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'OvwW O}OR=@ O}=@ XNWt RwQ l} QO u=} QDWt s=Om xm u}= OQwtQO |a]k C=aq]= xrUt Q=DN=U R= |W=v 3 |Q=mD@= C=aq]= R}v w |r@k |=yQ=QmD QO u=oJQwt
p=Ut "2
[9 w 8] "OvwW|t O}OR=@ x}rw= |r=wD QO xOW XNWt ?}DQDx@ u=} QDWt u}=
|xQ}NP |=Q@ 'sD}Qwor= |=QH= u=tR pw] QO 'uwtwQi |=yOQ "Ovvm|t xO=iDU=
uOWuWwQ =@ |DL xm 'x}rw= ?=wH |L=Q] =yu; QO xm '=} wB |iO=YD |R=Uxv}y@ pL |xwLv |rm Q=DN=U "OvwW|t RwQx@ ?U=vt |=y?=wH x@ \w@ Qt C=aq]=
O}=@ 'Cr=L u}= QO "CU= CUQO=v =} umttQ}e 'Ovmv Q}}eD =yQ}eDt |ak=w Q=Okt
ive

|R=Uxv}y@ 'OwW|t s=Hv= =yQ}eDt Q}O=kt uOWXNWt R= V}B xm xJv; Q@ xwqa
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u}at |=yp=tDL= =@ |O}OH u=} QDWt u; QO xm CiQo Q_v QO =Q OQoxQwO |xOvWwQi
T=U=Q@ 'OQoxQwO |xOvWwQi xm|r=L QO 'OvwW|t Q=O}OB |YNWt |=yu=mt QO
ch
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[7] "Ov=xOW xO=O K}[wD Q=wxYqN Q=DN=U u}= |rY=
|awvYt |=yxJQwt u; |] xm CU= |Ov}=Qi 'u=oJQwt \UwD ?=wH O}rwD
O}rwD |r=tDL= w s=ox@s=o CQwYx@ |Q=DN=U h=Qo |wQ Q@ =Q |irDNt |=yQ}Ut
'(pij )j xHwt T-=Q x@ i T-=Q R= uDiQ p=tDL= 'X=N |xJQwt l} |=Q@ "Ovvm|t

u}= QO "CU= xOQm u=} QDWt u=}t QO Q}Ut |] x@ `wQW xOWXNWt |x}rw= |r=wD |wQ Q@ uwtwQi u=R}t ij u; QO xm CU= ij (u) w ij R= |W}=Ri= `@=D l}
u=} QDWt Ov=wD@ =D Ovm Q}}eD =} wB CQwYx@ O}=@ xOW XNWt |x}rw= |r=wD Cr=L QoV}=tv xm CU= p=} u}= =@ \@DQt |Q=mD@= C=aq]= u=R}t ij (u) w(i; j ) p=}
[11 w 10] "Ov=Hvo@ OwN QO =Q |O}OH
xOy=Wt xm Qw]u=ty "CU= xrUt |=yxO=O T=U=Q@ u; ?=NDv= C}@ wr]t u=R}t
Ar

O}t= u=R}t |x@U=Lt u=tR QO =yQ}eDt uOw@ |iO=YD Crax@ 'Cr=L wO Qy QO R}v u |RH ?=wH x@ xDU@=w CU= umtt |Q=mD@= C=aq]= Q=Okt OwW|t
=Q Cr=L xU `wkw '|iO=YD |@}mQD |R=Uxv}y@ |xrUt hOy `@=D CQ=@a |[=}Q "OW=@
[12] %OW QwYDt u=wD|t

u}= |=v@tQ@ hOy `@=D w OW=@ xDW=O OwHw |[=}Q O}t= |=Q@ |t}kDUt CQ=@a "1

"OW=@ x@U=Lt p@=k Q}O=kt procedure ACO metaheuristic for combinatorial

optimization problems
|x@U=Lt =t= OW=@ xDW=O OwHw |[=}Q O}t= |x@U=Lt |=Q@ |t}kDUt CQ=@a "2 Set parameters, initialize pheromone trails
QU}t |R=Uxv}y@ |] u; Q=QmD u=mt= xm OW=@ |Q@u=tR Q=}U@ Ov}=Qi hOy `@=D
while (termination conditions not met)
Ant Based Solution Construction
QO w OwW|t |L=Q] xrUt Q=DN=U T=U=Q@ `} QU u}tND l} xH}DvQO "OW=@v Pheromone Update
"OwQ|t Q=m x@ |R=Uxv}y@ |xQwO |] Daemon Actions fOptionalg
end while
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sHvB w pyJ |xQ=tW h} QW 3

www.SID.ir
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?=NDv= "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt xrUt pL |=Q@ |Q=mD@==Qi sD}Qwor= l}
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5 Qy C}r=ai u=R}t 'Ovvm|tv C}r=ai pOt QO |D@=F u=R}tx@ O=Qi= xm =Hu; R= w
6
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u} QDy@ R= |m} u=wvax@ u=oJQwt |xawtHt sD}Qwor= xm 'xDi=}s}taD X}YND
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" [F (x)] =
1X
N
f (x; ! )  E (f (x; !)) ( 2)
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xOvvmxaH=Qt |=yxOvyOCtON uOw@ ?r]w=O ZQi 'l}Uqm X}YND |xrUt
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; m
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xOvyOCtON Qy xm CU= xOW ZQi u}vJty "CW=O Oy=wNv |QtF Qo}O =yC}r=ai
&P Pi = 1; i = 1;


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u=R}t T=U=Q@ \ki =Q =yC}r=ai CU}=@|t w OQm XNWt s=i Qiv C=YNWt x@
x@ \ki ij u=R}t Qo}O u=}@ x@ "O=O Q=Qk X}YND C} wrw= QO =yu; s=Hv= C}Qwi
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Ov=CQ=@a OvQ}o@ Q=Qk xHwD OQwt C}Qwi u}= u}}aD |=Q@ CU= umtt xm |}=yQ=}at
OYQO w '=yu; s=Hv= |=Q@ R=}v OQwt Ca=UQiv u=R}t '=yC}r=ai s=Hv= QQkt Cryt %R=
s=tD= |=Q@ sRq Ca=UQiv u=R}t |[=}Q O}t= "C}r=ai =@ ?U=vDt CQ=yt |=Q=O O=Qi=
%OQm h} QaD 3 |x]@=Q CQwYx@ u=wD|t =Q (Kj ) C}r=ai l}
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?U=vDt=v CQ=yt =@ |OQi |QwxQy@ ?} Q[ cj w CU= x]w@ Qt CQ=yt |=Q=O sOQt
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C}r=ai x@ u}= R= V}B xm |O=Qi= O=OaD Qw_vt u}= |=Q@ "OQm xO=iDU= R}v xrUt |=Q@
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C=YNWt OQi Qy OwQw |=R=x@ w xDW=Ov OwHw O=Qi= C=YNWt =OD@= R= xm =Hv; R=
CQ=yt w OwQw u=tR =@ |OQi hQat =Q |Y=N T-=Q u=wD|tv 'OW Oy=wN u}at w=
u=wD|t 'h=Qo TwQ u}}aD Qw_vtx@ O=Qi= u=}t uOWp=k R}=tD |=Q@ "CUv=O XNWt
u=}@ x@ "OQm |Q=Pos=v |@}DQD O=Oa= CQwYx@ w O=Qi= OwQw u=tR ?}DQDx@ =Q TwQ u}=
|OwQw Qiv u}t=i x@ xm CN=U Oy=wN XNWt xrUt ?=wH 'VwQ u}= QO Qo}O
=yu; CQ=yt w O=Qi= OwQw u=tR |R=UXNWt x@ R=}v xm O@=} X}YND |D}r=ai xJ
j}kO O=OaD uOw@vXNWt h} QaD u}= pmWt "CW=O Oy=wNv xrUt pL |=OD@= QO
=Q h=Qo I VN@ |=yT-=Q O=OaD u=wDv OwW|t ?Hwt xm CU= xOvvmxaH=Qt O=Qi=
D
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SI
VN@ R= i T-=Q Qy u}@ 'u=oJQwt sD}Qwor= pOt \UwD xOWu}}aD ?=wH QO
|=vatx@ xm CW=O Oy=wN OwHw (i; j ) p=} l} =yC}r=ai VN@ R= j T-=Q Qy w O=Qi=
xOvyOCtON n =@ |}xrUt |=Q@ "Ow@ Oy=wN |OwQw OQi u}t=i x@ j C}r=ai X}YND
xm Ow@ Oy=wN =yC}r=ai w O=Qi= R= (i; j ) GwR n pt=W xrUt ?=wH l} umtt
xrUt ?=wH Ow@y@ |=Q@ "CU= OQi Qy x@ x}rw= |xDi=} X}YND C}r=ai Qou=}=tv
R= V}B xOvyOCtON l} x@ xOW xO=O X}YND C}r=ai uO}UQ u=}=B x@ CQwYQO
X}YND |w x@ x_Lr u; QO sDU}U \}=QW x@ xHwD =@ |Qo}O C}r=ai '|w OwQw u=tR
OQ}o|tv CQwY u=oJQwt \UwD O}OH C}r=ai u}= u}}aD 'Qo}O u=}@x@ "OwW|t xO=O
"OyO Ow@y@ =Q ?=wH Ov=wD|t x}rw=|r=wD QO Q_v O}OHD CQwYx@ Qt= u}= w
Q}Ut CN=U u=tR QO xm xrUt |rY= C}OwOLt =yvD "=yC}OwOLt u}}aD
l} Qy x@ C}r=ai l} |xv}W}@ X}YND OwW xDiQo Q_v QO O}=@ u=oJQwt \UwD
u=}t |r=wDt CQwYx@ OwN Q}Ut QO xJQwt Qy O}=@ Qw_vt u}= x@ "CU= O=Qi= R=
'Ovm CmQL J TwQ =yC}r=ai VN@ TwQ w I TwQ O=Qi= VN@ TwQ
Qw[L sOa "OvwW Q=QmD Q}Ut u}= QO O=Qi= VN@ TwQ R= l}I}y xmu}= uwO@
xH}DvQO w |OwQw O=Qi= |xty x@ =yC}r=ai X}YND |=vatx@ xDi=}vX}YND OQi
ij ij
Pij = ( 5) =yu; x@ =yC}r=ai xm |O=Qi= |r=wD u}}aD |=Q@ "CU= xrUt |=Q@ ?=wH l} u}}aD
Ar

P  
  ij ij
j Qo}O u=}@ x@ w OW Oy=wN xO=iDU= O=Qi= OwQw |r=wD R= R}v OvwW|t xO=O X}YND

R= u=oJQwt |xO=iDU= u=}t xm OW=@ |wLvx@ O}=@ =QH= u=tR QO  w  u=R}t u}}aD "Ovm|t u}}aD =Q: : :w swO OQi C}r=ai TBU 'pw= OQi C}r=ai =OD@= xJQwt Qy
Q=QkQ@ |@U=vt pO=aD xrUt C=aq]= R= =yu; |xO=iDU= w =yxJQwt Q}=U |x@ QHD QO xm |iO=YD X}YND |xrUt |=Q@ xOW |L=Q] pOt QO "=yxJQwt O=OaD
|DL=Qx@ O=Qi= R= l} Qy x@ =yC}r=ai R= l} Qy X}YND p=tDL= u}}aD =@ "OwW |O=}R C}ty= R= QwO Qy QO =yxJQwt O=OaD Vkv 'CU= xOW xO=O K}[wD xt=O=
wO u=}t QO xOW XNWt p=tDL= T=U=Q@ OwN Q}Ut p}mWD u=tR QO xJQwt l} |UQQ@ |iO=YD |=yQ=OQ@ R= w}Q=vU |O=OaD =yvD 'Q=QmD Qy QO xm =QJ CU= Q=OQwNQ@

X}YND =Q |r=tDL= |D}r=ai |OwQw O=Qi= R= l} Qy x@ w xOQm CmQL h=Qo VN@ QO uO=Di= R= R} Qo p=tDL= V}=Ri= ?Hwt QwO Qy QO u=oJQwt OOaD w OvwW|t
xrUt |=Q@ ?=wH l} =yC}r=ai ,=twRr xv w O=Qi= =@ \@DQt TwQ s=tD= =@ "OyO|t "OwW|t |rLt |=yxv}y@s=O
"OwW|t pY=L x@ j C}r=ai X}YND C}@ wr]t CQwYx@ xrUt u}= QO uwtwQi "uwtwQi OQ

|Q=Okt =@ Q=QmD Q=@ Qy QO O}=@ Q}Ut |=yuwtwQi u=R}t "=yuwtwQi OQ |v=UQRwQx@ \UwD?=wH p}mWD |=R= QO C}@ wr]t u}= "OwW|t h} QaD (ij ) |OwQw OQi u}t=i

u}= QO "CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QO  =@ Q@=Q@ Q}N@D u}= ?} Q[ xm OW=@ x=Qty Q}N@D =yuwtwQi u}= u=R}t 'pOt CiQW}B =@ C}=yvQO w xOW |v=UQ RwQx@ hrDNt |=yxJQwt

|xv}y@ ?=wH x@ =yvD uwtwQi V}=Ri= MIN-MAX ANT VwQ T=U=Q@ 'xrUt Q_v R= =Q xH}Dv u} QDy@ xm OwW|t |@=wH x@ pOt |xH}Dv |}=Qoty ?Hwt G}QODx@

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w xOQm |@=}RQ= =Q hOy `@=D u=R}t sDU}U R= OQi u} QN; GwQN =@ C}=yv QO w Ovm|t |wQ Q@ xOW xDW=Po uwtwQi u=R}t w xOW OwOLt pm |xv}y@ ?=wH w 'xrLQt Qy

iO=YD X}YND |xrUt pL |=Q@ |Q=mD@==Qi sD}Qwor= l}

sD}Qwor= u}= =D Ov=OQo|tR=@ u=oJQwt sD}Qwor= x@ =Q |R=Ux}@W R= pY=L |xH}Dv =Q x ?=wH C}@ wr]t [13] "CU= ?=wH C}@ wr]t =@ ?U=vDt R}v ?=wH R= p=} Qy
xm CU= |y}O@ "OyO xt=O= OwN C}r=ai x@ 'xOt; CUO x@ ?=wH C}@ wr]t |=v@tQ@ <=R=x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t Qou=}@ Lx u; QO xm OQm h} QaD Lk =Lx CQwYx@ u=wD|t
O=Qi= |=Q@ XYND w OwQw u=tR |iO=YD Q=OQ@ l} p}mWD w |R=Ux}@W Q=@ l} |OvtR; sD}Qwor= R= pY=L ?=wH <=R=x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t Qou=}@ Lk w x ?=wH
XNWt ?=wH l} <=R=x@ hOy `@=D Q=Okt |=Q@ |@U=vt xOvvR u}tND Ov=wD|tv =@ j@=]t uwtwQi u=R}t C}=yv QO "CU= xOW xO=O K}[wD G}=Dv VN@ QO xm CU=

OwW s=Hv= ,=QQmt Qt= u}= O}=@ O}UQ |rw@k p@=k ?=wH x@ u=wD@ xm u}= |=Q@ "OW=@ %CU= pOt Q}N@D uwv=k u=ty `k=w QO xm OwW|t |v=UQRwQx@ 6 |x]@=Q
|wU R= "OQ}o@ Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt hOy `@=D u=R}t u=wvax@ =yxO=O u}= u}ov=}t w
ij (t + 1)=(1 )
ij (t) + clb

ijlb + cgb

ijgb 8i; j
CU}=@|t xm |Q=QmD C=aiO O=OaD u}vJty w u=oJQwt O=}R O=OaD x@ xHwD =@ Qo}O
(6)
'OwW =Qoty xv}y@ ,=D@Uv ?=wH x@ pOt C}=yvQO =D OQ}o s=Hv= u=oJQwt sD}Qwor=
Oy=wN xrUt pL OL R= V}@ uOW Q@u=tR ?Hwt |R=Ux}@W |xQ=@u}OvJ Q=QmD %u; QO xm

|
8
xrY=L G}=Dv CkO u=}t |xvR=wt uDi=} |=Q@ |rLx=Q CU}=@|t Qw_vt u}= x@ "OW
< Lk
>
if arc (i; j ) used in walk x
"O}W}Ov= ?=wH x@ uO}UQ |=Q@ sRqu=tR w
ijx = Lx
|R=Ux}@Wwu=oJQwt|xawtHt sD}Qwor=R= |k}irDVwQ l} |r=tDL= |}=Qoty
>
: 0 otherwise
pL w p}O@D C}r@=k R= xm CU= |r=Ut XDNt VwQ u}=
[14] "CU= xOW C=@F= '=yQ}eDt uOw@ |iO=YD x@ xHwD =@ "?=wH Qy <=R=x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t |x@U=Lt
'xOWO=} VwQ R= R}v xrUt u}= pL |=Q@ "OvQ=OQwNQ@ u=oJQwt sD}Qwor= |xr}Uwx@ CUO x@ xOW x=Q= |=y?=wH R= l} Qy <=R=x@ =Q hOy `@=D |a]k u=R}t u=wD|tv

D
O}=@ pL |xw}W u}= QO "s}=xDiQo xQy@ 'CU= xOW x=Q= 2 pmW QO Omx@W CQwYx@ xm Ov=wD|t xm |v}tND u} QDy@ "OQm xO=iDU= ?=wH uOw@ ?U=vt u=R}t u}}aD QO w OQw;

(MaxNum) hrDNt |=yxJQwt \UwD xOWp}mWD |=yQ}Ut u=}t R= QwO Qy QO ?=wH Qy <=R=x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t |[=}Q O}t= OQ}o@ Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt Qw_vt u}= x@
pY=L hOy `@=D Q=Okt Q=m u}= |=Q@ "OwW XNWt QwO u; |=Q@ xH}Dv u} QDy@ 'pmWt hOy `@=D u=R}t |[=}Q O}t= |x@U=Lt xrUt u}= QO xm =Hv; R= "Ow@ Oy=wN
xO=O V}=tv f (xi ; !) CQwYx@ (!) |iO=YD Q=OQ@ uDiQoQ_v QO =@ xi Q}Ut R=
|=yQ}Ut |=Q@ Q=Okt u}= |xU}=kt w x@=Wt |iO=YD Q=OQ@ l} |Q}oQ=mx@ =@ "OwW|t
|Q=Pos=v x Q}Ut CQwYx@ w XNWt sD}Qwor= |=QH= QwO Qy ?=wH u} QDy@ 'hrDNt
O}rwD QwO Qy QO Q=@ l} pOt |=yQDt=Q=B |iO=YD Q=OQ@ xm s} wW|t Qw;O=} "OwW|t
SI
hOy `@=D u=R}t u}tND |=Q@ |R=Ux}@W R= 'CU= Q@u=tR u; C=@U=Lt s=Hv= w
CU= xOW |R=UxO=}B w h} QaD |R=Ux}@W sD}Qwor= Q=m u}= |=Q@ "OwW|t xO=iDU=

?}DQDx@ O=Qi= x@ =yC}r=ai |=yX}YND R= |}xawtHt xm ?=wH l} uDiQo =@ xm

O=Qi= Qw[L u=tR `}RwD `@=D 'O=Qi= OwQw u=tR `}RwD `@=D x@ xHwD =@ w CU= O=Qi= OwQw
of
QO |v=OvJ Ow@y@ xrLQt u}= QO hrDNt |iO=YD Q=OQ@ u}OvJ R= xO=iDU= w OwW|t |R=Ux}@W Ot=W}B  xDUUo CQwYx@ =Q xrUt =yu; CQ=yt `}RwD `@=D w sDU}U QO

For round m = 1,2; : : :

ive

f
Generate Assignment( ) //Generate an assignment for each Ant x1; x2; : : : ; xMaxNum ;
For i = 1; : : : ; MaxNum Simulate (xi) with a same core (!) and nd f (xi ; !) for each i;
Find the best walk x out of the walks x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xMaxNum by comparing f (xi ; !) s;
if (m = 1) set x^ = x;
ch

else
f
Based on Nm simulation with random cores compute a sample estimate
1 XNm
Ar

F (x) = f (x; !v )
Nm v=1
Based on Nm simulation with random cores compute a sample estimate
F (^x) =
1 XNm
f (^x; !v0 )
Nm v0 =1
if "(F (x) F (^x)) < 0 set x^ = x;
g
Evaporation: set ij = (1 )ij for all i 2 I &j 2 J ;
GlobalBest reinforcement: ij = ij + Cgb
ijgb for 8(i; j ) 2 x^
RoundBest reinforcement: ij = ij + Clb
ijlb for 8(i; j ) 2 x
g
"xO=iDU= OQwt u=oJQwt |xawtHt sD}Qwor= Omx@W "3 pmW

sHvB w pyJ |xQ=tW h} QW 6

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 uwtR; pwtat VwQ l} &CUH xQy@ VwQ wO R= u=wD|t pmWt u}= `iQ |=Q@ "CW=O
a VwQwm w |k=Qa |@DHt
|Q=mD@= |=ysD}Qwor= Qo}O R= xO=iDU= '|iO=YD p=Ut |=Q@ |Q=mD@= |=ysD}Qwor=
CU= xrY=L |=y?=wH |xU}=kt w xrUt pL |=Q@ xOW xO=iDU= |Q=mD@==Qi =} w
|UQQ@ OQwt |xrUt |=Q@ `w[wt C=}@O= QO |YNWt pL sD}Qwor= xv=iU-=Dt xm
"OwW |L=Q] pOt V}=tR; |=Q@ |Y=N |=ysD}Qwor= =} sD}Qwor= O}=@ w OQ=Ov OwHw
|kW
|twyit pqODU= R= xO=iDU= =@ u=wD@ xm CU= xrUt R= |}=yO=tv KQ] 'Qo}O VwQ
u}= |=Q@ pOt ?=wH =@ w 'x@U=Lt =Q u; ?=wH |[=}Q C=@U=Lt x@ R=}v uwO@ w
"OQm xU}=kt =yO=tv
O=tv Qy QO "OW |L=Q] xrUt R= O=tv u}OvJ Q_vOQwt |=yuwtR; s=Hv= |=Q@
s=Hv= QQkt Cryt w R=}v OQwt Ca=UQiv u=R}t pt=W =yC}r=ai C=}YwYN O}=@
u=tR `}RwD `@=wD Ovv=t  =yxOvyOCtON C=}YwYN u}vJty "OwW XNWt =yu;
"OwW XNWt O=tv Qy |=Q@ O}=@  CQ=yt w |yOCtON COt pw] 'OwQw
Q_v QO Ca=U 72 =@ Q@=Q@ pOt |R}Qxt=vQ@ ji= 'EL@ OQwt |=yO=tv s=tD |=Q@
5 u}ov=}t =@ w uwU=wB `}RwD =@ u}@r]w=O pw= Ca=U 24 QO OW ZQi w 'OW xDiQo
=@ 'uwU=wB `}RwD R}v swU w swO Ca=U 24 QO "Ovvm|t xaH=Qt Ca=U Qy QOQiv
Qw[L u=tR "OW xDiQo Q_v QO O=Qi= OwQw u=tR |=Q@ 'Qiv 8 w 10 ?}DQDx@ u}ov=}t
QO w O};|t CUO x@ 1 Tv=}Q=w w 15 u}ov=}t =@ p=tQv `@=D R= sDU}U QO O=Qi=
pOt x@ |OwQw u=wvax@ =yC}r=ai C=YNWt =@ u=tRsy O=Qi= CQ=yt `}RwD C}=yv
|=y?=wH x@ |@=}CUO R= `v=t xrUt C}a]k sOa OvJQy "OW |UQQ@ sD}Qwor=
"OwW|t OQ=w
|=QH= Q=@ 3 R= xO=iDU= =@ pOt |}=Qoty =OD@= 'xrUt QO xOW|L=Q] O=tv Qy |=Q@
OL =D |=y?=wH x@ uO}UQ p=@vOx@ uwtR; u}= 'OwW|t Q=QmD xU u}= QO Q@=Q@ ,=k}kO
of
xOWh}YwD O=tv l} |=Q@ uwtR; u}= |xH}Dv 4 pmW QO "CU= sy x@ l}ORv umtt
u}= |=Q@ sD}Qwor= |=y?=wH OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ "CU= xOW x=Q= 1 pwOH QO
w xDW=O u=Uwv =OD@= QO ?=wH xU Qy "CU= =Qoty |w=Ut ,=@} QkD Q=Okt l} x@ O=tv
w xrUt R= O=tv u}OvJ uOwtR; =@ '=yQDt=Q=B Q}=U |=Q@ ?U=vt Q}O=kt "OvOW XNWt
ive
|}=Q=m '100 =@ Q@=Q@ =yxJQwt O=OaD "OvOW XNWt '=yQDt=Q=B u; |}=Q=m x@ xHwD =@ R}v
Q@=Q@ CmQL Q}Ut u}}aD |r=tDL= uwv=k ?}=Q[ '0 75 =@ Q@=Q@ ?U=vDt=v CQ=yt =@ O=Qi=
" W Oy=wN x@U=Lt u=tR V}=Ri= ?Hwt \ki w Ovm|tv O=H}= hOy `@=D Q=Okt
[15] O
} @ @ ?=wH u}= O}=@ '(x) pOt |=QH= xrLQt Qy ?=wH u} QDy@ u}}aD R= TB
u QDy =
|rai u=tR =D pY=L ?=wH u} QDy@ w xU}=kt (^ x) u=tR u}= =D xOt; CUO x@ ?=wH
uOw@v umtt 'OwW|t Qy=_ sD}Qwor= R= xrLQt u}= QO xm |rmWt "OwW |v=UQRwQx@
u}= |=Q@ "CU= |a]k CQwYx@ xv}y@ ?=wH u}}aD w ?=wH wO u}= j}kO |xU}=kt
CUO x@ |Q}oxvwtv R= xO=iDU= =@ ?U=vt ,=D@Uv u}tND l} u=wD|t \ki Qw_vt
\UwDt Qou=}=tv xm F (x) |=v@tQ@ x ^ |rm |xv}y@ ?=wH =@ x ?=wH |xU}=kt "OQw;
QO xm OQ}o|t s=Hv= 'CU= x Q}Ut |=Q@ |iO=YD |w}Q=vU Nm R= xrY=L G}=Dv
s=Hv= u=tR =D u=oJQwt sD}Qwor= xm CU= |}=yQwO O=OaD |xQ=tW m T}Ov= u;
O}=@ xrLQt Qy QO xm CU= |QwQ[ xDmv u}= x@ xHwD "CU= xOt;QO =QH= x@ xU}=kt
R= pkDUt u}vJty w Qo}O ?=wH R= pkDUt ?=wH Qy |=Q@ |iO=YD Q=OQ@ Nm
`wtHt QO xm |@=wH "OwW O}rwD =yQwO Q}=U QO xO=iDU= OQwt |iO=YD |=yQ=OQ@
QwO u}= =D |rm |xv}y@ ?=wH u=wvax@ 'OW=@ xDW=O |QDsm |xv} Ry =yxU}=kt u}=
\QW "OW Oy=wN s=Hv= =yuwtwQi |v=UQRwQx@ C}=yvQO w "OW Oy=wN XNWt
sD}Qwor= ?=wH xm OQm xHwD xDmv u}= x@ O}=@ pOt |v=}=B \QW u}}aD QO "pOt |v=}=B
D
CU}v Q=OQwNQ@ |}q=@ CkO R= 'Nm w m uOw@lJwm Crax@ 'x}rw= |=yQ=QmD QO
hOy `@=D C=Q}}eD R= u=wD|tv 'Q=QmD Q@|vD@t |=ysD}Qwor= QDW}@ hqNQ@ xH}DvQO w
=D =Q sD}Qwor= O}=@ 'pmWt u}= `iQ |=Q@ "OQm xO=iDU= pOt |v=}=B \QW u}}aD |=Q@
SI
=]N w uwtR; R= xO=iDU= =@ xrUt Qy |=Q@ OL u}= &OQm Q=QmD |}q=@ OL x@ uO}UQ
xO=iDU= OQwt u=oJQwt xawtHt sD}Qwor= Om x@W 3 pmW QO "OwW|t XNWt
"CU= xOW u=}@
D U t G}=Dv "6
| =@ =L
U t }O t pOt |=yQDt=Q=B R= |NQ@ |=Q@ 'xar=]t OQwt `w[wt C=}@O= x@ xHwD =@
? =v Q =k

|R}QuwtwQi u=R}t w 0 02 =@ Q@=Q@ () uwtwQi Q}N@D ?} Q[ ' = 1;  = 12 =@

cgb = 2; clb = 0 02 =@ Q@=Q@ pm ?=wH u} QDy@ w Q=QmD Qy ?=wH u} QDy@ |=Q@
ch

sRq |=yw}Q=vU O=OaD w 'Q=@ 200 sD}Qwor= Q=QmD O=OaD u}vJty "OW xDiQo Q_v QO
R}v min u}}aD |=Q@ "OW u}}aD Nm = 2m CQwYx@ m Q=QmD QO xU}=kt |=Q@

Q@=Q@ u; u=R}t w
[14] OW xDiQo xQy@ VwQ |}=Qoty C=@F= QO xO=iDU= OQwt \QW R=

"OW xO=O Q=Qk min (m) = 0 2= log(m + 1)

Ar

'pw= uwtR; QO "OwW|t |@=}RQ= hrDNt uwtR; wO |] xOW |L=Q] sD}Qwor=

xU |=Q@ sD}Qwor= |=yQ=QmD R= xOt; CUO x@ ?=wH u} QDy@ Q=Okt Q=DiQ "4 pmW
uwtR; u}= QO "OQ}o|t Q=Qk xar=]t OQwt u=oJQwt |xawtHt sD}Qwor= Q=DiQ CLY
"1 xQ=tW O=tv |=Q@ =QH= Q=@ |xOvQ}oQ@QO O}=@ G}=Dv u}= "OQm |UQQ@ hrDNt p=Ut <=R=x@ =Q pOt G}=Dv O}=@
"1 xQ=tW |[Qi O=tv |=Q@ =yC}r=ai C=}YwYN "1 pwOH CU= |QwQ[ R}v xDmv u}= x@ xHwD "OW=@ xrUt Qy |=Q@ sD}Qwor= ?=wH |}=Qoty

|D@=F u=R}t x@ hrDNt |=yQ=QmD QO O}=@ sD}Qwor= 'xrUt C@=F O=tv l} |=Q@ xm
u=oOvyOCtON OYQO Ca=UQiv u=R}t QQkt u=tR C}r=ai xQ=tW |xv}y@ ?=wH '?=wH u}= xm OQ=Ov OwHw |v}t[D =t= "OwW =Qoty hOy `@=D |=Q@
?U=vDt CQ=yt=@ R=}v OQwt s=Hv=
12 1500 24 1
"OQ}o@ Q=Qk V}=tR; OQwt R}v ?=wH u}= uOw@xv}y@ O}=@ wQ u}= R= "OW=@ R}v xrUt
16 2000 30 2 p=Ut =} xrUt |xv}y@ ?=wH Qo}O |=yVwQ R= xO=iDU= =@ O}=@ uwtR; u}= |=Q@
18 2000 32 3 QO "OQm xU}=kt u; =@ =Q xOW =QH= pOt R= pY=L ?=wH w OQw; CUO x@ =Q xvwtv
24 500 50 4 |=yQ}eDt R= |O=OaD uOw@|iO=YD x@ xHwD =@ 'xSwQB u}= QO |UQQ@ OQwt |xrUt
30 2500 80 5 xrUt lJwm O=a@= |=Q@ |DL '|[=}Q |a]k |=ypLx=Q x@ |O}t= u=wD|tv xrUt

sHvB w pyJ |xQ=tW h} QW 7

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 }Q r= wO Q=DiQ R= u=oJQwt |xawtHt sD}Qwor= Q=DiQ 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm u=vJ

iO=YD X}YND |xrUt pL |=Q@ |Q=mD@==Qi sD}Qwor= l}

sD wo

=y?=wH |Q=DiQ |=yOvwQ 5 pmW QO 'QDy@ |UQQ@ |=Q@ "CU= QD?U=vt |O=yvW}B
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?U=vt ?=wH u=wD@ xm xOW |L=Q] |wLvx@ 3 xQ=tW |[Qi |xrUt C}=yv QO

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Q_v R= =yvD w Ov=x@=Wt ?U=vDt CQ=yt =@ u=oOvyOCtON OYQO w s=Hv= QQkt

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X}YND 2 xQ=tW C}r=ai x@ |QDW}@ O=Qi= O=OaD xrUt pL u=tR |=OD@= QO

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10 700 12 1
12 1200 15 2 |QwQ[ xDmv u}= x@ xHwD "OvwW|t =Qoty hOy `@=D |=Q@ |Q@=Q@ Q=Okt x@ G}QODx@
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20 2000 25 4 u}tND w OvDU}v Q=OQwNQ@ |}q=@ CkO R= xOw@ lJwm =yu; O}rwD |=Q@ xDiQ Q=mx@
25 1500 30 5
V}=Ri= =@ =t= "OvR=U|tv XNWt =Q Q=QmD u; ?=wH |=Q@ hOy `@=D u=R}t R= |L}LY
15 1800 40 6
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|D=aq]= I}y =t= 'OQ=O ?=wH l} x@ pOt |}=Qoty R= u=Wv p@k uwtR; "OW Ovy=wN
u=oOvyOCtON OYQO Ca=UQiv u=R}t QQkt u=tR xQ=tW
xv}y@ ?=wH x@ sD}Qwor= u}= |}=Qoty "OyO|tv x=Q= ?=wH uOw@?U=vt x@ `H=Q
?U=vDt CQ=yt =@ R=}v OQwt s=Hv= C}r=ai
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33 4000 10 2 Cr=L QO xm OvtR; sD}Qwor= wO |=R= x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t =@ u=oJQwt sD}Qwor= R= xOt;

34 2000 30 3 Q y OwQw u=tR QO 'pw= sD}Qwor= "OwW|t xU}=kt 'Ov=xO=iDU= p@=k |DL=Qx@ pwtat
X}YND |w x@ w OR=U|t XNWt =Q ?U=vt Q=m |w CQ=yt x@ xHwD =@ \ki 'OQi

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|=yO=tv OQwtQO RH '|yHwD p@=k Q=DiQ 'Ovm|tv xHwD sDU}U |=yR=}v x@ xm =Hv;
C}Qwi T=U=Q@ =yC}r=ai X}YND 'swO sD}Qwor= QO "OyO|tv u=Wv OwN R= 'X=N

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|R=Ux}@W R= hrDNt u=oJQwt \UwD xOWO}rwD |=y?=wH |=R=x@ hOy `@=D u=R}t
xO=O u=Wv pOt |}=Qoty '|[Qi |xrUt OvJ |=Q@ C}=yv QO "CU= xOW xO=iDU=
=@ =y?=wH u}= |xU}=kt R= xO=iDU= =@ R}v pY=L ?=wH uOw@?U=vt "CU= xOW
pL x@ xOW RwQx@ C=aq]= T=U=Q@ xm 'OvtR; sD}Qwor= wO R= pY=L |=y?=wH
pOt |iO=YD C}y=t Crax@ Q=DWwv u}= QO "CU= xOW V}=tR; 'OvR=OQB|t xrUt
Oa@ 'xOvyOOw@y@ |=ysD}Qwor= p=ta= QF= Q@ ?=wH Ow@y@ u=R}t u}}aD uOw@ Q@u=tR w
|=Q@ =yX}YND sm=QD "CU= =yu; OwQw ?}DQDx@ O=Qi= xQ=tW Qou=}=tv |ki=
x@ "CU= XNWt |DL=Qx@ pmW u}= QO =yC}r=ai Q}=U C@Uv x@ 2 C}r=ai
G}QODx@ w Ov=xDi=} X}YND |OwOLt O=Qi= =OD@= QO 'Q=_Dv= j@=]t 'R}v 3 C}r=ai
X}YND C}r=ai u}= x@ |Oa@ |OwQw O=Qi= 2 w 1 |=yC}r=ai R=}v Vy=m =@
"Ov@=}|t

|=Q@ "CU= xOW Q_vhQY =ysD}Qwor= u}= R= 'Q=QmD Qy |=Q@ ?=wH u} QDy@ u}}aD R=
|L=Q] |}xOvyOOw@y@ sD}Qwor= O}=@ u=oJQwt |xawtHt sD}Qwor= OQmrta Ow@y@

R= V}B '=Q xrLQt Qy QO xOt; CUO x@ ?=wH 'sm ,=D@Uv u=tR QO Ov=wD@ xm OQm |Q}oxH}Dv "7
|QDW}@ C=aq]= xFO=L u=tR QO u=wD@ Qo= u}vJty "OyO Ow@y@ 'Oa@ xrLQt `wQW O=Qi= x@ =yC}r=ai X}YND |xv} Ry xm |Dr=L |=Q@ |iO=YD X}YND |xrUt

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OvtR; |=ysD}Qwor= =@ j}irD =@ =Q pOt u=wD|t 'CW=O Q=}DN= QO RwQx@ CQwYx@ =Q QO Q}N-=D Q=}at wO T=U=Q@ xm |iOy `@=D |R=Uxv}tm |=Q@ w OW=@ QiY =@ Q@=Q@
xOQm ?Um =Q O}OH C=aq]= u=tR R= |a]=kt QO xm O=O xaUwD |wLvx@ 'xOW x=Q= xOW |UQQ@ Q=DWwv u}= QO 'OwW|t h} QaD s=tDxt}v |=yC}r=ai w =yC}r=ai s=Hv=
"O@=} CUO |QDy@ G}=Dv x@ =D OyO s=Hv= ,=OOHt =Q |R=Uxv}y@ w p=tDL= `}RwD =@ w |iO=YD CQwYx@ O=Qi= xm CU= xOW ZQi xrUt u}= QO "CU=

W vB
SI Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Part B,
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