Dr. D. D.

Ebenezer

Propulsion of Ships
B. Tech. NA&SB. ST 18 502
Department of Ship Technology
CUSAT, Kochi 682022
July-Dec 2021
3 credits

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Adjunct Faculty
9446577239
ebenezer.cusat@gmail.com

Jul - Dec
Only for personal use by CUSAT NA&SB students
2021
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Books on Propulsion
• These two are the primary books for this course

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2021
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Books on Propulsion
These and others will also be used

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Course Content

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Course Content. Module 1.

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Module 1
1.1 Propeller as a thrust producing mechanism
1.2 Historical development
1.3 Screw propeller.
1.3.1 Geometry
1.3.2 Construction details

1.4 Propeller theories

1.4.1 Disc theory
1.4.2 Momentum theory
1.4.3 Blade element theory
1.4.4 Circulation theory

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Module 1. Reading Material.
• Carlton
• Chap 1. The early development of the screw propeller
• Chap 2. Propulsion Systems
• Chap 3. Propeller Geometry

• Ghose and Gokran

• Chap 1. General Introduction
• Chap 2. Screw Propellers
• Chap 3. Propeller Theory

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer

1.1 PROPELLER AS A THRUST PRODUCING MECHANISM

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1.1 Power
• Power is required to propel a ship
• Power is a scalar quantity
• Power = Rate at which work is done = Force x Distance / Time
• Power = Torque x angular speed = Nm x rad/sec

• The SI unit for power is Nm/s

• 1 knot = 1 nautical mile / hour = 1852 m /3600 s = 0.5144 m/s
• RPM = (2𝜋)/60 rad/s = 1/9.5493 rad/s (Used in eq for power)
• The internet has some approximate numbers for conversions

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1.1 What is 1 hp?
• Horse Power is a term used in the late 18th century by Scottish
engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines
with the power of draft horses
• One mechanical horsepower lifts 550 pounds (250 kg) by 1 foot
in 1 second = 33,000 ft lbf/min ≈ 745.7 watts
• Mechanical horsepower (or imperial hp) ≈ 745.7 watts.
• Metric horsepower ≈ 735.5 watts.

• 1 hp motor is used to
pump water at home
• 0.1 hp ≈ power used by
a ceiling fan
• Usain Bolt. Power = ?
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2021
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Usain Bolt
• Scientists in Mexico have calculated exactly how much power Usain Bolt generated in his
9.58-second 100m world-record win at the 2009 IAAF World Championships, and needless
to say, it was a lot.
• “Our calculated drag coefficient highlights the outstanding ability of Bolt,” the study’s co-
author Jorge Hernandez told the Independent. “He has been able to break several records
despite not being as aerodynamic as a human can be … the amount that was absorbed by
drag is truly extraordinary.”
• The researchers crunched the numbers and found that Bolt achieved a maximum power
output of 2,619.5 watts less than one second into the race, when he was at half his top
speed. Measuring power output in wattage is now a common instrument for tracking the
performance of Tour de France cyclists, who average about 500 watts during the stages
and can max out at about 1,500 watts on finishing sprints.
• In his record-setting run, Bolt hit a terminal velocity of 12.2 metres per second and a force
of 815.8 newtons, which approaches the force of a knockout punch by a heavyweight
boxer. Amazingly, the study concluded that less than 8 per cent of Bolt’s energy expended
during the race was used for motion – the remaining 92 per cent was absorbed by the drag
of his 6-foot-5 frame.

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1.1 Resistance and EHP
• The resistance of a ship at a given speed is the force required
to tow the ship at that speed in smooth water, assuming no
interference from the towing ship.
• What is electrical resistance?

• If the hull has no appendages, it is the bare-hull (naked)

resistance.
• The power necessary to overcome this resistance is the tow-
rope or effective power
• Effective Power = Total Resistance (Newton) × Velocity (m/s)
Watt = Nm/s
• Effective Horse Power in hp = Effective Power in kW / 0.7457

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1.1 Propulsion System
Ship Drive Train and Power

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1.1 Very large engines
1. General Electric Gas Turbine
2. General Atomics Hybrid Propulsion
3. CODAG – Combined Diesel And Gas Turbine
4. Siemen’s 340 MW Gas Turbine
5. Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C Turbocharged Diesel Engine

Photos in the next 2 slides

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1.1 Very large engines
• https://gcaptain.com/ship-engines-hood-monster-engines/

1 2

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1.1 Very large engines
4

5
1. General Electric Gas Turbine
2. General Atomics Hybrid
Propulsion
3. CODAG – Combined Diesel And
Gas Turbine
4. Siemen’s 340 MW Gas Turbine

Jul - Dec
5. Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C
Turbocharged Diesel Engine
2021
Dr. D. D. Ebenezer 17
1.1 INS Kolkata
• Displacement: 7500 tonne
• Length: 163 m. Breadth: 17.4 m. Draft: 6.5 m. Speed: > 30 knots
• Power and Propulsion System (pic next slide)
• COGAG system: Twin Zorya (Ukraine) M36E gas turbine plants with 4×
DT-59 reversible gas turbines and 2× RG-54 gearboxes
• 2× Bergen/GRSE KVM-diesel engines. 9,900 hp (7,400 kW) each
• 4× 1mWe Wärtsilä WCM-1000 generator sets driving Cummins KTA50G3
engines and Kirloskar 1MV AC generators

• Propellers: Two (Ukraine/Russia?)

• Cars have a max bhp of about 100 bhp at 4000 rpm and max
torque of about 200 Nm at 2000 rpm
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1.1 COGAG
• Combined gas turbine and gas turbine (COGAG) is a type of
propulsion system for ships using two gas turbines connected
to a single propeller shaft.

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2021
 1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

Ship Drive Train System

EHP

Engine Reduction
Gear Strut Screw
Bearing Seals

THP

BHP SHP DHP

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

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1.1 Propulsion System
Ship Drive Train and Power

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2021
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1.1 The Propulsion System
• The engine uses fuel to generate power
• The power is transmitted to the propeller through the rotating
shaft
• The propeller rotates and generates thrust
• The thrust is transmitted to the ship through the thrust bearing
• The ship accelerates if the thrust is greater than the resistance

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1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

EHP

Engine
Strut
Reduction Screw
Gear Bearing Seals

THP

DHP
BHP
SHP

Brake Horsepower (BHP)

Power output at the engine shaft (before the reduction gears)

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

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1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

EHP

Engine
Strut
Reduction Screw
Bearing
Gear Seals

THP

BHP DHP
SHP

Shaft Horsepower (SHP)

Power output at the shaft coming out of the reduction gears

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

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1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

EHP

Engine
Strut
Reduction Screw
Gear Bearing Seals

THP

BHP
DHP
SHP

Delivered Horsepower (DHP)

Power delivered to the propeller
DHP = SHP – losses in shafting, shaft bearings and seals
The rotating shaft penetrates the hull and a seal is used to
keep the water out
USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance
 25
1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

EHP

Engine
Strut
Reduction Screw
Gear Bearing Seals

THP
BHP DHP
SHP

Thrust Horsepower (THP)

Power created by the screw/propeller
THP = DHP – Propeller losses
THP = BHP – all losses along the drive train
USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance
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1.1 Ship Drive Train and Power

BHP SHP DHP THP EHP

E/G R/G Shaft Prop. Hull
Bearing

Relative Magnitudes

BHP > SHP > DHP > THP > EHP

The “greater than” is always true because there is

loss of power due to friction, heat, and sound

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

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1.1 Marine Propeller Shaft

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Marine Insight
2021
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1.1 Effective Horsepower (EHP)
The power required to move the ship hull at a given speed
in the absence of propeller action
EHP is not related to Power Train System

• EHP can be determined from the towing tank experiments at

the various speeds of the model ship

• EHP of the model ship is converted into EHP of the full scale
ship by Froude’s Law.
Measured EHP
V
Towing Tank Towing carriage

28
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1.1 Effective Horsepower (EHP)
POWER CURVE
YARD PATROL CRAFT

Effective Horsepower, EHP (HP)

1000

800 Typical EHP Curve of YP

600

400

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ship Speed, Vs (Knots)

The required EHP varies depending on the vessel’s speed.

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

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1.1 Various components of the propulsion
system, HPs, efficiencies, and common
values for efficiencies

Prime BHP Reduction SHP Shafting & DHP Propeller THP Hull EHP
Mover Gear Bearings

hgear=SHP/BHP hshaft=DHP/SHP hprop=THP/DHP hH=EHP/THP

(~98-99%) (~97-98%) (~70-75%)

Note the definition of QPC in Molland

(next slide) where the delivered power hP=PC=EHP/SHP
at the tailshaft is used (~55-75%)

USNA EN400 Principles of Ship Performance

Note the definition of QPC in Molland (next slide) where the
delivered power at the tailshaft is used
Dr. D. D. Ebenezer 32
1.1 Estimation of Engine Power
• Molland et al. Ship Resistance and Propulsion. 2nd Ed.

Va = Vel of advance. Details later.

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1.1 Estimation of Engine Power
• Molland et al. Ship Resistance and
Propulsion. 2nd Ed. Sec. 2.3

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1.1 Estimation
of Engine
Power
Molland et al. Ship Resistance
and Propulsion. 2nd Ed.
Sec. 2.4

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1.1 Example. Effective Horse Power
• Molland et al. Ship Resistance and Propulsion. 2nd Ed.

=2905.8/0.7457 hp = 3897 hp
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1.1 Quiz 1a
• Roll Nos 01 to 04 switch on your camera and mic.
• The Effective Power of a ship is 3000 kW at 15 knots. What is the
total Resistance of the ship?
• EHP = Resistance × Speed
• 3000 kW = Resistance × 15 × 0.5144 Nm/s
• Resistance = 3000 / (15 × 0.5144) kN = 389 kN
• Compare it with the weight. Disp = 18,000 tonnes.
• Weight = Mass × g = 18e6 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 176 MN

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• Class is over. If you wish, you can stay

back to discuss or ask questions.
• If you have not given attendance today,
stay back.
• Maintain lecture notes with date for
proof of attendance.

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2021 37 Dr. D. D. Ebenezer