2.

Fractions and Decimals

You Know
ractions, proper, improper, mixed cti ns
fractions and decimal
equivalent fractions and equivalent decimals
comparing and ordering fractions
addition and subtraction of
fractions
to convert decimals into fractions
to convert fractions
into decimals
comparing and ordering decimals
addition and subtraction of decimals

You will Learn

multiplication of fractions with whole numbers and fractions
reciprocal of fractions
division of fractions by whole numbers
and fractions
multiplication of decimals with 10, 100, 1000
multiplication of decimals with whole numbers
multiplication of decimals with decimals
division of decimals by 10, 100, 1000
division of decimals by whole number and
another decimal
You are already familiar with fractions,
addition and subtraction
types of fractions, comparison of
on fractions. fractions and operations of
Let us recollect.
Afraction is a
number of the formwherep and g are natural
call p the numerator and q as the
as numbers and denominator
denominator. g 0. We
A fraction can be used to
represent a of part a whole as follows:

2
A fraction can also be used to
represent a part of a
Types of Fractions
group:
OOOOO out of 5

Proper Fraction
A fraction ose numerator is les than the
denominator is called a
Forexample,7are all proper fractions. proper fraction.
Improper Fraction

A fraction in which the numerator is greater than its denominator is called an improper
equal to or
fraction.

For example, are all improper fractions.

Mixed Fraction
A combination of natural number and a proper fraction is called a mixed number or a mixed fraction.

For example, 1,2.5 are all mixed fractions.

Unit Fraction
A fraction with numerator as 1 is called a unit fraction.

Forexample, are all unit fractions.

Decimal Fractions
A fraction with denominator as 10, 100 or 1000 or any other higher power of 10 is called decimal

fractions.
5 12 45 456
For example, 10 100 1000' 10000 are all decimal fractions.

Like Fractions

Fractions that have the same denominator are called like fractions
For example, are all like fractions.
Unlike Fractions
Fractions that have different denominators are called unlike fractions.

Forexample, are all unlike fractions.

Equivalent Fractions
Two or more fractions that have the same value are called equivalent fractions.

Consider the fractions and

The fraction can be represented as 1 part out of 3 equal

parts
The fractioncan be represented as 2 parts out of 6 equal
parts.

The shaded region in both the cases is same.

Thus,
Also note that the cross products of these two fractions are the same.

Here, 1x 6 6 and 3 x2 6

25
 conversely,
If the fractions are equivalent, theircross oroducts are
equal and
r e equ equivalent. are
C Cross products are equal, then the fractions
An equivalent dividing the numerator
fraction, of a given fractio can be obtained by multiplying
or
and
the denominator
by the same number.
For example.
12
Thus, 1 24
Thus,
3 6 12are equivalent fractions where 12
Example 1 Find an
equivalent fraction of with numerator z26.
Solution:
We know that 4 x 7 =
28, therefore we multiply the denominator also by
Hence,
7isthe required equivalent fraction.
Example 2 Find an equivalent fraction ofwith
35 denominator 12.
Solution:
The
denominator of the given fraction is 60 and 60+ 12 = 5 60+5= 12
Therefore, we divide the numerator also
by 5.
35
Hence. 60 60+! s the required equivalent fraction.
Simplest Form of a Fraction
A fraction is said to be in its
simplest form if its numerator and denominator have no common
except 1. factor
We canalways reduce the fraction to its simplest form by
highest common factor (HCF). dividing its numerator and denominator by the

Example 33 Reduce the 156 to its

fraction9 simplest form.
Solution:
156 2 x 2 x 3 x
13; 228 2 x 2 x3x 19
HCF of 156 and 228 is 2 x 2 x 3 =
12
156 156 12
228 228 12 19
Therefore, the simplest form of 156 is
228
Conversion of a Mixed Fraction to an
Improper Fraction
To convert a mixed fraction into an improper fraction,
the proper fraction and add he product to the multiply the whole number
numerator of the by the denominator o
Mixed fraction = whole number + umerator proper fraction.
whole number x
denominator denominator +numerator
denominator
Forexample, 2-2*5313
26
Conversion of an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Fraction
To convert an improper fraction into a mixed fraction, divide the numerator by the denominator to obtain

the quotient and remainderand express the answer as, quotient+ remainder
divisor
15
For example, we divide 15 by 7

2
Quotient =2, Remainder 1 715
-14
:2 1

Conversion of Unlike Fractions to Like Fractions

To convert the given fractions into like fractions, we convert each one of them into equivalent fractions
having denominator equal to the LCM where, LCM is found for all the denominators of the given fractions.

For example, and

5
are unlike fractions.

LCM of 5 and 7 is 35.

So. and 21 and5

Thus, the given unlike fractions are now converted into like fractions

Example 4 Convert the fractions 102025 intolike fractions.

Solution:
The denominators of the given fractions are 10, 5, 30, 25

LCM of 10, 5, 30, 25 2 *3 x 5x5 150

After converting each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction having denominator 150, we get

7x15
10 10 x 15
105. 33x30
150'5
90 11-11*5 55 6 636
5x 30 150' 30 30x5 150' 25 25 6 150 x

105, 90 55 36
Thus the like fractions are
150 150' 150' 150

Comparing and Ordering of Fractions

Example 5 Arrange the given fractions in the ascending order. 2
Solution:
The LCM of 5, 14, 10 and 7 is 70.

The like fractions are:

19

Therefore, the ascending order ofthe given fractions is

27
 7 5
13 3 10 8
Example 6 Arrange the given fractions in the descending order. 20' 4
Solution:
The LCM of 20, 4, 10 and 8 is 40
The like fractions with
denominator 40 are
2202 10 3040 10 42 40
so
Therefore, the descending order of the given fractions is 4
Example 7 Compare the following pairs of fractions.

a. b.

Solution:
a. By finding the cross product of andwe get, b. Byfinding the cross product of andwe get,
72 9 36 and 5 x 7 35
SXwe get 3 x 3 9 and 5 x2 = 10 Twe get 4
x =

9< 10. 36> 35.

Let's Exercise
Exercise 2.1

1 Represent the following using fractions.

a. three-fifth b. 35 paise of a rupee C. 3 days of a week d.
35
J00
2. Classify the following fractions as proper, improper, unit or mixed fractions.
25 b.5 C.
62
00 4 5
a.
40 h.27
3. Convert the following mixed fractions to an improper fraction.

a. b. d. 16 144
4 Convert the following improperfractions to a mixed fraction.
6
5.
a.
3 6
Reduce the following fractions to its simplest form.
1 d.
157
19
1
a C.
d. 324
99 36
6. Convert each of the following fraction's into like fractions.
7 3 8 15 b.151
b. 3 9 6
a. 10'5'15'20 C. 16 2 3 3
357510

28
7. 1
Find the equivalent fraction ofwith numerator 154.

8. Find the equivalent fraction of 8 with denominator 14.

9. Arrange the following fractions in ascending order.

a. 13 b. 568'
3 5 24
17

10. Arrange the following fractions in descending order.

b. 211 5
a 5'3'15'9
11. Compare the following pairs of fractions.
4 9 610' 18 11 9
a.13 C. 25 d.
16' 14

Operations on Fractions
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
To add/subtract like fractions, just add/subtract the numerators without changing the denominators.
To add/subtract unlike fractions, first convert the fractions into like fractions then add/subtract the
numerators.

To add/subtract mixed numbers, first convert the mixed numbers into improper fractions then add/
subtract the unlike fractions by converting them into like fractions.

Example 1 Add the following fractions

a 2 and2 b.and2 C.
and 2
Solution:
8
a. 12 and2 are like fractions. b.andareunlikefractions.
LCM of 8 and 12 is 24

2245421
C. Convert mixed fractions 1 and
2 to improper fractions

andare
5 6 unlike fractions.
LCM of 5 and 6 is 30

- 19-
Example 2 Subtract 2 from 6

Solution:

19 onde-
6-24-3115317-15x5_217-75 1422
3545
29
 Example 3 Simplify 2+1-1
Solution:

LCM of 5, 3 and 6 is 30.

- X 10
10
7 x5 78+50-35
30
_ 370
k a has 2, kilograms of grapes andkilogram of oranges. How many kilograme
ms of
Example 4 ans does he have? How many more kilograms of grapes he has than oranges?

Solution:
Total kilograms of fruits withMika =2+

( : LCM of 2 and4 =4)

10
Mika has
.
3 kilograms of fruits.
To find how many
kilograms of grapes he has more than the oranges, we need to find the difference
between the weights of grapes and
oranges.

-2-2 (LCM of 2and 4=4)

Mika has 1 kilograms of grapes more than the oranges.

Exercise 2.2
1. Add the following.
a

2. Subtract the following. d. 1

a.
4
15 C.
3. Simplify: d. 20-1

a. 10
.

30
4 Andy has 2 Cups of almonds and
3 cups of walnuts. How many cups of dry fruits does she have?
5 Tom ran 1 kilometres on Tuesday and 1 kilometres on
Wednesday. How many more kilometres
did he run on
Tuesday than on
Wednesday? How many kilometres did he run in two days?
6. There are 7 cows, 3
sheep, and 4 chickens on a field. What fraction of the animals are sheep?
7. Suzy practices piano for hr on Wednesday and for 15 hr on Thursday. Together, how many hours
did she practice piano?
7
8. Jim has gallon of red paint, gallon of orange paint and some gallons of pink paint. If he has
attotal of 2 gallons of paint, how many gallons of paint is pink?
9. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 2 centimetres and breadth is 1, centimetres.

10. Atriangular plot of land has dimensions3 metres, 2 metres and 8 metres. Find the perimeter
of the triangular plot.

Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of a fraction by a whole number
Multiplication means repeated addition.
So, 3 x 4 =4 +4 +4 (i.e. 4 added 3 times)

Similarly,
3
( added 3times-
Let us consider another example.
H

Multiplication of a fraction by a fraction

the product of their numerators divided by the product
The product of two fractions is
the same as

of their denominators.
Product of numerators
Product of fractions Product of denominators

For example,
Let us understand this with the help of diagrams.
3 5

31
 Example 1 Multiply:
a. 3x

Solution:

a.334,12-22 b.

like algebra
and the
remaining like
remainino a.
students
Example 2 There are 25 students in a class. If of the

geometry, how many students like geometuy

Solution:
5 3 = 13
Number ofstudents who like algebra =of 25 x25
x

Number of students who like geometry = 25- 15 10

barrel of milk yesteraaytor a batch of
Example3
Aactory manufacturing biscuits used of
10 a
barrel has a capacity or 110 litres, then
DISCUits and used of the barrel today. If the

find the amount of milk used in two days.

Solution:
Amount ofmilk used yesterday 3 of 110 litres x 3 110 330
1 0 3 5 nres
10
110
Amount of milk used today= o f 110 litres =x1101011 litres
0
So, the amount of milk used in two days = 33+11 44 litres.

Example 4 Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 2 cm and breadth is 3 cm.

Solution:
Area of the rectangle =
length x breadth =
2 x3 -
=70
3
Thus, the area of a rectangle is 720 Sq. cm.

Exercise 2.3
1. Match the figures with the given product.

a.

iv 2

b.
i. 3 2

.4

.
iv. 3

32
 Simplify the following fractions.
2
C . o fa year
a. o f 30 b.of25
3
d . o fan hour e. 1 of a kilogram
20 f10 of metre
3. Multiply the following.

a. 3x b. 5x
C. 2x 1
f. 2
d
2 B. How many people
4. In a group of 30 people, support Team Aand the remaining support Team
support Team B?

5. Raj sleeps forpart of a day whereas Bill sleeps for part of a day.
b. Who sleeps for more hours?
a. How many hours does each one sleep?
left on Tuesday. How much pizza
6. Arnold ate pizza for dinner on Monday. He ateofwhat was
did he eat on Tuesday?
3 How many gallons of paint did
7. Shankar bought 2E gallons of paint. He usedof it for a project.
he use?
who like Mathematics, two-third
8. Three-fourth of students from class Vil like Mathematics. Of those
students like Geometry. What fraction of the students in the class Vil like Geometry?

literate. Of those who are literate, two-fifth like reading newspaper.

9. In a city, half of the people are
What fraction of the people in the city like reading newspaper?
red, blue and orange. She wants to use blue
10. Rita decides to decorate her wall with three colours
colour for part ofthe wall, red colour forof the remaining part and orange for the rest.
3
a. What fraction of the wall will be coloured red?
b. What fraction of the wall will be coloured orange?
area of the wall will be orange coloured?
c. If the wall has an area of 25 square metres, what

Reciprocal of a Fraction

of another fraction, if their product is 1.

Afraction is said to be the reciprocal
fraction, we interchange the numerator and the denominator.
To obtain the reciprocal of a non zero

is b
Ifis a non zero fraction, then its reciprocal
other. (Note:
Forexample, andare reciprocals ofeach
Division of Fractions:
To divide a fraction by another fraction, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.

(Note thata whole number a can also be written as So, the reciprocal is -

To divide a whole number a by a fraction i.e. a+we multiply a x

X

To divide a fraction by a whole number a i.e. +a, ve multiply x

divide afraction by afractioni.e.+we multiplyx

33
 5
Example 1Divide: a. 3 by 2 b. by 3 C47

Solution:
a. 3 by

b.by33 15
C.
frocks c a n
be made from
om 14
many
fabric. How
metres of a
Example 2 o
rock requires 1
metres of fabric?
Solution:
Fabric requiredfor one frock =1 metres
- 147-14x--s
Number offrock that can be made from 14 metres of fabric
the other number.
is 5 then find
The product of two numbers is 3. If one number
Example 3
Solution
5 x other number =
33
Other number=35-5
f the cost price of 1 kilograms of chocolates is 125 then find the cost of 1 kilogram
Example 4
of chocolates.
Solution:
The cost price of 1 kilograms of chocolates 125; = 51
2

The cost price of 1kilogram of chocolate =21-251,5.221,502 1002

2
Thus, the cost price of 1 kilogram of chocolates 7 100

Exercise 2.4
1. Find the reciprocal ofthe following.

C. d. e. . T03
2. Divide the following.

a.3 b. 4+ C. 4

3. Simplify the following.

e.
(-)-%
f.
4. The product of two umbers is 14 fone the
of numbers is
6 find the other number.
5. By what number should 5 be divided to obtain2

34
6. Mary ate of a cake. She divides the other half cake evenly between her 4 friends. What fraction
of a cake did each friend get?
7. If 2 pizzas are to be shared by some children such that each child gets 1 of the pizza, among how
many children will the pizza be shared? 6

8. Arope is 10 metres long. How may pieces can becutfrom the ropeifeach piece is to bemetre?
4
9. Aman covers a distance of 12, kilometres in 1 hours. How much distance will he cover in 1 hour?

10. Ram bought 2 kilograms of sugar for 1125. Find the price of 1 kilogram of sugar.

Decimal Numbers
A decimal number is another way of representing a fraction with denominators 10, 100, 1000, etc.
A decimal number consists of a whole number part (or integral part) and a decimal part (or fractional
part) separated by a decimal point.
For example, in the number 14.36, 14 is the whole number part or the integral part whereas.36 is the
decimal part or the fractional part.

Expanded Notation of a Decimal Number

In a decimal, the place value increases by 10 times from right to left and decreases by times from
left to right.
For example, the expanded notation of 582.326 is

6
5 x 100+8x 10 +2* 1+3x 1 2*100 * 1000
Place Value Chart
Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
Places Thousands
1 1
Values 1000 100 10 1
10 100 1000

1 and
Thus in the place value chart we can write n as 0.1, 100 as 0.01, 1000 as 0.001 so on.

in the place value chart as follows.

For example, the number 236.352 is represented
Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
1
Places
(1000) (100) (10) (1) 100 1000
3 6 3 5 2
2

two.
It is read as Two hundred and thirty six point three five
of the digit 4 in each of the following decimal numbers.
Example 1 Write the place value
b. 37.564 C. 2.46
a. 43.258
Solution:
4
a. Place value of digit 4 in 43.258 is 40. b. Place value of digit 4 in 37.564 is 1000
4
C. Place value of digit 4 in 2.46 is 10

35
 into an
Converting a Fraction into a Decimal
by
converting
the given
traction

equivalent
Afraction can be converted into
decimal easily
a
fraction with enominator
fraction with denominators 10, 100 or 1000. equivalent
an
convertinto

For example, to convertinto a decimal, we

1000
3x125 375
8x 125 1000 0.375

Example 2 Convert the following fractions into decimals.

a.
6 b. 340
25
Solution:
3127.127
x25_ 3175
1000 3.175
a225*1000.24 b.34040
b. x25
Converting a Decimal into a Fraction
To convert a decimal into fraction, follow the steps given below.
number.
Step 1: Count the number of digits after the decimal point in the given
without the decimal
number
Step 2: Represent thee decimal number as a fraction by writing the given
point in the numerator and 1 followed by as many zeros as the number of digits after the decimal point
in the denominator.

Step 3: Reduce it to the simplest or lowest form.

For example, let us consider the number 3.64
364
There are 2 digits after the decimal point. Therefore, representing the number as a fraction we get, n
Reducing it to the lowest form we get, 100
Example 3 Convert the following decimal numbers into fractions in simplest form.

a. 0.45 b. 21.08
Solution:

a. 0.45459 b. 21.08=2108 527

100 20

Like and Unlike Decimals

The decimals with same number of digits in the fractional part are called like decimals.
For example, 12.08, 1.67, 103.50 are all like decimals.
The decimals with different number of digits in the
fractional part are called unlike
For example, 12.108, 1.67, 103.5 are all unlike decimals.
decimals.
To convert unlike decimals to like decimals
add
the required
zeroes to the right end of the decimal number of
part with less number of
digits.

36
Comparison of Decimals
To compare like decimals, first compare the integral parts. The number with greater integral part is
greater. If the integral parts are same, then compare the decimal part starting from the tenth place and
moving towards the right.
To compare unlike decimals, first convert them to like decimals by adding zeroes to the right, then
compare the like decimals.
Compare the following numbers and arrange them in the ascending order.
Example4
11.107, 1.1107. 11.106
Solution:
Thegiven decimals are unlike decimals. Firstwritethe numbersaslikedecimals: 11.1070,1.1107, 11.1060
Comparing the integral parts 11, 1, and 11, we find 1 is the least.
So, 1.1107 is the smallest number amongst the three.

The numbers 11.1070 and 11.1060 have equal integral part. So, compare the decimal part

The digits in the tenth and hundredth places are same in both the numbers.

The digits in the thousandth place are 7 and 6. We know 6< 7.

Thus, 11.1060< 11.1070

Arranging in ascending order 1.1107< 11.1060< 11.1070

Thus, The required ascending order is 1.1107, 11.106, 11.1070

Compare the following numbers and arrange them in the descending order.
Example 5
21.15, 2.117, 21.057, 2.2
Solution:
Converting the numbers into like decimals: 21.150, 2.117, 21.057, 2.200

descending order 21.150 21.057 > 2.200 2.117

Arranging in

Thus, the required descending order is 21.15, 21.057, 2.2, 2.117

RBasic Units
Money Length
100 paise =711 paise =R 10 0.01 10 mm 1 cm1 mm=cm>1 mm=0.1 cm
10

100 cm= 1 m1cm= 10 m 1cm = 0.01 m

V
1 km1m=0.001 km
1000m=1 km» 1 m= 100
00

Mass Capacity
1000 mg= 1g 1 mg = 1000 9 1 mg =0.0019 1000 ml = 1/>1ml= 10 1 ml = 0.0011
00
1000g= 1 kg => 1g 000 kg1g = 0.001 kg 10001=1kl=1l=1000 kl11=0.001 k

37
 decimals.
Example 6 Express the using
following as rupees
45 paise
C.
C. 5 rupees

a. 8 paise
b. 425 paise
Solution:
8 paise
a.
=7 0.08

b. 425 425
paise =
4.25

c. 5 rupees 45 paise = (5+ = R (5 +0.45) ={ 5.45

Example 7 Express in kg using decimals.

a. 250 9 c.
C. 3 kg 8 g
b. 2476 g
Solution:
250 2476 2.476 kg
g= 1000 kg
=
a. 250 g
1000 kg =
0.250 kg b. 2476

C.3 kg 8g= 8 =
(3+0.008) kg =3.008kg
Exercise 2.5
1. Write the expanded form for the following decimal numbers.
a. 235.789 b. 30.205 C. 6.789 d. 0.014
2 Write the place value of digit 7 in the following decimal numbers.
a. 73.542 b. 237.25 C. 53.237 d. 425. 673 e. 68.74
3. Convert the following fractions into decimals.
a. b. 5 C. 25 d. 49
3625 728
40 e. 7125
4 Convert the following decimals into fractions in its simplst form.
a. 0.08 b. 0.245 0.0042
5. Which is
c.
d. 2.054 e. 36.45
greater in the following?
a. 0.4 or 0.04 b. 2.5 or 2.05 G.
45.76 or 4.576
6. Write the d. 34.567 or 43. 567
following decimals in ascending order.
a. 1.711, 17.11, 1711, 171.1
b. 23.456, 23.546, 23.465,
7. Write the following decimals in descending order. 23.645
a. 1.275, 12.75, 127.5, 1275
b. 33.334, 33.343,
8. Express 15 cm in metres and kilometre. 33.433, 33.3433
9. Express 35 mm in cm, m and km.
10. Express the following as rupees using
decimals
a. 225 paise b. 5 paise
C. 3
rupees 25 paise d. 45 rupees 77 pa
38
11. Express the following in kg.

a. 340 g b. 58 g C. 8 kg 4g d. 24 kg 330 g

12. Express the following in litres.

a. 240 ml b. 32 ml C. 625 ml d. 5 m

Operations on Decimals
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
To add/subtract two decimals, first convert them to like decimals. Then arrange them vertically such that
the decimal points are aligned i.e. one below the other. Now add/subtract as whole numbers.

Example 1 Add 23.4, 1.75 and 2.36 Example 2 Subtract 11.343 from 21.67

Solution: Solution:
decimals
First convert the decimals into like decimals First convert the decimals into like
23.40, 1.75 and 2.36 21.670 and 11.343

Now write them vertically with the decimal points Now write them vertically with the decimal points

aligned. aligned.
2 3.4 0 2 1.670
1.75 -1 1.3 4 3
+ 2.3 6 1 0.3 27
27.5 1 Thus, 21.67 11.343 10.327

Thus, 23.40+ 1.75+2.36 27.51

Exercise 2.6
1. Add:
C. 123.76 + 13.76 d. 154.78 + 13.287
a. 3.456+2.334 b. 2.004+ 20.04

2. Subtract:
b. 30.25 23.756 C. 32-22.65 d. 162.07 89. 357
a. 3.879-1.25

3. Simplify:
b. (14.285-9.664) -2.48 C. (24.783 + 12.694) +5.08
a. (13.456 +2.334) - 1.78
of 3.123 and 1.345 to get 5?
4. What should be added to the sum

how much is it above the normal temperature

5. If the temperature of a person is 103.2° F,
98.6° F?
1.50 and an eraserfor 1.50. How
10. She bought a pen for 6.50, sharpenerfor
a
6 Meena had
How much money is left with her?
much money did she spend?
travels 7.8 km. How much more he has to travel?
7. A man has to travel 12.650 km. He

Multiplication of Decimals
decimal number by 10, 100 and 1000
Multiplication of a
When a decimal number is multiplied by 10,
100 or 1000, the decimal point shifts to as many places
in the multiplier.
to the right as the number of zeroes

39
 For example: right)
the
1 place to
() 2.3456 x 10 23.456 decimal point
(Move
to the right)
2 places
(i) 2.3456 x 100 234.56 point
(Move decimal
to the right)
3 places
point
(ii) 2.3456 x 1000 2345.6 (Move decimal

Multiplication of a decimal number by a whole number

point. Then write.
the decimal the
ignoring
Muitiply the given decimal number with the whole
number
uin the productiis the same
tho of decimal places
product with
product with the decimal point such that the
number

ber.
as ne number of decimal places in the given decimal

Example1 Multiply: 23.416 x 12.

Solution:
First 23 4 1 6
multiply 23416 x 12 ignoring the decimal point.
In 23.416, there are three decimal places. 4 6 8 32
So, put the decimal point in the product such that the product has 3 decimal places. 2 3 4 160
28 0992
Thus, 23.416x 12 280.992
Multiplication of a decimal number by a decimal number
Multiply the given decimals as whole numbers ignoring the decimal point. Then write the product
with the decimal point such that the number of decimal places in the product is the same as the sum
of number of decimal places in the given decimal numbers.

Multiply: 11.27 x 1.23

Example2
Solution:
First multiply 1127x 123 as whole numbers ignoring the decimal point
1 127
In 11.27, there are two decimal places and in 1.23 there are two decimal places. x 123
Thus, the sum of number of decimal places in the given decimal numbers is 2+2 4. 3 3 81
2 25 4 0
So. out the decimal point in the product such that the product has 4 decimal places.
1 12700
Thus, 11.27 x 1.23 = 13.8621
1 3 8 6 21

Example 3 Multiply: 0.031 x 0.0016

Solution:
First multiply 31 x 16 as whole numbers ignoring the decimal point
ln 0 031. there are three decimal places and in 0.0016 there are four decimal places. 31
The sum of number of decimal places in the given decimal numbers is 3+ 4
=7, x 16
S nut the decimal point in theproduct such that the product has 7 1 86
decimal places. 3 10
Thus, 0.031 x 0.00016 =
0.0000496
496

40
Exercise 2.7

1. Multiply the decimal by a power of 10.

a. 75.235 x 10 b. 51.2523x 100 C. 17.2553 x 1000

2. Multiply the decimal by a whole number.

a. 7.235 x 3 b. 1.253 x 13 C. 17.213x 14

3. Multiply the decimal by a decimal.

a. 2.345 x 2.3 C. 234.6x 7.2

b. 83.24x 1.4

4. Simplify.
a. (1.456+ 2.345) x 1.3 b. (3.25-1.754) x 5.3 2.345x (1.74 1.23)

5. If2134 x 26 55484, find the value of213.4 * 2.6.

6. If 123 x 45 = 5535, find the value of 0.0123x 0.045.

7. Find the value of:

a. 3x0.3 x 0.03 x 0.003 b. 4 x 0.4 0 . 0 4 x 4

Seema buys 4 notebooks at 13.50 each. How much money does she have to pay?
8.
2.250 what will be the weight of 3 such boxes?
9. If a box of chocolates weighs kg,

10. If 1 metre cloth costs 48.50, find the cost of 3.6 m cloth.

litre of petrol. How much distance will it cover in 4. 6 litres

11. A car covers a distance of 28.7 km in one

of petrol.

Division of Decimals

by 10, 100 and 1000

Division of a decimal number
point is shifted to
When a decimal number is divided by a power of 10, 100 and 1000 the decimal
there are zeroes in the isor
the left by as many places as
For example:
2345.6+ 10 234.56 (Move the decimal point 1 place to the left)
2345.6 100 23.456 (Move the decimal point 2 places to the left)
2345.61000 2.3456 (Move the decimal point 3 places to the left)
by a whole number
Division of a decimal number
and put the decimal point in the quotient
Divide the decimal number with the whole number
given
number part of the dividend gets completed.
when, the division of the whole
insert zeroes to the right of the dividend to make the last remainder
If the last remainder is non-zero,
zero.

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 Example 1 Find: 194.76 4 Find: 286.76
+8
Example 2
Solution:
Solution:
3 5.845
4 8.6 9 3 5.8 4 Since the remainder is not 8 2 8 6.76
4 1 9 4.7 6 60
8 2 8 6.7 6
add 0 to the
dividend -2
-16 - 24 0
and continue to 4 6
3 4 a s shown
4 6 4 0
3 2 - 4 0 divide.
2 7
6 7
67
2 4 - 6 4
-

6 4
3 6 3 6
3 6
- 32
- 3 60 32 4 0
Thus, 194.76 4 =
48.69 40

Thus, 286.76 8 35.845

Division of a decimal number by a decimal number

First multiply the divisor and the dividend by an appropriate power of 10 to make the divisor a whole
number. Then proceed with the division in the same way as the division by a whole number.

Example 3 Find: 2.3381.4

Solution:

2.3381.4 is same as 2.338 Alternate method:

1.4
The divisor is 1.4, so multiply the divisor a n d o divide two decimal numbers, first convert them into

dividend by 10 to get 14 as the divisor. fractionswith denominators as powers of 10. Then divide
the number and place the decimal
2.3382.338x 10 -23.38 point appropriately
1.4 x 10
1.4 14 using denominator.
Now divide 23.38 by 14. 2.3381.4 =2338 14 2338 x 10
1000 1000 14
167 2338 10 2338 1
14
14 2 3.3 8 1000 14 100
- 1 4
167
9 3 14 2 3 3 8
- 14
8 4
9 8 93
- 8 4
98
- 98

Thus, 2.338 1.4 1.67

2.338 1.4
= = 167 x 1 167 1.6
100
167
Thus, 2.338 1.4 1.67

42
Exercise 2.8
1. Divide the decimal by the given power of 10.
a. 75.23510 b. 5125.23 + 100 C. 1725.3 1000

2. Divide the decimal by a whole number.

a. 7.236 3 b. 23.254+ 11 C. 17.214 12
3. Divide the decimal by a decimal number.
a. 2.346 2.3 b. 83.23+1.4 C. 5.3256 4.2

4. If 10005 + 23 435 then find 100.05 2.3.

5. The product of two numbers is 13.975. If one number is 4.3 find the other.

6. A book shelf is 2.25 m tall and height of each shelf is 25 cm. How many shelves are there?

7 If 19.875 kg butter is used to bake 15 cakes of equal size, find the amount of butter used for each
cake.

8. f8 books cost 542.8, find the cost of one book.

9. If a motorcycle covers a distance of 201.25 km in 3.5 hours, find the speed of the motorcycle.
10. How many slices of cake can be made from 8.4 kg of cake, if each slice of cake is of 35 g.

1. A bottle contains 1.25 kg of jam. How many small packets of 0.35 kg of jam can be
made from 7 such bottles?

2. Ruth is inviting 95 friends to a party. How many pizzas does she have to buy so that

each one including her getspart of a pizza. If one pizza costs 125 and 50 paise,
how much amount does she have to pay?

Math Lab Activity

Objective: to understand multiplication of decimal numbers.
Material required: Two square grid transparent sheets of size 10 x 10, sketch pens / marker and a

ruler.

Procedure:
Let us multiply 0.4 x 0.6

1. Take a 10 x 10 square grid and represent 0.4 by colouring 4 strips out of 10 strips horizontally with
shown in the adjoining Fig. 1.
green colour as

2. Take another 10 x 10 square grid and represent 0.6 by colouring4 strips out of 10 strips verticall
with red colour as shown in Fig. 2

3. Overlap the two grids and observe the double shaded area representing the product as shown in
Fig. 3.

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 0.4x 0.6=0.24
0.4
-0.6 Fig.3
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

and record your observations.

a
ule
activity by taking different sets of decimal numbers
Product
Sr. No.. First Number Second number

Recollections
To add/subtract fractions, first convert the fractions into like fractions then add/subtract the
numerators without changing the denominators.

Product of numeratorss
Product of fractians Product of denominators
is a non zero fraction, then its reciprocal is
(i.e interchange the numerator and the denominator to get the reciprocal).

To divide a fraction by another fraction, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.

Adecimal numberconsists of a whole number part (or integral part) and a decimal part (or fractional
part) separated by a decimal point.

To compare unlike decimals, first convert them to like decimals by adding zeroes to the right ena.
Then compare the like decimals.

. To add/subtract two or more decimals, first convert them to like decimals. Then arrange them
vertically such that the decimal points are aligned, one below the other then add/subtract as whole
numbers.

To multiply a decimal number

a. by a power of 10, shift the decimal point as many places to the right
zeroes in the multiplier.
as there are number

b. by a whole number, altiply ignoring the decimal point. Then

put the that
decimal poin
oint such
the number of decimal places in the product is the same as the number of decimal places
the given decimal number.

44
 C. by a decimal, multiply ignoring the decimal point. Then put the decimal point such that the
number of decimal places in the product is the same as the sum of the number of decimal
places in the given decimal numbers.

To divide a decimal number

a. by a power of 10, shift the decimal point as many places to the left as there are number of
zeroes in the divisor.

b.by a whole number, divide the given decimal number with the whole number keeping the
decimal point in the quotient in the same position as in the dividend.

C. by a decimal, First multiply the divisor and the dividend by an appropriate power of 10 to
make the divisor a whole number. Then proceed with the division same as division by a whole
number.

To convert a larger unit to a smaller unit, multiply by appropriate power of 10. To convert a smaller
unit to a larger unit, divide by appropriate power of 10.

Check Your Understanding

1. Choose the correct option.

a.

ii. ii. iv.

i.

b. To divide a fraction by a whole number a, we multiply

ii.*a
i. i. iv. ax
y

C. The expanded form of the number 0.014 is:

1. 4 i. 1+10
i.0+10 T100 ii. 0+
10 1000 iv. 0+10+400

10.288 then 321.5 x 3.2 =,

d. If 3.215 x 3.2

i. 1.0288 i. 10.288 ii. 102.88 iv. 1028.8

e. If 56.7 15 3.78 then 5.67 + 15

i. 3.78 ii. 37.8 ii. 0.378 iv. 378

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. 2.142 x 100 214.2 b. 2.142+ 100 214.2

C. 2.142 +21.42 =42.82 d. 2.142-21.42 0

496 then 0.31x 0.016

= 0.00496
e. If 31 x 16 =

45
 3. Fill in the boxes.

a. The reciprocal of 4 is
3245.6
3.2456
C. 0.7 x
0.07 d. x
e.
3.245 =0.32455
4. What number should be added to 13.25 to
get 15
. Arrange the following in the descending order: 0.05 kg, 55 9, 50b a9

450 ise
paise
n e
Tollowing in the descending order: 4, 7 3 and 50 paise,
7. Subtract 123.45 from 154.321 and add 34.215 to it.

8. Multiply 27.89 and 5.3

9. Divide 24.48 by 3.2.

10. Simplify: (40.022.3) x

3.425

Review Exercise
1. Arrange the following in ascending order.
a 348 b.
56 3 10 c.532
2. Solve the following.
a. b. .

d. e. f.

3. Simplify:

b.

4. Write the expanded form for the following

e.

decimal numbers.
( )-3
a. 23.765 b. 114.002
C. 10.101
d. 0.0123
5. Write the following decimals in descending order.
a. 10.275, 12.075, 1207.5, 10275
b. 0.33, 3.03, 0.303, 3.303
6. Simplify:
a. (3.456 +2.334)-2.002 b. (20.104-20.04) +2.345
C. (123.76 13.7)+6.124
7, If 1.334 * 2.7= 3.6018, find the value of the following,
a. 133.4 x 2.7
b. 0.1334 x
0.27
C.
0.001334 0.27x

46
A. Evaluate: (2 * 0.2-0.002 x 2) * 0.02.
9. Simplify:
a. (3.0485+1.3) x 1.3 b. 6.0305+(4.305 1.23) c. 8.568+ (2.1 x 1.7)
10. Convert:

a. 2g 350 mg to mg b. 2g 350 mg to g C. 3 km 500m to km

d. 3 km 500 m to m
e. 1L 250 ml to ml f. 1L 250 ml to
11. The sum of two number is 28.14. If
one of them is 12.2 then find the other.
12. The product of two number is 28.14. If one of them is 1.2 then find the other.
13. Indira orders 15.50 kg of
green tea from Srilanka and Amrita gives 7.25 kg of green tea to Indira.
How much of green tea does Indira
have now?
14. An empty jar weighs 32.65 g. When it is filled with water its weight is 102.65 g. What is the weight
of the water in the jar?

15. The cost of 1 kg of sugar is 7 42.50. What is the cost of 7.5 kg of sugar?
16. Mr. Birla bought 15 bags of cement each weighing 5.25 kg. Find the total weight of all
bags.
17. Mona cuts a 56.25 m long ribbon into pieces measuring 1.25 m each. How many pieces does she
get?
18. A car travels a distance of 106.25 km using 8.5 litres of petrol. Find the distance travelled by the
car using 1 litre of petrol.

19. Ram goes to the shop to buy 20 notebooks at a price of 7 36.60 each. Due to increase in the price
of a notebook, he could buy only 15 notebooks. Find the increase in the price of a notebook.

Weblinks
https://www.math10.com/tests/operations-with-fractions.html

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/basic-math/basic-math-and-pre-algebra/fractions/quiz-multiplying-and-
dividing-fractions-and-mixed-numbers
https://study.com/academy/topic/sba-math-grade-7-operations-with-decimals.html
https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-basic-math-operations-with-decimal-notation.html
As on 22.01.2019

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