Lab 7:Thin cylinder apparatus

Abstract :
The objective of this experiment is to examine strain when stress is applied in thin walled
cylinder.And to find poisson’s ratio experimentally and theorytically.

Stress: is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighbouring
particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure
of the deformation of the material.
Strain:The deformation of system which is result of applied stress is called strain.

We observe two type of stress and strain.

1)Hoop stress:it is produced along circumference and denoted by σ₁.It is given by

σ₁=Pr/t

2)Longitudinal Stress:it is produced along length and denoted by σ₂.

σ₂=Pr/2t

P=pressure inside cylinder.

r=radious of cylinder.

t=thickness of cylinder.

The hoop stress is twice than longiyudnal stress.

We have two strain values,given by

1) ɛ₁= σ₁/E-ϑ σ₂/E

2) ɛ₂= σ₂/E-ϑ σ₁/E

Here ϑ is poisson’s ratio.It is defined as the ratio of hoop strain ɛ₁ to longitudnal strain ɛ₂.

ϑ =ɛ₁/ɛ₂

Introduction:

Objective:
1)To observe the surface strain of thin cylinder for closed end condition.

2)To compare the experimental and theorytical results of poisson’s ratio.

Apparatus:
1)Thin-walled cylinder.

2)Oil in cylinder.

3)Hydrolic hand pump on cylinder.

4)strain gauges on cylinder.

5)Pressure gauge.

Figure:
Procedure:
1)choose closed end cylinder

2)First open the valve to set thr gauge reading on zero.

3)closed the valve and apply pressure through hydraulic hand pump.

4)Note the pruusure reading on the pressure gauge.

5)Note the strain readings on the electrically connected strain gauge device.

6)Repeat the experiment by changing the pressure and take several readings of strain.

7)Calculate the strain and stresses by the above given formulas.

8)calculate poisson’s ratio by the formula

ϑ =ɛ₁/ɛ₂

9)compare the experimental and theorytical values of poisson’s ratio.

Results:
Material is Aluminium

Diameter(mm
) =76.2
Radius(mm) =38.2
length(mm) =500
thickness(mm
) =3
Poisson,s ratio =0.33
Modulus of elasticity=E (MPa)= 70,000

Theore Theore Experime Experime

tical tical ntal ntal
Pressure( ɛ₁( ɛ₂( %error(h %error(l
Mpa) μ) μ) σ₁(MPa) σ₂(Mpa) Θ σ₁(MPa) σ₂(Mpa) oop) ong)
- -
6.36666 3.18333 1.0370 69.21550 1733.262
0.5 28 27 7 3 37 1.959946 -51.99218 656 26
- -
12.7333 6.36666 45.57598 145.3534
1 99 33 3 7 3 6.929991 -2.8875 426 03
- -
17 3.0175 36.96342 152.0890
1.5 2 57 19.1 9.55 44 12.03998 -4.974508 938 9
- -
24 25.4666 12.7333 2.9397 32.93202 157.5694
2 4 83 7 3 59 17.07998 -7.330508 179 34
- -
31 10 31.8333 15.9166 2.9339 31.61265 158.8725
2.5 1 6 3 7 62 21.76997 -9.370544 181 27
- -
38 13 2.9166 29.45035 161.2655
3 5 2 38.2 19.1 67 26.94997 -11.70172 113 53
- -
55 19 44.5666 22.2833 2.8556 12.98440 177.9776
3.5 4 4 7 3 7 38.77995 -17.37603 453 76
 50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60

Discussion:
We calculate the values of hoop stress and longitudnal stress from the formulas.Then We draw
the graph for hoop stress and longitudnal stress vs pressure.Pressure is taken on x-axis and
longitudnal and hoop stresses are taken on y-axis.
From The graph of hoop stress,we can see that the line for experimental value is having small
deviation from the theoretical value and it is toward the pressre line.The pressure and stress
are directly related to eachother.

From the graph of longitudnal stress,we can see that there is greater deviation in experimental
line from the theoretical value.The theoretical values are positive and experimental are
negative.The deviation is due to error is instrument.

We calculate poisson’s ratio by formula

ϑ=ϵ₁/ϵ₂.It is experimental value.

Conclusion:
we see that with the increase in pressure,stress increses.As we know that stress and strain are
directly related,so strain also increses.But the great deviation is seen in experimental and
calculated value.This is due to the poor calibration of apparatus.The values of strain from
interface don’t come exact.Therefore error comes in values of stress and poisson’s ratio.