FIZ3401 CONFIDENTIAL

SULIT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

TEST 3
UJIAN 3

SEMESTER I 2020/2021 SESSION (DEGREE PROGRAMME)

SEMESTER I SESI 2020/2021 (SARJANA MUDA)

COURSE : MATERIALS SCIENCE

KURSUS SAINS BAHAN

COURSE CODE : FIZ3401

KOD KURSUS
DATE : 18TH JANUARY 2021
TARIKH 18 JANUARI 2021
VENUE : ONLINE
TEMPAT
TIME : 2 HOURS
MASA 2 JAM

MATRIC NO. : S56094

NO. MATRIK
PROGRAMME : BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
NAMA PROGRAM

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
ARAHAN KEPADA CALON

i. Answer all questions.

Sila jawab semua soalan.

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF FOUR (5) PRINTED PAGES

KERTAS SOALAN INI MENGANDUNGI EMPAT (5) MUKA SURAT BERCETAK
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 1 (12 Marks) / SOALAN 1 (12 Markah)

1. a. What is material science and material engineering? [2 Marks]

Apakah maksud sains bahan dan kejuruteraan bahan?

Material science involve investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials. Whereas, material engineering is on the
basis of structure-property correlation, designing the structure to produce
properties.

b. Give types of material that you learn in this course. [5 Marks]

Berikan jenis-jenis bahan yang anda pelajari dalam kursus ini.

Metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites.

c. You have been given a golf club. Explain type of material for the golf club and
its advantages. [2 Marks]
Anda diberi sebatang kayu golf. Terangkan jenis bahan untuk kayu golf itu dan
terangkan kelebihannya.

The type of material for golf club is carbon fiber-reinforced polymer(CFRP).

Advantages of using CFRP is it is stiffer and stronger. Moreover, their low-
weight and high stiffness enabling them to play with more consistent
trajectory and longer distance of golf shots to replace wood or
metal golf shafts.

d. How material selection process is done? [3 Marks]

Bagaimanakah proses pemilihan bahan dilakukan?

Material selection process is done by three process which are Picking

Application, Identifying Candidate Materials and lastly Identifying Material
Processing. Firstly, we have to determine required properties for specific
application of interest. Then, based on the target properties, the candidate
materials with potential characteristics are list. Finally, processing the
technique is selected to obtain materials with intended properties.

QUESTION 2 (19 Marks) / SOALAN 2 (19 Markah)

2. a. Define the following words below:

Terangkan maksud perkataan di bawah:

i. Space lattice. [1 Mark]

Ruang kekisi

An imaginary network of lines, with atoms at intersection of lines,

representing the arrangement of atoms.

ii. Unit cell. [1 Mark]

2/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

Sel unit.

Block of atoms which repeats itself to form space lattice.

iii. FCC. [1 Mark]

Face-centered cubic (FCC or cF) is the name given to a type of atom

arrangement found in nature. A face-centered cubic unit cell structure
consists of atoms arranged in a cube where each corner of the cube has a
fraction of an atom with six additional full atoms positioned at the center
of each cube face.

iv. BCC. [1 Mark]

Body-centered cubic (BCC) is the name given to a type of atom

arrangement found in nature. A body-centered cubic unit cell structure
consists of atoms arranged in a cube where each corner of the cube shares
an atom and with one atom positioned at the center.

v. HCP. [1 Mark]

Hexagonal close packed (hcp) refers to layers of spheres packed so that

spheres in alternating layers overlie one another. Hexagonal close packed
is a slip system, which is close-packed structure. Cell of an HCP lattice is
visualized as a top and bottom plane of 7 atoms, forming a regular
hexagon around a central atom. In between these planes is a half hexagon
of 3 atoms.

3/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

b. Show that the atomic factor for FCC is 0.74. [8 Marks]

Tunjukkan faktor atom bagi FCC adalah 0.74.

4/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

c. Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure, and an atomic
weight 63.5 g/mol. Compute its density. [6 Marks]
Kuprum mempunyai jejari atom 0.12 nm, sebuah FCC struktur kristal dan berat atom
63.5 g/mol. Kirakan ketumpatannya.

QUESTION 3 (32 Marks) / SOALAN 3 (32 Markah)

3. a. A 65 wt% Ni- 35 wt% Cu is heated to a temperature within α + liquid phase

region. If the composition of the α phase is 70 wt% Ni, determine;
Sebanyak 65 wt% Ni- 35 wt% Cu dipanaskan pasa suhu dalam lingkungan
fasa cecair + α. Jika komposisi pada fasa α adalah 70 wt%, dapatkan;

5/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

i. The temperature of the alloy. [1 Mark]

Suhu aloi.

1280ºC

ii. The composition of the liquid phase. [2 Marks]

Komposisi fasa cecair.

Composition of Liquidus phase is 40 wt % Cu.

6/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

iii. The mass fraction for both phases. [6 Marks]

Pecahan jisim pada kedua-dua fasa.

b. Using the fraction transform-time data in Table 1, DETERMINE the total

time required for 95% of the austenite to transform to pearlite.
Menggunakan data masa- pecahan perubahan dalam jadual 1, dapatkan
masa yang diperlukan supaya 95% austenite untuk berubah kepada
pearlite. [10 Marks]
Fraction Transform Time (s)
0.2 280
0.6 425
Table 1
Jadual 1

7/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

8/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

c. Write short notes on the following topics

Tulisan nota ringkas tentang topik berikut:

i. Formation of Bainite. [4 Marks]

Pembentukan Bainite.

If transformation temperature is low enough (≤540°C) bainite rather

than fine pearlite forms. In the bainite region, transformation rate is
controlled by microstructure growth (diffusion) rather than nucleation.
Since diffusion is slow at low temperatures, this phase has a very fine
(microscopic) microstructure. Pearlite and bainite transformations are
competitive; transformation between pearlite and bainite not possible
without first reheating to form austenite.

ii. Formation of Martensite. [5 Marks]

Pembentukan Martensite.

Martensite forms when austenite is rapidly cooled (quenched) to room

temperature. It forms nearly instantaneously when the required low
temperature is reached. The austenite-martensite does not involve
diffusion thus, no thermal activation is needed, this is called an athermal
transformation. Martensite is metastable so can persist indefinitely at
room temperature, but will transform to equilibrium phases on
annealing at an elevated temperature. Martensite can coexist with other
phases and/or microstructures in Fe-C system. Since martensite is
metastable non-equilibrium phase, it does not appear in phase Fe-C
phase diagram

iii. Tempered Martensite. [4 Marks]

Tempaan Martensite.

Martensite is so brittle that it needs to be modified for practical

applications. This is done by heating it to 250-650 ⁰C for some time
(tempering) which produces tempered martensite, an extremely fine-
grained and well dispersed cementite grains in a ferrite matrix.
Tempered martensite is less hard/strong as compared to regular
martensite but has enhanced ductility (ferrite phase is ductile).
Mechanical properties depend upon cementite particle size: fewer,
larger particles mean less boundary area and softer, more ductile
material. Particle size increases with higher tempering temperature
and/or longer time (more C diffusion)- therefore softer, more ductile
material.

9/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

QUESTION 4 (14 Marks) / SOALAN 4 (14 Markah)

4. a. What is crystalline imperfection? [4 Marks]

Apakah itu ketidaksempurnaan kristal?

An ideal crystal is a perfect crystal in which each atom has identical

surroundings. Real crystals are not perfect. A real crystal always has a large
number of imperfections in the lattice. Since real crystals are of finite size, they
have a surface to their boundary. At the boundary, atomic bonds terminate and
hence the surface itself is an imperfection. One can reduce crystal defects
considerably, but can never eliminate them entirely.

b. What is point defects in solid metal? [2 Marks]

Apakah itu kecacatan titik pada logam padat?

The point defects in solid metals are Vacancy and Interstitalcy.

c. What is point defects in ionic solid? [2 Marks]

Apakah itu kecacatan titik pada pepejal ionik?

The point defects in ionic solid are Schottky imperfection and Frenkel
imperfection.

5.

Figure 1
Rajah 1

Figure 1 shows a defect on a sample.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan kecacatan pada logam.

i. What is the dark line refer to? [2 Marks]

Garisan hitam itu dirujuk sebagai apa?

The dark line refer to the dislocation in the crystal.

10/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

ii. Why this dark line exist? [2 Marks]

Mengapakah garisan hitam itu wujud?

The dark line exist due to the irregular atomic arrangement in the
crystalline structure.

6. What factor that affect fatigue life for materials? [2 Marks]

Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi kitar susut bagi sesuatu bahan?

Fatigue life is influenced by a variety of factors, such as temperature, surface

finish, metallurgical microstructure, presence of oxidizing or inert chemicals,
and residual stresses.

QUESTION 5 (14 Marks) / SOALAN 5 (14 Markah)

7. a. What type of deformation happen to metal? [2 Marks]

Apakah jenis ubah bentuk untuk logam?

The type of deformation happen to metal is elastic deformation and plastic

deformation.

11/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

b. A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a [6 Marks]

stress of 276 MPa (40000 psi). If the deformation is entirely elastic,
what will be the resultant of elongation?
Sekeping kuprum panjang asalnya 305 mm ditarik dengan tekanan
Terikan pada 276 MPa (40000 psi). Jika ubahbentuk yang berlaku
adalah elastik, apakah keputusan bagi pemanjangan yang berlaku?

12/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

c. Draw the engineering stress-strain diagram. [6 Marks]

Lukiskan gambarajah kejuruteraan tekanan-regangan.

*(6 parameters need to be shown)*

*(Ada 6 parameter yang perlu ditunjukkan)*

QUESTION 6 (8 Marks) / SOALAN 6 (8 Markah)

8. a. You are a science officer. You are being given a job from the director for a talk
explaining about research equipment for undergraduate students from (Physics,
Electronics, and Instrumentation). The content of the talk must include the
following aspect:
Anda adalah seorang pegawai sains. Anda dikehendaki untuk membuat
Penerangan tentang alat penyelidikan daripada ketua jabatan kepada pelajar-
pelajar Ijazah Sarjana Muda Sains Gunaan (Fizik, Elektronik dan

13/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

Instrumentasi). Kandungan penerangan itu mesti merangkumi perkara seperti di

bawah:

i. Name of the equipment. [1 Mark]

Nama alat.

ii. Function. [1 Mark]

Fungsi.

iii. Principle of science. [1 Mark]

Prinsip sains.

iv. Types of data obtained. [1 Mark]

Jenis data yang diperoleh.

You have been given 6 equipments:

Anda diberi pilihan 6 jenis alat iaitu:

i. XRD iv. Stylus Profilometer

ii. SEM v. QCM

iii. AFM vi. STM

Choose TWO (2) equipment and build your preparation plan for the talk
according to the contents given.
Pilih DUA (2) alat dan binakan perancangan anda untuk membuat persiapan
untuk sesi penerangan berpandukan kandungan yang diberikan di atas.

XRD
I. XRD is known as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).

II. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique

primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and
can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed
material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk
composition is determined.

III. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of

monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are
generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic
radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample.
The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces

14/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions

satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ). This law relates the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice
spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then
detected, processed and counted. By scanning the sample through a
range of 2θangles, all possible diffraction directions of the lattice
should be attained due to the random orientation of the powdered
material. Conversion of the diffraction peaks to d-spacings allows
identification of the mineral because each mineral has a set of unique
d-spacings. Typically, this is achieved by comparison of d-spacings
with standard reference patterns.

IV. The intensity of diffracted X-rays is continuously recorded as the

sample and detector rotate through their respective angles. A peak in
intensity occurs when the mineral contains lattice planes with d-
spacings appropriate to diffract X-rays at that value of θ. Although
each peak consists of two separate reflections (Kα1 and Kα2), at small
values of 2θ the peak locations overlap with Kα2 appearing as a hump
on the side of Kα1. Greater separation occurs at higher values of θ.
Typically these combined peaks are treated as one. The 2λ position of
the diffraction peak is typically measured as the center of the peak at
80% peak height.

Note : X-ray powder diffractogram. Peak positions occur where the X-

ray beam has been diffracted by the crystal lattice. The unique set of
d-spacings derived from this patter can be used to 'fingerprint' the
mineral.

Results for XRD are commonly presented as peak positions at 2θ and

X-ray counts (intensity) in the form of a table or an x-y plot (shown
above). Intensity (I) is either reported as peak height intensity, that
intensity above background, or as integrated intensity, the area under
the peak. The relative intensity is recorded as the ratio of the peak
intensity to that of the most intense peak (relative intensity = I/I 1 x

15/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

100). Moreover, few databases such as GSAS, FullProf and Rietan can
be used to interpret the results.

SEM

I. SEM is known as scanning electron microscope.

II. SEM is used to generate high-resolution images of shapes of objects.

It can precise measure the very small features and objects down to
50 nm. Moreover, the function is to show spatial variations in
chemical compositions, acquiring elemental maps or chemical
analyses at certain spot using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
Besides, it can be also used for compositional maps based on
differences in trace element (typically transition metal and Rare Earth
elements) using cathodoluminescence (CL). It is also used for
discrimination of phases based on mean atomic number (commonly
related to relative density) using back scattering electron (BSE).

III. Accelerated electrons in an SEM carry significant amounts of kinetic

energy, and this energy is dissipated as a variety of signals produced
by electron-sample interactions when the incident electrons are
decelerated in the solid sample. These signals include secondary
electrons (that produce SEM images), backscattered electrons (BSE),
diffracted backscattered electrons (EBSD that are used to determine
crystal structures and orientations of minerals), photons
(characteristic X-rays that are used for elemental analysis and
continuum X-rays), visible light (cathodoluminescence--CL), and
heat. Secondary electrons and backscattered electrons are commonly
used for imaging samples: secondary electrons are most valuable for
showing morphology and topography on samples and backscattered
electrons are most valuable for illustrating contrasts in composition
in multiphase samples (i.e. for rapid phase discrimination). X-ray
generation is produced by inelastic collisions of the incident electrons
with electrons in discrete orbitals (shells) of atoms in the sample. As
the excited electrons return to lower energy states, they yield X-rays
that are of a fixed wavelength (that is related to the difference in
energy levels of electrons in different shells for a given element).
Thus, characteristic X-rays are produced for each element in a mineral
that is "excited" by the electron beam. SEM analysis is considered to
be "non-destructive"; that is, x-rays generated by electron

16/5
FIZ3401 SULIT
CONFIDENTIAL

interactions do not lead to volume loss of the sample, so it is possible

to analyze the same materials repeatedly.

IV. The signal generated during SEM analysis produce a 2-D image and
several information about the sample including external morphology
(texture), chemical composition and orientation of materials making
up the sample. SEM uses a focused beam of high energy electrons to
generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimen; data is
collected and results in the formation of 2-D images that displays
spatial variations in properties including chemical characteristics,
texture and orientation of materials. Below are some examples of
data from SEM.

End Of Question Paper

Kertas Soalan Tamat

17/5