Analog Lab 8

20.01.2021

Jadavpur University
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Asipi Praveen Rao 001910701073

Gaurav Nandy 001910701074
Sagnik Das 001910701075
Souvik Barman 001910701076
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Differential Amplifier
Theory: In differential amplifier if we apply two different signal in two input
terminal then the difference of the outputs are amplified.

That means VO = k*(V1 – V2)

K -> Difference gain

But instead of directly connecting the inputs we can use the circuit to get
controlled gain,

VO = R4/(R3+R4)*(1+R2/R1) V1 –R2/R1* V2

Now putting R1=R2=R3=R4=10kohm

We get, VO = (V1 – V2)

Theoretical Gain = 1

Circuit:

Input Impedance of the Op-amp (From the model parameter): 10 M-ohm

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Output Impedance of the Op-amp (From the model parameter): 10ohm

Input Impedance of the Circuit:

RIN= VRMS/IRMS = 2.828mV/141.4uA =20kohm

Output Impedance of the Circuit: Voltage without load = 3.20mV

Voltage of the load is 1.60mV when, RL = 1.95ohm

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Frequency Response of The Circuit:

From the graph we can see that Designed Gain(1) is maintained up to 20MHz
frequency.

Input and Output Waveform of The Circuit:

1) Signal with V1 -> 4V 1KHz and V2 - > 3V 1KHz

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2) Signal with V1 -> 1V 1KHz and V2 - > 2V 1KHz

3) Signal with V1 -> 2V 2KHz and V2 - > 4V 1KHz

Calculated Gain of the circuit= 0.9999989

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Conclusion: (1) Form the circuit we can see that input impedance of the circuit
has reduced to a large amount as compared to input impedance of single op-amp.
Here we can modify the circuit to get greater input impedance and less output
impedance.
(2) The gain is almost same as we assumed while designing the circuit. That
means we can adjust the gain by changing the value of resistances and we get
exactly same gain.

Instrumentation Amplifier
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Theory:
From the previous experiment of Differential Amplifier we have concluded that
input and output resistance is low compared to the Single Op-amp. To increase
the input impedance the circuit we use a special arrangement shown in the circuit
diagram. The circuit is called instrumentation amplifier. Difference gain of the
circuit is,
K = (1+2*R/RP) where, RP is the resistance of the potentiometer
(if we all the resistance equal)
In this case: k = 3
VO = 3*(V1 – V2)

Circuit:
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Input and Output Inpedance Calculation

Input Impedance of the Op-amp (From the model parameter): 10 M-ohm

Output Impedance of the Op-amp (From the model parameter): 10ohm

Input Impedance of the Circuit:

RIN = VRMS/IRMS = 1.414mV/4.435fA = 318.83Mohm

Output Impedance of the Circuit:

Voltage without load = 2.12mV

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Voltage of the load is 1.6mV when RL = 1.6m-ohm

Frequency Response of The Circuit:

From the graph we can see that Designed Gain(3) is maintained up to 10MHz
frequency.

Input and Output Waveform:

1) Signal with V1 - > 1V 1KHz and V2 -> 2V 1KHz
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Conclusion:
(1) Form the circuit we can see that input impedance of the circuit has
increased to a large amount as compared to input impedance of single op-amp
and also reduced the output impedance which is a significant modification.
(2) The gain is almost same as we assumed while designing the circuit. That
means we can adjust the gain by changing the value of resistances and we get
exactly same and stable gain. Also by Changing RP we can get a very high amount
of gain.
(3) For instrumentation amplifier CMRR is also high compared to differential
amplifier.
(4) For instrumentation amplifier Higher Cutoff Frequency is high compared to
normal differential amplifier.