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ANALYSIS OF HYBRID TURBOCHARGER IN MOTOR VEHICLE IC ENGINE

Conference Paper · October 2018

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 International Congress
Motor Vehicles & Motors 2018
Kragujevac, Serbia
Motor Vehicles & Motors
October 4th - 5th, 2018

MVM2018-063
Nenad Raspopović1
Jovan Dorić2
Ivan Grujić3
Nebojša Nikolić4

ANALYSIS OF HYBRID TURBOCHARGER IN MOTOR

VEHICLE IC ENGINE

ABSTRACT: Internal combustion engines are dominant motor vehicles propulsion systems. Development of IC
turbochargers is associated with improvement of their efficiency, dimensions, materials and operating characteristics.
In this paper we try to make analysis of working parameters of internal combustion engine with hybrid turbocharger.
To optimally support downsizing of IC engine turbocharger must react as fast as possible and the exhaust gas
volumetric flow to the turbine must be exactly adjustable. Results shown that application of such turbocharger leads
to a better engine performance and increase overall engine efficiency.

KEYWORDS: IC engine, hybrid turbocharger, motor vehicle

INTRODUCTION
A turbocharged engine are widely used today in modern motor vehicle. One of the reasons for massive production
of such engines are better efficiency and higher specific output power. Turbocharger or colloquially turbo is a turbine-
driven forced induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output by forcing
extra compressed air into the combustion chamber. The engine maximum power is dependent on that amount of fuel
that can be burnt efficiently inside the cylinder. The injected fuel depends on the amount of air that can be available
at each cycle. Thus, by compressing the air to a higher density will allow more air inside the cylinder. Turbocharging
is one of the conventional approaches of increasing the air density by increasing its pressure before entering the
engine cylinder [1]. Besides many advantages over naturally aspirated engines, turbocharged engine also have some
disadvantages. More expensive and more complicated design of the engine and also reduced reliability are one of
them.

In conventional turbocharged engine, to avoid overboosting of the engine, it is necessary to activate waste gate valve
(valve that bypasses the turbo). Other solution is to use Variable-geometry turbochargers (VGTs). VTG are a family
of turbochargers, usually designed to allow the effective aspect ratio (A:R) of the turbo to be altered as conditions
change. This is done because optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine
speeds. If the aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small,
the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses,
and ultimately lower power output. Both solution in some way decreases potential engine efficiency, and there is
more successful solutions for increasing turbo engine performance [2-5].

1
Nenad Raspopović, Faculty of technical sciences, University of Novi Sad
2
Jovan Dorić, Faculty of technical sciences, University of Novi Sad, jovan_d@uns.ac.rs
3
Ivan Grujic, M.Sc., assistant, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering, 6 Sestre Janjić STR., 34000
Kragujevac, Serbia, ivan.grujic@kg.ac.rs
4
Nebojša Nikolić, Faculty of technical sciences, University of Novi Sad
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The idea is to improve overall turbocharged IC engine by using electric generator as can be seen from Fig. 1. This
design flexibility leads to further improvements in turbine and compressor efficiency, beyond a conventional
turbocharger. Engine efficiency and power characteristics carry a major importance in the automotive industry as
they incorporate the two major requirements: fuel consumption and drivability. A major inconvenience for
turbochargers constitutes the low response in the low speed region of the engine creating the so called “turbo lag”
affecting drivability. Also, a large portion of the fuel energy is lost through exhaust gas in a SI engine affecting engine
efficiency, fuel consumption implicitly. A hybrid turbocharging assist system is a promising technology for improving
both transient response and engine efficiency [1-5].

Figure 1 One possible solution for hybrid turbocharged [6]

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this paper analysis of hybrid turbocharged engine was performed with software GT-POWER. GT-POWER is the
industry standard engine performance simulation, used by all major engine manufacturers and vehicle OEMs. GT-
POWER is used to predict engine performance quantities such as power, torque, airflow, volumetric efficiency, fuel
consumption, turbocharger performance and matching, and pumping losses. Beyond basic performance predictions,
GT-POWER includes physical models for extending the predictions to include cylinder and tailpipe-out emissions,
intake and exhaust system acoustic characteristics (level and quality), in-cylinder and pipe/manifold structure
temperature, measured cylinder pressure analysis, and control system modeling. Some basic GT-POWER equations
will be shown.

The first equation ensures the conservation of mass as seen in (1).

(1)
Related to the mass equation is the conservation of momentum relationship shown in (2).

(2)

These two equations are predominately used to determine the trapped air and residual gas masses. They are also
used to determine the fuel dynamics and mass flow rates. GT Power also uses (3) which ensures that energy is
conserved.

(3)
The final equation is an exergy balance as shown in (4) which is implicitly solved.

(4)

Using these equations, the heat transfer from a volume to the walls or another volume can be determined. These
final two equations determine the gas temperatures which also influences the trapped air and residual masses.

220
For our research two engines are analysed. First part of research was focused on F1 hybrid turbocharged engine. In
order to match criteria of fuel consumption of 100kg/h we try to find how much we can get in power increase with
adding a hybrid turbo. Second phase of our research was performed with aim to achieve better fuel consumption in
ordinary motor vehicle engine, in our case 2 litre turbo petrol engine.

In this paper is proposed a turbocharging method [7,8] which is based on the engine characteristics, compressor
performance map, first turbocharger equation and turbine performance map. Engine operating characteristics such
as low-end torque, maximum torque, and maximum power will determine the operating points in the compressor
map. By having the operating points of the turbocharger in the compressor performance map with the calculated
pressure ratio and mass flow rate the first turbocharger equation can be used. The value of the δ contains the
efficiency of the turbocharger, exhaust and intake mass flow rates and the temperatures of the intake air and exhaust
gas. These are taken from the working conditions of the engine and the efficiency can be measured or guessed.
Having δ and compression ratio, πc, the expansion ratio of the turbine can be determined according to the diagram.
From this point on, operating points in the turbine map can be determined. This matching procedure is iterated until
the guessed values, such as the turbine and compressor efficiencies etc., are converged. The whole schematic
process is shown in Fig 2.

Figure 2 Schematic process of turbocharging matching [7]

RESULTS
First engine model was presented on Figure 3. It can be seen from model schematic view that here we have six-
cylinder engine with built-in hybrid turbo equipment. From schematic view it is clear that engine have two motor-
generator (MG) unit. First MG unit is coupled with turbo and second with crankshaft. This system work in such a way
that the surplus energy that is taken on the turbine can be utilized in a better way through the MG units via ECU of
the engine.

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 Figure 3 Schematic view of F1 hybrid turbo engine

Simulation results of power, torque and BMEP curves can be seen on Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6. For the case
when F1 engine was analysed two situations are presented. Red curves refer to the engine with ordinary
turbocharging system and the blue ones are reserved for simulation results of hybrid turbo engine. It can be
concluded from the proposed diagrams that hybrid turbo engine has better examined characteristics.

222
Figure 4 Power curves

Figure 5 Torque curves

223
 Figure 6 BMEP curves

Similar simulation is done but in this case on another engine model. As can be seen from Figure 7 four-cylinder motor
vehicle engine was presented in GT-POWER software.

Figure 7 Schematic view of four-cylinder 2.0 hybrid turbo engine

224
In the second phase of our analysis we try to make simulation on the 2.0 turbo petrol engine. In this case the
simulation was done with the condition of giving equal power at the motor output (Figure 8) for two cases. First is
performed with hybrid turbo and the second with conventional turbocharged engine.

Figure 8 Power curves for two investigated cases: blue for hybrid turbo and red for conventional turbocharged
engine

Figure 9 Fuel consumption curves for two investigated cases: blue for hybrid turbo and red for conventional
turbocharged engine

The results show that the mass flow rate of the hybrid turbocharged engine decreasing initially and then starts
increasing with the further increase in the engine speed (Figure 9). The mass flow rates changes with the
performance parameters like volumetric efficiency, in-cylinder temperature and engine speed.The results of the
simulation show that in conventional motors with hybrid turbo we can also expected increased efficiency.

225
CONCLUSIONS
A hybrid turbo, if designed properly, will allow the extra flow and pressure to be achieved at a safe and reliable turbine
speed and at higher compressor efficiencies. The temperature and pressure also gets increased further with the
amount of supercharging. At high temperatures, the dissociation of the gases occurs by absorbing the thermal energy
released during the combustion, thus reducing the thermal efficiency and power produced by the engine. But at
higher boost pressures, the effect of dissociation on power will overcome by the effect of boost pressure. Thus the
power produced by the hybrid turbocharger will be more than that of the conventional turbocharger even though the
thermal efficiency is lesser. In this paper investigation the potential of using the electric motor to provide directly
power to the crankshaft and test the viability of the solution and how it influences the way that the compressor is
operating was done. A study in order to know when the switching between crankshaft assist and turbocharger assist
has to be made in order to obtain optimal performance was also done in this paper. With motor-generator unit added
to turbocharged engine in motor vehicle we can expect better efficiency and higher output power at wide range of
engine speed. Overall, the system brings some benefits but a more detailed analysis has to be made to see if the
actual design is the optimal one.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was done as a part of project TR31046 “Improvement of the quality of tractors and mobile systems
with the aim of increasing competitiveness and preserving soil and environment”, supported by Serbian Ministry of
Science and Technological Development.

REFERENCES
[1] Hiereth, H., Prenninger, P.: “Charging the Internal Combustion Engine, Powertrain”, Springer, New York, 2007,
[2] Chadwell and Walls. Analysis of a super turbocharged downsized engine using 1-D CFD simulation, SAE
Technical Paper; 2010-01-1231,
[3] Kusztelan, A., Yao, Y.F., Marchant, D.R., Wang, Y.: “A Review of Novel Turbocharger Concepts for
Enhancements in Energy Efficiency”, Int. J. of Thermal and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2011, pp
75-82,
[4] Shahed S.M.: "The Power of Turbocharging. Industry executives discuss the future of mobility technology", SAE
International, 2005, 86-87,
[5] Seiichi I., Yukio, Y., Kunio, S., Hiroshi, O., Yasuaki, J.: "Development of hybrid turbo, an electrically assisted
turbocharger", Mitsubishi heavy industries Ltd, technical review, Vol. 43 No. 3. 2006,
[6] Jinsha, R., Hans, M.H., Josephb, A., Kiran, T.S., Gireesh, K.T.: "Hybrid turbocharged SI engine with cooled
exhaust gas recirculation for improved performance”, Procedia Technology, Vol 24, 2016, pp 444 – 451,
[7] Alin-Gabriel, D.: "Study on engine efficiency and performance improvements through hybrid turbocharging
assisting”, Master’s thesis in Automotive Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
2014,
[8] Dorić, J.: “Unapređenje efektivnosti motora SUS primenom nekonvencionalnog klipnog mehanizma”, doktorska
disertacija, FTN Novi Sad, 2012.

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