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EM Notes Midterm 1
EM Notes Midterm 1
EM Notes Midterm 1
Objectives
Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the
users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is connected closely to
environmental management, production management, logistics and other established
business functions.
Course outcomes
To improve the knowledge of student for calculate the energy efficiency and
management.
Student will be able to design suitable energy motoring system to analyse and optimize
the energy consumption.
Student can improve the thermal efficiency by designing suitable system.
Student will carry out the cost-benefit analysist of various investment.
They can also guides the employees of the company or organisational about the need
and method of energy management.
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chapter: 2
ENERGY BASICS
Introduction
Energy is the ability to do work is the transfer of energy from one form to another.
Energy comes into different form like:
Heat (Thermal)
Light (Radiant)
Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical &
Nuclear energy, etc
If we talk about Electrical energy/current then they are basically two types:
AC (Alternative Current) and
DC (Direct Current)
AC (Alternative Current): -
A current which reverses in regularly recurring intervals of time and which has
alternately positive and negative values, and occurring a specified number of times per second.
(Example: Electricity produced by generators.)
DC (Direct Current): -
A non-varying, unidirectional electric current (Example: Current produced by batteries)
Demand response:-
Demand response is a strategy used by electric utility companies to reduce or shift
energy consumption from peak hours of the day, when the demand for electricity is the greatest
to leaner demand periods.
Dynamic demand:-
Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology to support demand
response by adjusting the load demand on an electrical power grid.
Distributed Energy Resources:-
Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG),
or district/decentralized energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of
small, grid-connected or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed
energy resources (DER).
Fig. 2.2 Average Annual Growth in World Primary Energy Demand and Energy-Related CO2 Emission in the
Reference Scenario
Climate Change
Sustainability means that we get serious about dealing effectively with climate change. z New
measurements from world’s oceans show that man-made climate change is underway.
Barriers to energy access
Most developing countries have major regulatory and institutional barriers to enhancing access
to energy services.
Finance is also a major barrier. Gap between needs and resources has widened since Rio. Both
ODA and FDI have declined in the last decade.
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
Policy Recommendations
Develop coherent policies that support the development of markets for clean energy
technologies; z Remove barriers and level the playing field for renewables.
Establish regulatory and legal frameworks and reduce regulatory uncertainties.
Strengthen the human and institutional capacity required to transform energy markets in
developing countries;
Establish in developing countries the conditions for attracting private investments for clean
energy;
Channel micro-finance to support the extension of access to energy for the rural poor.
Energy Efficiency
IEA estimates the overall potential of cost-effective energy efficiency gains in developing
countries at 30-45%.
Sustainable Energy
The challenge is to change course towards a sustainable energy future—one that
simultaneously meets the energy needs of a growing global population, enhances people’s
quality of life, and addresses environmental concerns, especially climate change.
Large increases in renewable energy use, including bio-energy, combined with higher levels of
energy efficiency, and the development of carbon sequestration technologies, can go a long
way towards a more secure and globally sustainable energy path.
Biofuels
Biofuels can make important contributions in Asia from an energy security and development
perspective. The preferred path for bioenergy uses in transportation has been the conversion of
traditional crops, such as sugar cane and corn, to ethanol. New technological advances now
focus on the conversion of feed stocks rich in cellulose such as crop residues and dedicated
crops like grasses and trees.
We need to act now because developing new ideas and major shifts in technologies requires
time scales on the order of 20 - 30 years or more.
Global sustainability
With a gross world product exceeding $30 trillion the world can pursue sustainability to great
advantage if it wants to.
Sustainable energy is the main driver of sustainable economic development.
A sustainable energy future requires bold policy actions, enhanced investments, and
international cooperation. And political will.
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chapter: 3
Industrial -Sector
The large proportion of the analysed study represents mixed-industrial studies which
includes a wide range of different industry sector single-sector studies mainly focus on the
chemical industry, the food processing industry, the iron & steel industry. These in particular
represents high energy intensity sector within the manufacturing industry, where a high
potential for a reduction of energy uses as well as related energy costs is located.
Building
A Building energy management system (BEMS) is a sophisticated method to monitor
and control the Building energy needs. BESM technology can be applied in both residential
and commercial Buildings. Building energy consumption in EU represents about 30 % of total
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
EU energy consumption and between 25-40% in OECD (other energy consumption demand)
country. Developing countries have a less efficient Building stock where it is ever more
important to improve on Building energy efficiency.
Today, there are more ways to “Back in” energy management tools from the starts that
afford better control over energy use, one of which is a building energy management system
(BEMS). We will also try to clarify the future direction of the industry, so we can put our
Building in the best position to optimize all factors of our Building operations-energy.
Houses
The definition of Home Energy Management System (HEMS) varies a little bit,
especially depending on who you ask? Will differ slightly from source -to-source, but we
believe the below neatly encapsulates the concept without being too brand.
A Home Energy Management System (HEMS) is a technology platform comprised of
both hardware and software that allows the user to monitor energy usages and production and
to manually control and/or automate the use of energy within a household.
As for control, A HEMS may allow a user to do a range of things including:
Turn device on & off remotely.
Set device to operate on schedules.
Set up conditional rule for device operations.
Mange the flow of energy from the solar panel and other generators through the home
or in and out of batteries.
Allow “machine learning to take once and run the system semi-automatically”.
HEMS Required Specifications
The main goal of HEMS is to improve efficiency in Home & Building. Additional goals
may include electric utility benefits, such as controlling energy usage to reduce peak demand
achieve these goals. HEMS needs of these features as shown in figure 3.2.
1. Device monitoring and control
2. Seamless communications between device
3. Demand response
4. Intelligence
5. Data management
6. Security and privacy
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
The presence of solar battery storage (see below) makes the equation even more
complex – making a home energy management system an even more attractive option than for
a home with no on-site generation.
Battery storage
Battery storage is the next frontier in home energy, holding the key to greater home
energy self-sufficiency and lower electricity bills – not to mention the future of our electricity
infrastructure itself. In order to maximise the value of a battery bank, however, it helps to have
an intelligent management system that can take into account multiple variables – such as
whether you’re on a time of use of flat rate tariff, and whether you have any incentive to sell
stored energy into the grid.
Solar thermal
Solar thermal – or solar hot water – is a popular technology that uses the sun’s power
to heat water within a home. Solar hot water system often operates mostly independently of the
rest of a home’s electrical devices, but a smart HEMS with the right connectivity & monitoring
functionality can help to improve their value even further.
Electric power
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by
an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is
usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such
as electric batteries.
It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric
power industry through an electric power grid.
Electric power can be delivered over long distances by transmission lines and used for
applications such as motion, light or heat with high efficiency.
= = = ⦁
Where,
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts
Resistive circuits
In the case of resistive (Ohmic, or linear) loads, Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's
law (V = I·R) to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated:
= ⦁ = ⦁ =
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
Where,
R is the electrical resistance.
Alternating current
In alternative current circuit, energy storage element such as inductance and
capacitance may result in periodic reversal of the direction of energy flow. The portion of
power flow that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of
energy in one direction is known as real power (also referred to as active power). That portion
of power flow due to stored energy, that returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive
power. The real power P in watts consumed by a device is given by:
= =
Where,
is the peak voltage in volts
Ip is the peak current in amperes
is the root-mean-square voltage in volts
is the root-mean-square current in amperes
θ is the phase angle between the current and voltage sine waves
The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be
expressed by representing the quantities as vectors.
Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a
vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by
connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the power
triangle. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent
power is:
= ! " #
Arya College of Engineering & IT, Jaipur
Department of Electrical Engineering
Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the
current and voltage are both sinusoids with a known phase angle θ between them:
=
" # = $%
The ratio of real power to apparent power is called power factor and is a number always
between 0 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is
generalized to include the effects of distortion.