEEE802.11
q  Bluetooth
q  UMTS
q  Disadvantages
q  High complexity
q  Large transmission bandwidth
q  Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping

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 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) I

XOR of the signal with pseudo-random number (chipping sequence)

q  many chips per bit (e.g., 128) result in higher bandwidth of the signal
Advantages
q  reduces frequency selective tb
fading
user data
q  in cellular networks
0 1 XOR
l  base stations can use the
same frequency range tc
l  several base stations can chipping
detect and recover the signal sequence
01101010110101 =
l  soft handover
Disadvantages resulting
signal
q  precise power control necessary
01101011001010

tb: bit period

tc: chip period

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DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) II

spread
spectrum transmit
user data signal signal
X modulator

chipping radio
sequence carrier

transmitter

correlator
lowpass sampled
received filtered products sums
signal signal data
demodulator X integrator decision

radio chipping
carrier sequence

receiver

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 The Rake Receiver

q  Takes advantage of multipath propagation

q  Each multipath component is called a “finger”
q  Need to estimate delay, amplitude and phase for each finger
q  The Rake receiver combines multipath components with a
separation in time ≥ one chip period Tchip
Example: 3.84 Mcps ⇒ Tchip = 0.26 µs ⇒ 78 m

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 Time Dispersion – Rake receiver – Channel Estimation

r(n)
τ2
h0 Channel τ1
C(n) C(n) C(n)
h2
h1
g g g
a2 a1 a0
τ1 τ2
Diversity Combination To
Decoder

Diversity Channel a0
a2 a1 a0
Combination Estimation
τ1 τ2
Selective Delay 0 0 1
a1
τ2
Equal gain Delay 1/3 1/3 1/3
a2
Maximum Delay and h* h1* h0*
Ratio complex amplitudes 2

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 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I

Discrete changes of carrier frequency

q  sequence of frequency changes determined via pseudo random
number sequence
Two versions
q  Fast Hopping:
several frequencies per user bit
q  Slow Hopping:
several user bits per frequency

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 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) II

tb

user data

0 1 0 1 1 t
f
td
f3 slow
f2 hopping
(3 bits/hop)
f1

td t
f

f3 fast
f2 hopping
(3 hops/bit)
f1

tb: bit period td: dwell time

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FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) III

narrowband spread
signal transmit
user data signal
modulator modulator

frequency hopping
synthesizer sequence
transmitter

narrowband
received signal
signal data
demodulator demodulator

hopping frequency
sequence synthesizer
receiver

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 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) IV

Example:
q  Bluetooth (1600 hops/sec on 79 carriers)
Advantages
q  frequency selective fading and interference limited to short period
q  simple implementation
q  uses only small portion of spectrum at any time
Disadvantages
q  not as robust as DSSS
q  simpler to detect

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 Outline of Lecture 2

q  Wireless Transmission (2/2)

q  Modulation
q  Spread Spectrum
q  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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 Multicarrier modulation

q  Target: increase data rate

q  Increase bandwidth?
q  Increase symbol rate?

q  Problem: increase of frequency selective fading and Inter

Symbol Interference (ISI)

q  Solution:
q  High bit rate signal split into many low bit rate signals
q  Each low bit rate signal used to modulate a different carrier
q  Less vulnerable to ISI and frequency selective fading

q  But: How to make multicarrier systems efficient?

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Spectrum of a rectangular pulse

2 2

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Two-carrier pulse spectrum

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Spectra for Three Orthogonal Carriers

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 OFDM(A)

A multicarrier system based on orthogonal subcarriers:

à  Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
When different subcarriers can be used by different users:
à  Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Typically uses phase and amplitude modulation on each subcarrier:

à  QAM (BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM)

N $1
Composite signal given by: f (t) = % Ak cos(k" 0 t + # k ) , for 0 & t & Tp
k= 0

where Tp is symbol width,

" 0 = 2'/Tp ,
Ak and # k are QAM amplitude and phase on carrier k

à  Can by computed by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

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 OFDM(A) deployment

OFDM is used in IEEE 802.11a and g

48 (+4 pilot) subcarriers of 312.5 kHz (total 20 MHz)
à 3.2µs time
0.8µs guard space (ISI mitigation) à 250 000 symbols/s
64QAM on 48 carriers results in 6 * 48 = 288 bits/symbol
à  72 Mbit/s, with ¾ coding rate (error correction): 54 Mbit/s

OFDM is also used in DAB, DVB

OFDMA is used in WiMAX and

LTE with up to 1200 subcarriers of 15 kHz in 20 MHz.

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