Department of Chemistry A.M.U., Aligarh: Analytical Chemistry - I CHM 1001

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Revised syllabi of M.Sc. 1st Semester (Chemistry) w.e.f. 2019–2020
Course Title Analytical Chemistry – I
Course Number CHM 1001
Credits 04
Course Category ESA
Contact Course 4-3(Theory-practical)
Type of Course Theory
Course Assessment Sessional Test - 30%
End Semester Examination – 70%
Course Objectives  To focus on the principles, instrumentation and applications of
chromatographic methods.
 Principles, Instrumentation and applications of Chromatographic
techniques-GC, HPLC, SEC, IEC, IC, TLC and Chiral.
Course Outcomes  After successful completion of the course students will be able to acquire the
general understanding of various chromatographic methods for separation
and determination of substance.
 Able to understand the need for performing separation prior to
determination, Isolation, purification, separation and determination of real
biological, environmental samples to both qualitative as well as quantitative
level.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Gas Chromaotography 15
Principles; Instruments; Carrier gases; Columns and stationary phases; Sample
injection systems, Detectors- characteristics of the ideal detectors, thermal conductivity
detector, flame ionization detector, electron capture detector and others; Factors
affecting the efficiency of the column; Qualitative analysis, Kovats retention index I;
Quantitative analysis, analyses based on peak height and peak areas; Temperature
programming; Applications.
Unit –II High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 15
Principles; Instrumentations; Isocratic and gradient elution; Pumping systems;
Columns and column packings; Detectors- absorbance, fluorescence, refractive-index
and electrochemical detectors; Basic difference between HPLC and conventional liquid
chromatography; Advantages and applications.
Unit –III Size Exclusion Chromatography 15
Principles of separation; Theoretical basis- calibration curve, exclusion limit, total
permeation and selective permeation regions; Relation between elution volume and
molecular weight; Packing materials and applications.
Ion-Exchange / Ion Chromatography
Principles of separation; Ion-exchange equilibria and selectivity; Types of stationary
phases, Effect of pH on separation of amino acid, effect of complexing agent on
separation of metal ions; Distinction between ion-exchange and ion chromatography;
Ion-suppression in ion-chromatography; Ion chromatography with eluent suppressor
column; Single column ion chromatography; Properties of mobile phases; Detectors;
Applications. mobile phases
Unit –IV Thin-Layer Chromatography 15
Scope; Procedure; Thin-layer plates and stationary phases; Mobile phase; Plate
development; Detection of the spots; Performance characteristics of thin-layer plates-
retardation and retention factor, plate heights; High-performance thin- layer
A.M.U., ALIGARH
chromatography; Qualitative applications- variables that influence Rf, elution methods,
two-dimensional planar chromatography; Quantitative measurement;
Chiral Chromatography
Introduction; Chiral derivatization; Chiral mobile-phase additive, Chiral stationary
phases- protein derived, commercial polysaccharides, characteristics; Mechanism of
chiral interactions; Experimental parameters; Applications.
TOTAL: 60
Books*/ References:
References 1. Chromatography: Concepts and Contrasts, 2nd Ed., James M. Miller, Wiley, 2009, ISBN: 0470530251,978-
0470530252.
2. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide, 2nd Ed., O David Sparkman, Zelda Penton and
Fulton G. Kitson, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN: 978-0-12-373628-4.
3. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 5th Ed., Veronika R. Meyer, Wiley, 2010.
4. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, 4 th Ed., Robert L. Grob & Eugene F. Barry, John Wiley & Sons,
2004, ISBN: 978-0-471-22983-4.
5. Chromatography Theory-Chromatographic science, 88, Jack, Cazes, Raymond P.W. Scott, CRC Press
2002
6. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., Gary D. Christian, Wiley, 2003, ISBN: 0471214728.
7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, CBS Publishers, 1986.
8. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Indian Reprint, Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Brooks
Cole- Cenage Learning 2008, Pages: 1102, ISBN: 9788131505427.
Course Sessional Total: 30
Assessment/
Evaluation/ End Semester Examination 70
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Inorganic Chemistry-I
Credits 4
Course Category Core Course
Contact Course 3-1-0 (Lecture-Tutorial-Presentation)
Course Assessment Sessional Exam (Home Assignment) : 30%
End Semester Examination : 70%
Course Objectives To introduce the basic theories of complexation.
Substitution and reaction kinetics of transition metal complexes
Tendency of transition metals to form complexes and study their electronic spectra
Course Outcomes The postgraduate students understands the concepts and structure of all the
inorganic complexes and their electronic spectral properties.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Mechanism of Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Transition Metal Complexes
Thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes. Energy profile of a substitution
reaction. Inert and labile complexes. Valence bond theory, Henry and Taube concept-
crystal field theory and crystal field activation energy. Crystal field splitting of square
pyramidal, Trigonal bipyramidal and Pentagonal bipyramidal Intermediates. Kinetics
of octahedral substitution. Factors affecting the inert and labile nature, calculation of
CFAE (crystal field activation energy). Acid hydrolysis, Garrick SN1 conjugate base
mechanism for base hydrolysis of octahedral complexes. Evidence of SN1 CB
mechanism. Anation reaction, decarboxylation reaction in octahedral complex and
Substitution reaction without breakage of metal to ligand bond.
Unit –II Reaction Mechanism in Square Planar Complexes.
Substitution reactions in square planer complexes trans effect, Green berge
polarization theory, ‒bonding theory, M.O. Theory, Reductions oxidation reaction. One
electron transfer reaction. Outer sphere, Inner sphere redox reaction, Marcus Hush theory.
Unit –III Metal–Ligand Bonding
Short coming in crystal field theory. Crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral
and square planer complexes. Structural effect of crystal field splitting, variation of
ionic radio lattice energy. John Teller dictation Molecular orbital theory, ‒bonding and
M.O. theory, variation of Δo with the ‒acceptor and σ‒donor ligand.
Unit –IV Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes
Grand state term, symbol, splitting of term by ligands. Rules for electron transition.
Orgel diagram for d1 to d9 system in octahedral and tetrahedral geometries, calculation
of 10 Dq Racah Parameter, Nephelauxetic effect and nature of bond in complexes
charge transfer or Redox spectra with spectral reference to M → L and L → M, CT
spectra. Anomalous magnetic moment of complexes, Quenching of orbital magnetic
moment. Effect on magnetic moment by M ─ M bond, super exchange and spin-spin
cross over in the complexes optically active chelates. Determination of absolute
configuration of complexes. Especially with chelates ligand.
TOTAL:
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Books*/ References:
References 1. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A. McClevert,
Pergamon
2. Magnetochemstry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag.
3. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier.
4. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huhey, Harpes & Row.
5. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley
6. Chemistry of the Elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon.
7. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organic Chemistry-I

Credits 4

Course Objectives To learn about optical activity of asymmetric and dissymmetric molecules, mechanism of
reactions with effect of structure on reactivity. Basic idea about aromaticity,
aliphatic/aromatic electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Course Outcomes After completion of the course the students should be able:
 To understand the concept of stereochemistry and its importance.
 To know what is aliphatic or aromatic electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution
reactions.
 To understand the stereoselective and stereospecific synthesis.
 To learn the basic concept of bonding in organic molecules.
 To learn the concept how the structure and reactivity can influence on the reaction
mechanism.
 To know about the stereochemistry of N, S and P containing compounds.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I (a) Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules
Bonding in fullerenes and tautomerism. Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons,
energy level of -molecular orbitals, annulenes, anti-aromaticity, -aromaticity, homo-
aromaticity, PMO approach. Bonds weaker than covalent-addition compounds, crown
ether complexes and cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins, catenanes and
rotaxanes.
(b) Stereochemistry
Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity,
conformation of sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. Elements of
symmetry, chirality, molecules with more than one chiral center, threo and erythro
isomers, methods of resolution, optical purity, enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms,
groups and faces, stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis.
Optical activity in the absence of chiral carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes), chirality
due to helical shape. Stereochemistry of the compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur
and phosphorus.
Unit –II Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity
Types of mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, kinetic and
thermodynamic control, Hammond's postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle. transition
states and intermediates, methods of determing rxn mechanism isotope effects. Hard and
soft acids and bases. Effect of structure on reactivity - resonance and field effects, steric
effect, quantitative treatment. The Hammett equation and linear free energy
relationship, substituent and reaction constants. Taft equation.
Unit –III (a) Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution
Bimolecular mechanismsSE2 and SEi. The SE1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution
accompanied by double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent
polarity on the reactivity.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
(b) Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution
The arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams.
ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems. Quantitative treatment of
reactivity in substrates and electrophiles. Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeir reaction,
Gattermann-Koch reaction.
Unit –IV (a) Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution
The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanisms. The neighbouring group
mechanism, neighbouring group participation by  and  bonds, anchimeric assistance.
Classical and nonclassical carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, common
carbocation rearrangements.
The SNi mechanism. Nucleophilic substituon at an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and a vinylic
carbon. Reactivity effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group
and reaction medium, phase transfer catalysis and ultrasound, ambident nucleophile,
regioselectivity
(b) Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution
The SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms. Reactivity-effect of substrate structure,
leaving group and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles
rearrangements.
TOTAL:
Books*/ 1. Advanced Orgnaic Chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, 6th Edition John
References Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum.
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman.
4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, Cornell University Press.
5. Organic Chemistry, J.clayden, N.Greevs, S. Wawen, P. Wothers, Oxford Press.
6. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin.
7. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New Age International.
8. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age International.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Physical Chemistry-I
Credits 04
Course Objectives Studying Physical principles applicable to Chemical Systems.
Course Outcomes After completion of this course the students will learn
1) The algebra of operators, and application of SWE to several model systems such
as SHO and rigid rotor.
2) Rotational Physical properties of sub-atomic systems.
3) The use approximation method in simple model and real systems. They will also
learn molecular orbital treatment of H2+ molecule ion and Huckel approximation
to simple organic molecules.
4) Thermodynamic properties of chemical system from atomic properties applying
statistical methods.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Quantum Chemistry
Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results
The Schrodinger equation and the postulates of quantum mechanics. Hermitian operators,
normalization, orthogonality, Discussion of solutions of the Schrodinger equation to some
model systems viz., particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor.
Unit –II (A) Angular Momentum
Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigenfunctions, for angular
momentum, eigenvalues of angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of
angular momenta, spin, antisymmetry and Pauli exclusion principle.
(B) Electronic Structure of Atoms
Russell-Saunders terms and coupling schemes, Slater-Condon parameters, term separation
energies of the pn configuration, term separation energies for the dn configuration, magnetic
effects spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting, introduction to the methods of self-
consistent field, the virial theorem.
Unit –III (A)Approximate Methods
The variation theorem, linear variation principle. Perturbation theory (first order and non-
degenerate). Applications of variation method and pertubation theory of the Hydrogen atom.
(B)Molecular Orbital Theory
Huckel theory of conjugated systems, Bond order and charge density calculations,
Applications to ethylene, butadiene, cyclopropenyl radical, cyclobutadiene etc.
Unit –IV (A) Classical Thermodynamics
Free energy, chemical potential and entropies. Partial molar properties; Partial molar free
energy, partial molar volume and partial molar heat content and their significances.
Determination of these quantities. Concept of fugacity and determination of fugacity.
Application of phase rule to three component systems.
(B)Statistical Thermodynamics
Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Ensemble averaging, postulates of ensemble averaging. Canonical, grand canonical and
microcanonical ensembles, corresponding distribution laws (using Langrange’s method of
undetermined multiplier). Partition functions – translational, rotational, vibrational and
electronic partition functions, calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition
functions. Application of partition functions.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford Press. 7th Edn.
2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall.
4. Coulson's Valence, R. McWeeny, ELBS.
Course Sessional Total:
Assessment/
Evaluation/ End Semester Examination
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
CHM 1005 SPECTROSOPY & DIFFRACTION METHODS
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Current Trends in Instrumental Analysis (DC– I, Analytical)
Credits 02
Course Category DC
Contact Course 3-1-0 (Lectures-Tutorials-Presentation)
Course Assessment Two sessional Tests (30 %)
End Semester examination (70%)
Course Objectives To aware the students with the latest trends in instrumental analysis.
To focus on basic concept of immunoassay, what are anti-bodies, antigens and
their importance in disease fighting and how it can be utilized for method
development for the diagnosis of different diseases. The basic concept of ICP-MS,
description of its instrumental components.
Course Outcomes 1. After the completion of the course, the students will be able to have a better
understanding of how to use the instrumental techniques mentioned in the
course.
2. Students will be able to learn about the application of antibody / antigens for
different kinds of immunoassay. How to select a particular immunoassay
method for the detection of antigens.
3. Students will be able to learn about the instrumental components of ICPMS,
its working and application in different fields for analyses purpose.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I Kinetic Methods of Analysis: Theory and practice, classification of chemical kinetic 8
methods – Direct computation integral methods, direct computation rate methods, curve
fitting methods. Quantitative applications – Enzyme catalyzed reactions and non-enzyme
catalyzed reactions, non catalytic reactions, problems.
Unit –II Ion Selective Membrane Electrodes: Classification of membranes, properties of ion – 8
selective membranes, glass ion selective electrodes, crystalline solid state ion selective
electrodes, quantitative applications and problems.
Unit –III Immunoassay: Principle, specificity of immunoassays, preparation of antibody, 8
fluorescence immunoassay, applications, enzyme immunoassays, applications.
Unit –IV Inductivity Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: instruments for ICP MS, atomic mass 8
spectra and interferences, applications of ICP MS – Qualitative and semi-quantitative,
quantitative analysis.
TOTAL: 32
Books*/ References:
References 1. Modern Analytical Chemistry, D. Harvey, McGraw Hill Higher Education, New York, 2ooo.
2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, 6th Edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., U.S.A., 2oo4.
3. Instrumental Analysis, D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Cengage Learning, India, 2o1o.
Course Sessional Total: Two
Assessment/
Evaluation/ End Semester Examination One
Grading
Total Three
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Metals & Health: Inorganic Pharmaceuticals & metalloenzymes
Credits 2 Periods/week
Course Category DC
Course Assessment Sessional Exam (Home Assignment) (30%)
End Semester Examination (70%)
Course Objectives To focus on the role of metal ions in biological systems. Applications of
metalloenzymes and their mechanism of action.
Course Outcomes Through this course, students will learn:
1. Role of different metallo – enzymes, in particular Zn, Mo, W and Co.
2. Essential and Trace elements , metal deficiency and excess.
3. Importance of antioxidants and their mechanism of action.
4. Diagnostic Agents and their synthesis and applications in medicine
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Biochemical bases of essential metal deficiency with special 16
reference to Cu, Zn.
Unit –II Role of radioactive metal ion for radio diagnosis. Complexes of 16
transition metal (Pt) as anticancer agent, Mechanism of action.
Toxic effect of Pt complexes to human body.
Unit –III Transition metal containg Protein Viz, Zn-containg Mo, W and Co 16
containg enzymes. Their structure and few important functions.
Unit –IV Carbonic anhydrase and its mechanism of action super oxide 16
dismutase. Mechanism of dismulation of super oxide ion.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Inorg. Chemistry by Shriver Alkem Oxford University Press.
2. Modern Inorg. Chemistry by W. Jolly, 2nd Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc.
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry by A.K. Das CBS Publication & distribution.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Photo Physical Chemistry
Course Category DC
Course Objectives This syllabus is designed to study the electronic spectroscopy, basic concept of
photochemistry, classification of photochemical reaction and kinetic of
molecules.
Course Outcomes After completion of the following topics, the students will:
(a) be able to understand the mechanism of absorption and emission and to
know the concept of electronic spectroscopy and transition phenomena.
Students can also handle the related instruments.
(b) be able to know the concept of various photophysical processes and
phtophysical kinetic of the molecules. Student can also make
spectrophotometric studies.
(c) be able to learn the mechanism of fluorescence quenching, collision and
stern-volmer equation.
(d) be able to make classification of photochemical reaction, rate constants
and also know about mechanism of various photochemical reactions.
After studying these topics they are able to discuss the kinetics of many
photochemical reactions and to handle the related instruments.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Mechanism of Absorption and Emission of Radiation of Photochemical Interest
Electronic energy states of atoms; The selection rule, spectroscopic terms for electronic
states. notation for excited state of organic molocules, Einstein’s treatment of absorption
& emission phenomena, Time dependent Schrodinger equation, Intensity of electronic
transition, Rules governing the transition between two energy states, d-d transition,
charge transfer transition
Unit –II Photophysical Processes in Electronically Excited Molecules.
Types of photophysical processes, Radiationless transition, Fluorescence emission,
Fluorescence & Structure, Triplet State & phosphorescence emission, Emission property
and the electromic cofiguration. Photophysical kinetics of unimolecular processes.
Unit –III Photophysical Kinetics of Bimolecular Processes.

Kinetic & optical collisions, Biomolecular collision in gases & mechanism of
fluorosence quenching, collision in solution, Stern-Volmer equation
Concentration dependence of quenching, quenching by foreign substances.
Unit –IV Photochemical Primary Processes.
Classification of photochemical reaction, rate constants & lifetimes of reactive
transition states, light intensity and rate of photochemical reactions, Types of
photochemical reaction.
TOTAL:
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Books*/ References:
References 1. Principles of Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford Press.
2. Physical Chemistry, Thomas Engel, Philip Reid, Pearson Education (2006)
3. Fundamental of photochemistry, K. K. Rohatgi – Mukherjee, New Age
International, 2008.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Name Reactions & Molecular Rearrangement

Course Number CHM-1019
Credits 2
Course Category DC
Course Objectives Introduction to multicomponent strategies in organic synthesis.
To introduce Named Multicomponent reactions used in organic synthesis and
understanding their mechanism.
Introduction to modern organic synthesis strategies.
Named organic reactions as synthetic strategies and understanding their mechanism.
Introduction to selected molecular rearrangements, their mechanism and out lay of
synthetic utilities.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this paper, students will have the ability to utilize
Modern synthetic organic reactions in desigining and executing organic synthesis
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Named Reactions with Mechanism and Applications (Based on Multicomponent
Strategy)
General introduction to multicomponent strategies. Baylis Hillman reaction, Biginelli
reaction, Passerini reaction, Ugi Multicomponent reactions, Mitsunobu reaction, Smith-
Tietze Dithiane Linchpin coupling reaction, Strecker reaction.
Unit –II Named Reactions with Mechanism and Applications (Based on Miscellaneous
Strategies)
Acyloin Condensation, Bartoli Indole Synthesis, Polonovski reaction, Prins reaction,
Krohnke Pyridine synthesis, Wharton Fragmentation reaction, Pauson-Khand reaction.
Unit –III Molecular Rearrangements
A detailed mechanistic study and general applications of the following
rearrangements:Baker-Venkataraman, Brook, Carroll, Dienone-Phenol, Meyer-Schuster
and Rupe rearrangement, Mislow-Evans, Overman, Payne, Pumerer, Ramberg-Backlund,
Smiles, Sommelet-Hauser and Wolf Rearrangements.
Unit –IV Mechenism and Applications of the following rearrangements
Boekelheide, Ciamician-Dennstedt, Bond-Switch, Bouiton-Katritzky,
Cornforth,Dimroth, Gabreil-Colman rearrangement.

Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Revised syllabi of M.Sc. 2nd Semester (Chemistry) w.e.f. 2019–2020
Course Title Analytical Chemistry – II
Credits 04
Course Category ESA
Course Objectives  To focus on principles, instrumentation and applications of spectrometric
methods.
 Principles, Instrumentation and applications of atomic spectrometric
analytical techniques - FAAS, GFAAS, Flame photometry, ICP-AES.
Course Outcomes  After successful completion of the course students will be able to develop
analytical methods based on UV-Visible, spectroscopy, fluorescence, atomic
absorption and atomic emission.
 Able to understand the analytical performance characteristics of atomic
spectrometric techniques, selection criteria among them, origin of specificity,
exceptional limit of quantification and sensitivity with simultaneous
capability.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I UV/Visible Absorption spectrometry 15
Absorbing species containing  ,  and n-electrons, chromophores, absorption involving d
and f electrons, Photometric accuracy-twyman-Lothian and Ringbom plots, sources of
Instrumental noise, Differential spectrophotometry-High absorbance method, trace
analysis procedure, method of ultimate precision, photometric titrations, Derivative
spectrophotometry, spectrophotometric studies of complex ions: Job’s method of
continuous variations; mole-ratio and slope –ratio methods, problems.
Unit –II Molecular Luminesescence Spectrometry 15
Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence, variables that affect fluorescence and
phosphorescence, emission and excitation spectra, photoluminescence intensity as
related to concentration, Instruments for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence,
determination of inorganic and organic species. Applications of fluorometry and
phosphorimetry for detection in liquid chromatography, problems.
Unit –III Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 15
Introduction to optical atomic spectrometry; Selection criteria of the proper atomic
spectrometric techniques; Basic principles of AAS; Sample introduction methods-
nebulization, hydride generation and others; Atomization methods- flame atomization
and flame characteristics, electrothermal atomization, glow discharge atomization, and
cold vapour atomization. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and its components-
radiation sources and source modulation; Interferences and their elimination- spectral
interferences, background corrections and chemical interferences; Applications.
Unit –IV Atomic Emission spectrometry (AES) 15
Flame emission spectrometry (Flame photometry)-Basic principles, theory of flame
spectra, flame photometer, qualitative & quantitative analysis, errors and applications;
comparison with flame atomic absorption.
Atomic emission spectrometry with plasma sources- inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
and direct current plasma, plasma source spectrometers, interferences and applications;
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Atomic emission spectrometry with electrical discharges- arc and spark sources;
comparison of ICP-AES with AAS.
TOTAL: 60
Books*/ References:
References 1. Spectrochemical analysis by atomic absorption and emission, 2nd Ed, Lauri H. J. Lajunen,
Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992, ISBN: 0851868738, 9780851868738.
2. Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas, 2nd Ed., José A. C. Broekaert, John
Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN: 978-3-527-31282-5.
3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6thEd., Skoog, Holler, Crouch, Brooks/Cole-Cengage
Learning, 2007, ISBN: 9780495012016, p.1056.
4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Ed. 5, G.W. Ewing, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 538.
5. Atomic absorption spectrometry, 3rd Ed., Bernhard Welz and Michael Sperling, Wiley-VCH,
1999.
6. Analytical Chemistry, Seamus P. J. Higson, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN-13: 978-
0198502890.
7. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed.., Henry H. Bauer, Gary D. Christian, James E. O'Reilly, Allyn and
Bacon chemistry series, 1978, ISBN: 0205065562, 9780205065561.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Inorganic Chemistry-II
Credits 4
Course Objectives To familiarize the synthesis, bonding, structure and reactivity of metal
carbonyls, nitrosyls, dinitrogen, dioxygen and tert. phosphine complexes and
metal clusters. Study of metal-ligand equilibrium in solution.
Course Outcomes Following this course the students will learn:
1. The ligating behavior of simple ligands ( π-acidity)
2. Synergistic effect of ligands in metal complexes
3. Formation of cluster compounds, classification, scrambling, electron
count capping rule and metal – metal bonding.
4. Study of metal-ligand equilibria in solution, stability constant
determination by spectrophotometrically.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Metal Carbonyls
Introduction, Synthesis of metal carbonyls, Structure and bonding (Synergic
interactions), Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and structural
elucidation (monomuclear and polymuclear metal carbonyls), Identification of
isomers, Reactivity of metal carbonyls.
Unit –II Metal Nitrosyls
Introduction, modes of bonding of NO as NO+, Nitrosylating agents for synthesis of
metal nitrosyls, Structure, bonding and important reactions of transition metal
nitrosyls, Vibrational spectra for structural elucidation and bondig in metal nitrosyls.
Structure of Roussins red and black salts. Dinitrogen, dioxygen and tertiary
phosphine as Ligands. Bonding Schemes.
Unit –III Metal Clusters
Factors farouring M-M bondig, Carbonyl Clusters, Classification Low – Nuclearty
Carbonyl Clusters (M3 and M4 Clusters), Structural Patterns in M3(CO)12 (M=Fe, Ru,
Os) and M4(CO)12 (M=CO, Rh, Ir) Clusters. Metal Carbonly Scrambling; High
Nuclearity Clusters, M5,M6,M7, M8 and M10 clusters, Electron Count theory and
capping rule.
Metal Halide Clusters: major structural types in Dimuclear Metal-Metal systems-
Edge Sharing Bioctahedra, face sharing Bioctahedra, Tetragonal prismatic and
trigonal antiprismetic structures, Quadruple bonds, Structure and bonding in
(Re2Cl8)2-
Unit –IV Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in
stepwise constants, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with
reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate effect and its
thermodynamic origin, determination of binary formation constants by pH-
metry. Formation of coloured complexes in solution in different metal to
ligand ratios. Calculation of stability constant of a complex formed in 1:1
A.M.U., ALIGARH
metal to ligand ratio by spectrophotometric method. Determination of .
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huhey, Harpes & Row.
3. Chemistry of the Elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon.
5. Magnetochemsitry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag.
6. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A. McCleverty,
Pergamon.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organic Chemistry-II

Credits 4

Course Objectives The objective of the course is for the students to develop an understanding of the
mechanism of free radical, addition and elimination reactions. Students will acquire
basic concepts of pericyclic reactions and be able to apply them to solve the problems.
Course Outcomes After completion of this course, the students should be able:
 To understand the mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition to C-C
and C-Hetero multiple bonds.
 To gain a basic knowledge about different types of free radical and elimination
reactions.
 To have a basic understanding of different types of pericyclic reactions.
 To develop proper aptitude towards the study of different types of sigmatropic
rearrangement.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I (a) Free Radical Reactions
Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism at an
aromatic substrate, neighbouring group assistance. Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic
substrates at a bridgehead. Reactivity in the attacking radicals. The effect of solvents on
reactivity.
Allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehdyes to carboxylic acids, auto-oxidation,
coupling of alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts. Sandmeyer
reaction. Free radical rearrangement. Hunsdiecker reaction.
(b) Elimination Reactions
The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their spectrum, Orientation of the double bond.
Reactivity–effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the
medium.
Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination.
Unit –II Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds
Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles,
nucleophiles and free radicals, regio- and chemoselectivity, orientation and reactivity.
Addition to cyclopropane ring. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation
of aromatic rings. Hydroboration. Michael reaction. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.
Unit –III Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds
Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds,
acids, esters and nitriles. Addition of Grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium
reagents to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Wittig reaction.
Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates - Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen,
Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions.
Hydrolysis of esters and amides, ammonolysis of esters.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Unit –IV Pericyclic Reactions
Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene
and allyl system. Classificaiton of pericyclic reactions. Woodward -Hoffmann correlation
diagrams. FMO and PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions - conrotatory and disrotatory
motions, 4n, 4n+2 and allyl systems. Cycloadditions - antarafacial and suprafacial
additions, 4n and 4n+2 systems, 2 + 2 addition of ketenes, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and
cheleotropic reactions.
Sigmatropic rearrangements - suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts
involving carbon moieties, 3,3- and 5,5 - sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen, Cope and
aza-Cope rearrangements. Fluxional tautomerism. Ene reaction.
TOTAL:
Books*/ 1. Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John
References Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum.
3. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Prentice-Hall.
4. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin.
5. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic &
Professional.
6. Pericyclic Reactions, S.M. Mukherji, Macmillan, India.
7. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, S.M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh, Macmillan.
8. Organic Chemistry J.Clayden, N Greavs, S. Warren, P.Wothers.
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Physical Chemistry-II
Credits 04
Course Objectives This course is designed to familiarize, students cents the basic concepts of irreversible
thermodynamics, chemical dynamics, interface chemistry & electrochemistry.
Course Outcomes After completion of this course the student will

1) Learn entropy production, flow and balance for various irreversible systems as
well as fluxes and forces, electrokinetic phenomena. After studying these topics
students understand the methodology and applications of the related
instruments.
2) Understand the theory of reaction rates, different methods of determining the rate
laws. Also learn activated complex theory, steady state treatment and general
features of fast reactions and methods of their study. Students can also know
about the related instruments.
3) Learn the theory of surface tension, concept of capillarity, its effect on planar and
curved surface as well as different adsorption isotherms. Also learn basics of
polymer chemistry and its molar mass.
4) Be able to solve problem based on Debye-Huckel limiting law and calculate excess
thermodynamic property, to explain overpotential and plot potential vs. current
graph.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics 08
Thermodynamic criteria for non-equilibrium states, entropy production and entropy
flow, entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes (e.g., heat flow,
chemical reaction, etc.) transformations of the generalized fluxes and forces, non
equilibrium stationary states, phenomenological equations, Onsager's reciprocity
relations, electrokinetic phenomena, diffusion.
Unit –II Chemical Dynamics 08
Methods of determining rate laws, collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor,
activated complex theory, Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory; ionic
reactions. Steady state kinetics, kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions,
treatment of unimolecular reactions.
Dynamic chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of
ethene), general features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by flow method,
relaxation method.
Unit –III Surface Chemistry 08
(A) Adsorption
Surface tension, capillary action, pressure difference across curved surface (Laplace
equation), vapour pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation), Gibbs adsorption isotherm,
estimation of surface area (BET equation).
(B) Macromolecules
Polymer-definition, types of polymers, mechanism of polymerization. Molecular mass,
number and mass average molecular mass. Molecular mass determination (osmometry,
A.M.U., ALIGARH
viscometry.
Unit –IV Electrochemistry 08
Nonideal Systems: Excess functions for nonideal solutions. Activity, activity coefficient,
Debye-Huckel Theory for activity coefficient of electrolyte solutions, Determination of
activity and activity coefficients, ionic strength. Debye-Huckel-Bjerrum model.
Overpotential, exchange current density, derivation of Butler-Volmer equation, Tafel
plot.
TOTAL: 32
Books*/ References:
References 1. Chemical Kinetics, K.J. Laidler, McGraw-Hill.
2. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations, J. Rajaraman and J. Kuriacose,
McMillan.
3. Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. I and Vol II, J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Plenum.
4. The Colloidal Domain: Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Technology Meet, D.F. Evans
and H. Wennerstrom, VCH, Weinheim (Germany), 1994.
5. Introduction to polymer Science, V.R. Gowarikar, N.V. Vishwanathan and J. Sridhar, Wiley
Eastern.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
CHM 2005 GROUP THEORY & SPECTROSCOPY
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Current Trends in Chemical Analysis (DC–II, Analytical Chemistry)
Credits 02
Course Category DC
Course Objectives To aware the students with the latest trends in instrumental analysis.
Course Outcomes After the completion of the course, the students will be able to have a better
understanding of using the instrumental techniques mentioned in the course.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Biosensors
Introduction, Producing the biological surface – theoretical consideration in designing
an immobilization, Methods of immobilization, Achievement of bio-transduction:
Optical – interpretation of signal, extrinsic labelled assays, intrinsic labelled assays,
Problems
Unit –II Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
Theory, Optically active molecules, optical rotatory dispersion, circular Dichroism,
Cotton effect, Octane rule, Faraday and Kerr effects, Instrument for circular Dichroism
measurement, Application of circular Dichroism spectroscopy. 02
Unit –III Atomic Force Microscopy

Principle, Tapping mode, Operation modes – constant force mode and constant height
mode, Force-distance curve, Analytical applications.
Unit –IV Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Problems
TOTAL: 02
Books*/ References:
References 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th Ed., G.W. McGraw Hill Education
(India), New Delhi, 2013.
2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, G.R. Chatwal & S.K. Anand, Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay, 2014.
3. Instrumental Approach to Chemical Analysis, A.K. Srivastava & P.C. Jain, S. Chand &
Company, New Delhi, 2013.
4. Analytical Chemistry, Kellner et.al., WILEY-VCH, Germany, 2004.
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Inorganic Polymers
Credits 02
Course Category DC
Course Objectives To understand the basics of Nano science & nanotechnology
To get an idea about the importance of nanotechnology in our daily lives
To understand applications of nanotechnology in various fields, viz
medicine, agriculture, industry,
To develop an inclination among students towards the research in Nano
science
Course Outcomes Classification and special features of nanostructures.
To get an insight about the applications of nanomaterials and technologies.
To learn the synthesis of nanostructures by various methods.
To learn about Nanosensors, Nano chips, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes
To develop an idea about the role of naotechnologies in industries and other
important areas.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Introduction, Properties and classification of Inorganic Polymers. 05
Phosphorous, Sulphur, Boren and Silicon based polymers.
Polyphosphaszenes, polycarboanes, polyboron, nitride and silicones. Natural,
Chain, 2D and 3D coordination polymers.
Unit –II Isopoly and heteropoly acids and anions. Polymerization of chromate, and 05
vanadates, Keggin structure. Reactions of iso and heteropoly anions.
Unit –III Basic, nanotechnology science and chemistry concepts, basic Inorganic 05
nanostructures, nano composites, thin films, nano foam.
Unit –IV Advanced Inorganic Materials: Nanotechnology and its industrial 05
applications, Introduction to nano scale, Potential applications of Inorganic
nano materials.
TOTAL: 20
Books*/ References:
References 1. Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry by Puri-Sharma and Kalia
2. Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton & Wilkinsen.
3. Inorganic Chemistry by Shriver & Atkins, W. H. Freeman and Co. New York
4. T. Pradeep. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Bio-organic Chemistry
Credits 2
Course Category DC
Course Objectives To understand the biological processes by using the principles, tools and the techniques
of organic chemistry.
Course Outcomes After successfully finishing the course, the student shall:
 Understand the significance of Bioorganic chemistry in the field of molecular
recognition and drug discovery.
 Understand the mechanism of enzyme action and identify the classes of enzymes
and factors affecting their action.
 Understand how to mimic the characteristics of enzyme catalysis in model organic
reactions dealing with both the rate of reaction and specificity.
 Understand the modes of action of the vitamins and related cofactors or
coenzymes.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I
Basic considerations, proximity effect and molecular adaptation, orientation and
steric effect, strain or distortion.
8
Unit –II Catalysis, Types of catalysis (with example of enzymes): acid-base catalysis,
electrostatic catalysis, metal ion catalysis, covalent catalysis (electrophilic and
nucleophilic catalysis). 8
Unit –III Cofactor as derived from vitamins, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, apoenzymes.
Enzyme catalysed reactions of coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal 8
phosphate, NAD+, NADP, FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12.
Unit –IV Nucleophilic displacement on a phosphorus atom, multiple displacement reactions
and the coupling of ATP cleavage to endergonic processes. Enzyme catalysed 8
carboxylation and decarboxylation.
TOTAL: 32
Books*/ References:
References 1. Bioorganic Chemistry: Chemical approach to enzyme action, Hermann Dugas and C.
Penny, Springer-Velag, 1981.
2. Enzyme structure and Mechanism, A. Fersht, W. H. Freeman, 1995.
Course Sessional Exam Total: 2 30
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Advanced Quantum Chemistry

Credits 02
Course Category Discipline Centric (DC)
Course Assessment Home Assignment 10%
Sessional Exam 20%
End Semester Examination 70%
Course Objectives To introduce Quantum chemistry, molecular symmetry and point groups for various
molecules.
Course Outcomes After successful completion, the students will be able to learn:
Ensures the students to understand, acquire knowledge in quantum chemistry and
group theory symmetry.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I i. Matrices: Determinant of a matrix, Diagonal Matrix, Unit Matrix, Symmetric 7
Matrix.
ii. Algebra of Matrices: Addition, Multiplication, Scalar and matrix, Transpose
of Matrix, Inverse of Matrix, Diagonal Matrix, Unitary Matrix, Singular & Non
Singular Matrix, Matrix representation of operator.
Unit –II Molecular symmetry: Symmetry elements & Operations, products of Symmetry 8
Operations, Symmetry and optical activity, Symmetry operations & quantum
mechanics, Matrices & symmetry operations.
Unit –III Symmetry Point Group: Groups with no Cn axis, Groups with single C2 axis, 7
Groups with one Cn axis and nC2 axis, Groups with more than one Cn axis,
multiplication table, reducible & irreducible representation.
Unit –IV Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules: the Born-Oppenheimer 8

approximation, Nuclear motion in diatomic molecules, Approximate Treatments
of H2+ ground electronic state, molecular orbital from H2+ excited states.
TOTAL: 30
Books*/ References:
References 1. Quantum Chemistry, By R.K. Prasad, new age International.
2. Quantum Chemistry, By I.R.N. Levine, Privatice, Hall of India Ltd.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Revised syllabi of M.Sc. 3rd Semester (Chemistry) w.e.f. 2019–2020
Course Title Bio-Inorganic & Bio-Physical Chemistry
Credits 04
Contact Course (Lectures-Tutorials-Presentation)
Course Objectives To study the physio-chemical property of the enzymes & role of metal ion in
Bio-System.
Course Outcomes After completion of this course

1) The Students will be able to understand the impact of excess & deficient of metal
ion in Bio-System intersys of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
2) The students will learn the redox mechanism of enzyme activity.
3) The student will be able to account for different interactions important for the
structure and function of biomolecules, analyze binding data between ligand and
biomolecule.
4) The student will learn applying statistical mechanics to biomolecule and have an
idea about the size of biomolecule and protein folding/unfolding equilibrium.
They will also learn fundamental aspects of computational biology.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Essential and trace metal ions in biological system. Deficiency/excess of Mn, Co, and Zn
metal ions. Structure of chlorophyll , Photosynthesis, Photo system I and Photo system II.
Unit –II Metalloenzymes; cytochromes and iron-sulphur proteins, nitrogen fixation, Zinc
enzymes; carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase. Iron enzymes-catalase and peroxidase.
Copper enzyme –superoxide dismutase. Cobalt enzyme; cyanocobalamin.
Unit –III Biopolymer interactions and Thermodynamics of Macromolecular solutions:
Non-covalent interaction, Electrostatic : dipole-dipole interaction, Dispersion force
interaction, Hydrophobic interaction. Multiple Equilibria and various types of binding
processes in biological systems.
Thermodynamics of biopolymer solutions, Flory-Huggins model of macromolecular
solvation, Osmotic pressure and Donnan membrane equilibrium.
Unit –IV Statistical Mechanics and Biomolecular simulations:
Chain configuration of macromolecule, Random walk model and statistical distribution
of end to end dimension. Calculation of average dimension of various chain structures.
Conformational transitions: Helix-coil transition, Protein folding problem.
Molecular mechanics and dynamics: Basic principles – molecular representations – force
fields – atom-atom pair potentials – bond length and bond angle and torsion angle
potential – van der Waals and electrostatic potential concepts of molecular dynamics –
introduction to time-step integration algorithms and force fields.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books.
2. Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Bertini, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S. Valentine, University Science Books.
3. Inorganic Biochemistry, vols I and II. ed., G.L. Eichhorn, Elsevier.
4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 18 and 38 ed. J.J. Lippard, Eiley.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
5. Biophysical Chemistry Part I, II, III – Charles R Cantor, Paul R. Schimmel, W. H. Freeman of Company.
6. Biophysical Chemistry – P.S. Kalsi and N. Mahanta New Age International Publishers.
7. Textbook of Biophysical Chemistry- U N Dash Macmillan India.
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Applications of Spectroscopy to Inorganic System
Credits 04
Course Category CHM
Contact Course
Course Assessment Sessional
End semester
Course Objectives 1. To study the structure of molecules with various spectroscopes.
2. To learn the structure elucidation of various metal-based systems
3. To study the use of various spectroscopic methods in reaction mechanism
4. To identify and study the various binding and active sites of biomolecules
(proteins and enzymes)
5. To ascertain various mechanistic pathways of enzyme kinetics of
metalloenzymes by spectroscopy
Course Outcomes 1. Applications of Spectroscopic methods in studying the structural
properties of various metal based systems will be ascertained
2. More information about the electronic properties of metal ions will be
achieved
3. Application of spectroscopic methods in studying mechanisms of chemical
reactions in biological systems
4. Explaining of various reaction mechanisms by spectroscopy
5. Presence of various heavy metal ions can be identified by spectroscopy
methods (Uv-vis and IR)
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Vibrational Spectroscopy 10
Symmetry and shapes of AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5 and AB6, mode of bonding of ambidentate ligands,
ethylenediamine and diketonato complexes, application of resonance Raman
spectroscopy particularly for the study of active sites of metalloproteins.
Unit –II Electron Spin Resonance
.. Spectroscopy 08
Hyperfine coupling, spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, spin-orbit
coupling and significance of g-tensors, application to transition metal complexes (having
one unpaired electron) including biological systems and to inorganic free radicals.
Unit –III Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Paramagnetic Substances in Solution 10
The contact and pseudo contact shifts, factors affecting nuclear relaxation, some
applications including biochemical systems, an overview of NMR of metal nuclides with
emphasis on 195Pt and 119Sn NMR.
Unit –IV Mossbauer Spectroscopy 08
Basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum display. Application of the technique to
the studies of (1) bonding and structures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ compounds including those of
intermediate spin, (2) Sn+2 and Sn+4 compounds-nature of M-L bond, coordination
number, structure, and (3) detection of oxidation state and inequivalent MB atoms.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Physical Methods for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
2. Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.W.H. Rankin and S. Cradock,
A.M.U., ALIGARH
ELBS.
3. Infrared and Raman Spectra: Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto, Wiley.
4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry vol., B, ed., F.A. Cotton, vol., 15 ed. S.J. Lippard. Wiley.
5. Transition Metal Chemistry ed, R.L. Carlin vol. 3, Dekker
7. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis
Horwood.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organic Photochemistry
Course Number CHM3003
Credits 4
Course Category M.Sc.
Contact Course 4 Lectures per week
Course Assessment Sessional tests (30%)
End Sem examination (70%)
Course Objectives To provide knowledge of basic principles of photochemistry and study of
photochemical reactions of different chromophoric organic compounds
Course Outcomes On successful completion of the course, students will be able to,
1. Learn about different modes of excitation and fate of excited species
2. Learn about the photochemical reactions of different chromophoric organic
compounds like, alkenes, diens, carbonyl and aromatic compounds
3. Obtain knowledge about the few selected photochemical named reactions
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Fundamental Principles of Photochemistry 10
Absorption of light by molecules: direct and indirect excitation, electronically
excited states, types of excitation, and laws of photochemistry. Properties of excited
states: decay of electronically excited states, spin allowed and spin forbidden transitions.
Photophysical processes: radiative (fluorescence, phosphorescence), non-radiative
(state-to-state crossing, vibrational relaxation), combination of radiative and non-
radiative processes, Jablonski diagram. Transfer of excitation energy-
photosensitization and quenching. Excited-state complex formation: excimer and
exciplex. Photoinduced electron transfer: homogeneous and heterogeneous
photoelectron transfer reactions.
Unit –II a. Photochemistry of Alkenes 10
Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond: geometrical isomerism, cyclisation
reactions, rearrangement of 1, 4-and 1, 5-dienes.
b. Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds
Intramolecular reactions of carbonyl compounds: saturated, cyclic and acyclic, β, λ-
Unsaturated and α, β- unsaturated compounds, and Cyclohexadienone.
Intramolecular cycloaddition reactions-dimerisations and oxetane formation.
Unit –III Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds 10
Photoinduced isomerisations of benzene and its alkyl derivatives.
1, 2; 1, 3 and 1, 4-photocycloaddition reactions of benzene. Nucleophilic
photosubstitution reactions in aromatic compounds.
Unit –IV Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions 10
Photo-Fries rearrangement. Barton reaction. Hoffmann-Loeffler-Freytag reaction.
Singlet molecular oxygen reactions. Photo-Bergman cyclisation. Photochemical
Nazarov cyclisation. Photo-Favorskii rearrangement. Bicycle rearrangement.
Photochemical Wolff rearrangement.
TOTAL:
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Books*/ References:
References 1. Fundamental of Photochemistry, K.K.Rohtagi- Mukherji, Wily- Eastern.
2. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry, A.Gilbert and J.Baggott, Blackwell Scientific
Publication.
3. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin.
4. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. CAMP, Mc Graw-Hill,
5. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson.
6. Organic Photochemistry, J. Coxon and b. Halton, Cambridge University Press.
Course Sessional Test: 30
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Instrumental Methods of Analysis
Credits 04
Course Category ESA
Course Objectives Principles, Instrumentation and applications of radio-analytical analytical
techniques - X-ray absorption, X-Ray fluorescence, Neutron activation analysis
and Isotopes dilution method.
The students will have an in-depth knowledge of the topics assigned in this
particular course.
Course Outcomes Able to know the significance of monitoring the radioactive isotopes in
geological, biological and food samples, selection criteria, proper
implementation and extension of these techniques to biochemistry-
radioimmunoassay. How to elucidate reaction mechanisms with tracer
techniques.
After completion of the course, the students will have a sound theoretical
knowledge of the techniques
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I Atomic X-ray Spectrometry
Introduction, Generation of X-rays, X-ray spectra, X-Ray absorption: Fundamental
principle, X-ray absorption edge method, instrumentation, applications,
limitations. X-Ray fluorescence: Principle, electron source and optics, sample and
sample holders, Transducers; Wavelength dispersive, energy dispersive and non-
dispersive X-ray instrument, Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Unit –II Radiochemical Methods:
Nuclear reactions and radiations, interaction of nuclear radiation with matter,
radioactive decay, Detection of radiation: Gas Ionization detectors- ionization
chamber, proportional counter, Geiger- Miller counter, scintillation counter,
semiconductor detectors, pulse height analyzer, counting statistics, background
corrections, coincidence correction, Neutron activation method- Neutron sources,
interaction of neutrons with matter, theory of activation methods, experimental
considerations, applications, Isotopes dilution method: Principle and applications.
Unit –III Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
Importance of sample preparation; Objectives; Principle-partitioning, completeness of
extraction, sample breakthrough; Basic steps-conditioning, retention, washing and
elution; Apparatus-cartridges, pipet tips, disks, membranes, fibers, performance
characteristics; Sorbents and its desirable features; Solvents and its properties of
importance; Introduction to Solid-phase microextraction.
Unit –IV Super Critical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction
Super critical fluids and its properties, Principle, Instrumentation, Stationary and Mobile
phases, Detectors, Operating variables, Comparisons with other types of chromatography,
Applications; Super critical fluid extraction, choice of super critical fluids, Advantages,
Applications.
TOTAL:
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Books*/ References:
References 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th Ed, Ewing, McGraw-Hill, 1985.
2. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed., Bauer, Christian, O'Reilly, Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Ed- Indian Reprint, Skoog, Holler, Nieman, Harcourt
Asia, 2001.
4. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Ed- ISE, Holler, Skoog, Crouch, Thomson Brookd/Cole,
2007.
5. Vogel's Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Ltd, 2000.
6. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., G.D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd, New Delhi,
2004.
7. Exploring Chemical Analysis, 4th Ed, Daniel C. Harris, W. H. Freeman, 2008, ISBN:
9781429201476.
8. Analytical Solid-Phase Extraction, James S. Fritz, Wiley-VCH, 1999.
9. Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Nigel J.K. Simpson, CRC
Press, 2000.
10. Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles and Practice, E. M. Thurman and M. S. Mills, Wiley, 1998.
11. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers,
1986.
12. Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2nd Ed, Jean-michel, Wiley,
2004.

Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Advanced Methods of Chemical Analysis
Credits 04
Course Category
Contact Course
Course Objectives  To focus on (i) principles and applications of nonaquous titration , solvent
extraction and redox titration (ii) general understanding of caplillary
electrophorus and thermal methods of analysis.
To focus on the theory of capillary electrophoresis (CE), its instrumentation
and different modes of its usage and its application for analysis purpose.
 To disseminate the importance of TGA analysis, its instrumentation and
interpretation of the different TG curve
Course Outcomes After successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. Develop non aqueous titration methods for determination of analyte.
2. To apply the concept of metal complex equlibria in developing solvent
extraction methods for separation and determination of metal ions.
3. To develop separation methods based on capillary electrophoresis.
4. To use thermogravimetric methods for studying the characterstics of solid
materials.
5. Students will be able to design an experimental method for analysis of
different electrically charged samples, iso-electric focusing, instrument
components and their working
6. Students will be able to acquire the theoretical concepts on TG analysis,
instrument working, different shapes of TG curve and their interpretation
and applications of TG in different analysis.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Acid - Base Equilibria in Non-Aqueous Media: 16
Acidic and Basic properties of solvents, the autoprotolysis constant, acid base equilibria
in acetic acid, behavior of acid-base indicators, the Hammett acidity function, Ho.
Metal Complex equilibria
General metal complex equilibria, cases where the equilibrium concentration of ligand
is known, cases where the equilibrium concentration of ligand is not known, effect of pH
on metal complex equilibria, quantitative treatment of extraction equilibria, chelate
extraction system and ion-association extraction systems.
Unit –II Redox Equilibria and Titration 16
Electrode potentials, Electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, Effects of concentrations on
potentials, Equilibrium constant of redox reactions, Oxidation–reduction titration,
Calculation of potential before titration, with the addition of titrant and at equilibrium,
Titration curves, End point detection, redox indicator, Redox titration using
potentiometry, Applications, Limitations of electrode potentials.
Unit –III Capillary Electrophoresis: 16
Theory of capillary electrophoresis, instrumentation- capillary tubes, sample
injections, detectors, capillary electrophoresis methods- capillary zone
electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis,
A.M.U., ALIGARH
capillary isoelectric focusing, problems.
Unit –IV Thermal and Calorimetric Methods of Analysis : 16
Thermogravimetric analysis, apparatus, methodology, application; differential thermal
analysis, apparatus, methodology; derivative thermogravimetry, instrumentation,
methodology. Comparative study of TGA and DTA. Interpretation of TGA and DTA
curves of important compounds e.g., calcium oxalate monohydrate, magnesium oxalate
monohydrate. Analysis of silver-copper alloy and dolomite sample by TGA.
Thermometric titrimetry and applications to acid-base and complexometric titrations.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Analysis and Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis, Marina , Rios Valcarcel, eds,Vol. 45 of
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, D. Barceloed. Elsevier, 2005.
2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS
Publishers, New Delhi .
3. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th edn., G.W. Ewig, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
1985.
4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by G.D. Christian and C.N. Reilly.
5. Principle of Instrumentatal Methods of Analysis; D.A. Skoog,. D.M. West and F.J. Holler,
Sounders College Publishing New York, 2001.
6. Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry; Freiser and Fernando.
7. Chemical Analysis, 2nd Ed., H.A. Laitinen and W.E. Harris, McGraw Hill Kogakusha, Ltd.,
1975.
Assessment/
Grading
Total Three
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organotransition Metal Chemistry
Course Category Regular Specialized

Course Objectives To focus on the study of the chemistry, structures and bonding of the
organometallic compounds and their uses in catalysis and NMR spectroscopy.
1. The advanced chemistry of organotransition elements and various effects on
the structural features of the molecules.
2. How the metal can interact with a hydrogen showing the unique metal-
hydrogen interactions.
3. Homogenous catalysis and the organometallic catalysts involved. Also, the
mechanism involved in the catalytic cycle.
4. Fluxional behavior of the molecules and wide application of the NMR in the
structural existence at various temperature using fluxionality.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Compounds of Transition Metal-Carbon Multiple Bonds 16
Alkylidenes, alkylidynes, low valent carbenes and carbynes-synthesis, nature of
bond, structural characteristics, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions on the
ligands, role in organic synthesis.
Transition Metal -complexs with unsaturated organic molecules, alkenes, alkynes,
allyl, diene, dienyl, arene and trienyl complexes, preparations, properties, nature of
bonding and structural features.
Unit –II Transition Metal Hydrides 16
Transition metal compounds with bonds to hydrogen. (Fe and Co)
General consideration, preparations, properties, bonding and structure.
Unit –III Homogeneous Catalysis 16
Stoichiometric reactions for catalysis, homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation,
Zeigler-Natta polymerization of olefines, catalytic reactions involving carbon
monooxide such as hydrocarbonylation of olefins (oxo reaction).
Unit –IV Fluxional Organometallic Compounds 16
2 3-
Fluxional and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as  - olefin,  allyl and enyl
complexes.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Principles and Application of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, J.P. Collman, L.S.
Hegsdus, J.R. Norton and R.G. Finke, University Science Books.
2. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, R.H. Crabtree, John Wiley.
3. Metallo-organic Chemistry, A.J. Pearson, Wiley.
4. Organometallic Chemistry, R.C. Mehrotra and A. Singh, New Age International.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Supramolecular Chemistry & its application
Course Objectives To focus on the study of supramolecular chemistry and its applications in
photochemistry, molecular machines and biosystems.
1. Concepts and basic principles of Supramolecular Chemistry
2. Applications of supramolecular Chemistry ,design of fascinating new
supramolecular motifs for their application in ,catalysis drug design,
sensors etc
3. Crystal engineering of the supramolecular assembly and the molecular
robots and machines.
4. DNA as supramolecular tool for creating new materials using organic
and inorganic insertions
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Concepts and language of Supramolecular chemistry. 16
Molecular recognition, Non-covalent interactions, self assembly, Molecular
receptors for different types of molecules, cationic and anionic substrates.
Transport processes and carrier design. Synthetic strategy for design of
supramolecular assemblies.
Unit –II Supramolecular reactivity and catalysis. 16
Applications of Supramolecular Compounds
Supramolecular devices viz., electronic, ionic and switching devices. Light
conversion devices etc
Unit –III Crystal as a supramolecular entity, crystal engineering, crystal design strategies, 16
synthons in crystal engineering.
Unit –IV DNA as a supramolecular motif .Intermolecular forces. Complimentary H-bonding in 16
nucleic acids. Stacking interactions. Drug design and supramolecules.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Supramolecular Chemistry - Fundamentals and Applications, Advanced Textbook
Ariga, Katsuhiko, Kunitake, Toyoki. Springer.
1. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and perspectives, J.M. Lehn, VCH.
2. Bioinorganic Chemistry, Bertini,Gray, Lippard and Valentine
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organic Synthesis -I

Course Number CHM - 3031
Credits 4
Course Category
Course Objectives The course will equip students with the necessary chemical knowledge
regarding the preparation, properties of organometalic regents and their
application in Organic Synthesis and various named reaction rerengment with
mechanistic approach.
Course Outcomes The students with team role of organometalic regents in organic synthesis and
also students to knowledge in determing reaction mechanism for various
rearrangement named reaction.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I Organometallic Reagents-I. Principle, preparations, properties and applications in
organic synthesis with mechanistic details of organometallic compounds of:
Li, Mg, Hg, Cd, Zn
Unit –II (a) Organometallic Reagents- II. Principle, preparations, properties and applications
in organic synthesis with mechanistic details of organometallic compounds of: -
Cu, Pd, Ni and Rh.
(b) Preparations and properties of organosilicon and trialkylboranes.
Unit –III (a) Oxidation: Introduction. Different oxidative processes. Oxidation of alkenes,
aromatic rings, Saturated C-H groups (activated and inactivated). Alcohols, diols,
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
(b) Reduction: Introduction. Reduction of alkenes, alkynes, aromatic rings, aldehydes,
ketones, and carboxylic acids.
Unit –IV Rearrangements:
General Mechanistic considerations: nature of migration, migratory aptitude, and
memory effects. A detailed study of the following rearrangements: -
Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov, Benzil-Benzilic acid, Favorskii,
Arndt- Eistert synthesis, Neber, Beckmann, Hofman, Curtius, Schmidt, Baeyer-
Villiger.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin.
2. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W.Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press.
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions Mechanisms and Structure, J. March,
JohnWilley.
4. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic &
Professional.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press.
6. Rodds Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, S. Coffey,(2nd Edition) Elsevier.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
7. Organic Synthesis: Special Techniques, V.K. Ahluwalia & Rennu Aggarwal, Narosa
Publishing House. M.SC. SE.
Assessment
End Semester Examination 70
/
Evaluation/ Total 100
Grading
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Heterocyclic Chemistry
Credits 04
Course Category
Course Objectives The syllabus will help students to team the concept of romacleture of
Heterocycles reaction mechanisms in aromatic and non aromatic hetrocyles
and various for synthesis heterocyles containing three, four, five, six and
seven membered rings.
Course Outcomes The students will get knowledge with a focus an understating
fundamental concept in heterocyclic chemistry including nomacllture
importance and detailed description in synthesis and application of different
hetrocylces contain three, four, five, six and seven membered rings.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I (a) Nomenclature of Heterocycles.
Replacement and systematic nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) of
monocyclic, fused and bridged heterocycles.
(b) Aromatic Heterocycles
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural
type), criteria of aromaticity ( bond lengths, ring current and chemical shifts in
1H NMR-spectra, emperical resonance energy, delocalization energy and Dewar
resonance energy). Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic
heterocycles.
(c) Non-aromatic Heterocycles
Bond angle and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring
heterocycles.
Conformation of six-membered heterocycles with reference to molecular
geometry, barrier to ring inversion, pyramidal inversion and 1,3-diaxial
interaction.
Unit –II Small Ring Heterocycles.
(a) Three-membered Heterocycles: Synthesis and reactions of aziridines, oxiranes,
thiiranes.
(b) Four-membered heterocycles: Synthesis and reactions of azetidines, oxetanes
and thietanes.
Unit –III (a) Six-Membered Heterocycles with one Heteroatom
Synthesis and reactions of pyrylium salts and pyrones, and their comparison with
pyridinium salts & pyridones. Synthesis and reactions of benzopyrylium salts,
coumarins and chromones.
(b) Six-Membered Heterocycles with Two or More Heteroatoms.
Synthesis and reactions of diazines, triazines, tetrazines.
Unit –IV (a) Seven- and Large-Membered Heterocycles.
Synthesis and reactions of azepines, oxepines and azocines.
(b) Heterocyclic Systems Containing P, As and Sb.
Heterocyclic rings containing phosporus; introduction, nomenclature, synthesis
A.M.U., ALIGARH
and characteristics of 5- and 6-memebered ring systems- phospholes and
phophorines.
Heterocyclic rings containing As and Sb: introduction, synthesis, reactivity and
characteristics of 5- and 6- memebered ring systems-arsoles, stiboles, arsenines
and antimonenes..
TOTAL:
Books*/ 1. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag.
References 2. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
4. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scientific Technical
5. Contemprary Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter Science.
6. An Introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson. John Wiley.
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katrizky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon Press.

Assessment/
End Semester Examination 70
Evaluation/
Grading Policy Total 100
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Chemical Dynamics & surfactants
Course Category Main
Course Assessment Sessional Exam ( Home Assignment) (30%)
Course Objectives To deal with the kinetics of polymerization reactions and chemistry of
surfactants, their properties and the effect of additives on the micellar growth.
Rates of polymerization reactions, Factors affecting the rates of
polymerization, Surfactants nature, their classification, Microemulsions and
their applications, Various techniques to study of surfactants solution.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Heterogeneous Reactions 8
Gas-solid adsorption, adsorption with dissociaiton, competitive adsorpton, non-ideal
adsorption, statistical mechanics of adsorption, rates of adsorption and desorption,
kinetics of unimolecular and bimolecular reactions at gas-solid interfaces, exchange
reaction; application of transition - state theory to uni- and bimolecular surface
reactions including chemisorption and desorption.
Unit –II Kinetics of Polymerization 8
Reactions of functional groups, kinetics of step polymerization, kinetics of reversible
reactions, open and closed systems, molecular weight control, stoichiometric and
quantitative aspects; molecular weight distribution in linear and non-linear
polymerization.
Unit –III Surfactants and their solution properties 8
Normal, reverse and mixed micelles, micellization in non-aqueous media, effect of
solvent, micellar solubilization, Micellar growth- various micellar morphologies,
surfactant packing parameter, factors affecting micellar growth (nature and concentrtion
of surfactant, temperature, additives, etc.), implication of micellar growth.
Unit –IV (A)Microemulsion 8
Phase behaviour, percolation, Winsor nomenclature for microemulsion systems, phase
inversion temperature (PIT), applications to diverse fields.
(B)Methods for studying micellar/microemulsion systems
Conductivity, surface tension, viscosity, light scattering and small-angle neutron
scattering.
TOTAL: 32
Books*/ References:
References 1. Chemical Kinetics (Harper International Edition, 1987), Keith J. Laidler.
2. Kinetics and Mechanism (John Wiley), A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson.
3. Principles of Polymerization (John Wiley, 1981), George Odian.
4. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomenon, M. J. Rosen, Wiley, New York, 1978.
5. Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, J. H. Fendler and E. J. Fendler, Academic
Press, New York, 1975.
6. Cationic Surfactants, E. Jungermann, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970.
7. Microemulsion Systems, H.L. Rosano and M. Clausse, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
8. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, J.N. Israelachvili, Academic Press, New York, 1991 (2 nd
edn.).
9. Surfactant Solutions: New Methods of Investigation, R. Zana, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Solid State Chemistry

Credits 04
Course Objectives To introduce concepts in solid state chemistry.
Course Outcomes 1. After completion of the unit students will able to learn about different
processors and characterization techniques of solid solution.
2. After completion of the unit, students will able to identify and determine
different types of defects in solids. They can relate properties of solid with
defects.
3. After completion of the unit, students will able to manipulate the synthesis
method of solids to get desire properties.
4. After completion of the unit student will have basic knowledge on
conductivity in solids and their importance.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Solid state reactions: experimental procedures, factors influencing solid state
reactions. Characterization of solids: Physical techniques diffraction methods; X-rays
diffraction, electron diffraction and neutron diffraction; microscopic techniques; SEM
and TEM.
Unit –II Crystals defects and non stoichiometry: perfect and imperfect crystals,
thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel defects, colour centres. extended defects;
stacking faults, grain boundaries and dislocations.
Unit –III Solid solutions: substitutional and interstitial solid solutions, requirement for solid
solution formation, experimental methods for studying solid solutions, Phase
transitions, Buerger’s and thermodynamic classifications of phase transitions.
Unit –IV Conductivity in solids: structure and conduction mechanism in ionic conductors and
superionic conductors, band theory of metals, band structure of semiconductors, n-
type and p-type semiconductivity.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications: A.R. West John Wiley & Sons.
2. Solids: Azaroff.
3. Solid State Electrochemistry Edited by P.J. Gellings. H.J.M. Bouwmeester.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Revised syllabi of M.Sc. 4th Semester (Chemistry) w.e.f. 2019–2020
Course Title Analytical Techniques
Credits 04
Course Category
Contact Course
Course Objectives The students will have an in-depth knowledge of the topics assigned in this
particular course.
To focus on the theoretical and philosophical views on the determination of
particle size, different kind of theories and instruments involved in this
determination, their components and working.
Importance of flow injection analysis in the field of medical diagnosis,
different instruments, its components, working and its application.
Course Outcomes 1. After completion of the course, the students will have a sound theoretical
knowledge of the techniques studied in this course which can further help
them in experimental works.
2. After successful completion of the course students will be able to apply
different theories on the data received from instrumental analysis for the
determination of particle size of a sample. Working of the instrument, and
practical application of Stoke’s law in the determination of particle size.
Importance of particle size in pharmaceutical industry and other fields of
chemical manufacturing.
3. Student will able to handle the FIA instrument for medical diagnosis. Will
be able to develop method of analysis for different analyte.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Electron Spectroscopy 16
Definition of a solid surface, Types of surface measurements; X-Ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA): Introduction, principle, chemical shifts as a function of
oxidation states, instrumentation, applications; Auger electron spectroscopy: principle,
instrumentation- radiation source, energy analyzer, detector, auxiliary system;
applications- quantitative analysis.
Unit –II Electron Microscopy 16
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): basics, instrumentation, applications.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Introduction, Basic theory, Eelectron gun,
Electromagnetic lenses, Imaging, Operating parameters- magnification, resolution,
depth of field; Sample preparation, Specimen orientation and manipulation;
Applications; Selected Area Electron Diffraction.
Unit –III Particle Size Determination 16
Introduction to Particle Size Analysis, Selection criteria for choosing appropriate
analytical techniques,; Low Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS): Instrumentation,
Theoretical models, Particle size distribution analysis, Applications; Dynamic Light
Scattering (DLS): Principles, Instrumentation - sample cell & its handling,
photodetector, Photosedimentation: Setting velocity & particle size, The Stokes
equations, Instrumentation, Applications.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Unit –IV Automated Methods of Analysis 16
Principles of automation, Advantages and disadvantages of automatic analysis, Unit
operations in chemical analysis, Process control, Types of automatic analytical systems;
Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)- principles, instrumentation- sample and reagent
transport system, sample injectors and detectors; Sequential injection analysis;
Applications.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed., Bauer, Christian, O'Reilly, Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers, 1986.
3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Ed- Indian Reprint, Skoog, Holler, Nieman, Harcourt Asia,
2001.
4. Instrumental Analysis, 1/e, Skoog, Holler, Crouch, Brooks Cole- Cenage Learning, 2003.
5. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Williams and Carter, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1996.
6. Nature and Science, 4(3), 2006, Ma, et al, Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscopy.
7. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Ed- ISE, Holler, Skoog, Crouch, Thomson Brookd/Cole, 2007.
8. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., G.D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.
9. Modern Analytical Chemistry, David Harvey, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000.
10. Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2 nd Ed, Jean-michel, Wiley, 2004.

Assessment/
Grading
Total Three
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Structural Elucidation of Organic Systems by Spectroscopic Methods
Course Number CHM4002
Credits 4
Contact Course 4 Lectures per week
Course Objectives To impart the knowledge of UV, IR, NMR (1H, 13 C) spectroscopy and Mass
specrometry and their application for identification unknown organic compunds
Course Outcomes 1. The students will acquire knowledge of:
2. IR spectrum of organic compounds containing different functional groups
3. Calculation of λmax for polyenes and α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
4. NMR spectral analysis of different organic compounds with emphasis on
chemical shift, spin spin coupling and coupling constant
5. 3. Solve structural problems based on UV-Vis, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass
spectral data.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I A Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy 10
Various electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Beer-Lambert law, effect of solvent on
electronic transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbonyl compounds, unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, dienes, cojugated polyenes. Fieser-Woodward rules for
conjugated dienes and carbonyl compounds, ultraviolet spectra of aromatic and
hetercyclic compounds. Steric effect in biphenyls.
B Infrared Spectroscopy
Instrumentation and sample handling. Characteristic vibrational frequencies of
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers, phenols and amies.
Detailed study of vibrational frequencies of carbonyl compounds (ketones,
aldehydes, esters, amides, acid anhydrides, lactones, lactams and conjugated
carbonyl compounds). Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect on vibrational
frequencies, overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance. FT IR. IR of
gaseous, solids and polymeric materials.
Unit –II Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 10
General introduction and definition, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding
mechanism, chemical shift values and correlation for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic,
olefinic, aldehydic and aromatic) and other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols, carboxylic
acids, amines, amides & mercapto), chemcial exchange, effect of deuteration, complex
spin-spin interaction between two, three four and five nuclei (first order spectra), virtual
coupling. Stereochemsitry, hindered rotation, Karplus curve-variation of coupling
constant with dihedral angle. Simplification of complex spectranuclear magnetic double
resonance, contact shift regents, solvent effects. Fourier transform technique, nuclear
Overhauser effect (NOE). Resonance of other nuclei-F, P.
Unit –III A Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy 10
General considerations, chemical shift (aliphatic, olefinic, alkyne, aromatic,
heteroaromatic and carbonyl carbon), coupling constants.
Two dimension NMR spectroscopy - COSY, NOESY, DEPT, INEPT, APT and
INADEQUATE techniques.
B Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD)
Definition, deduction of absolute configuration, octant rule for ketones.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Unit –IV Mass Spectrometry 10
Introduction, ion production - El, Cl, FD and FAB, factors affecting fragmentation, ion
analysis, ion abundance. Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds, common
functional groups, molecular ion peak, metastable peak, McLafferty rearrangement.
Nitrogen rule High resolution mass spectrometry. Examples of mass spectral
fragmantation of organic compounds with respect to their structure determination.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Practical NMR Spctroscopy, M.L. Martin, J.J. Delpeuch and G.J. Martin, Heyden.
2. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C.
Morrill, John Wiley.
3. Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy, R.J. Abraham, J. Fisher and P. Loftus, Wiley.
4. Application of Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, J.R. Dyer, Prentice Hall.
5. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D.H. Williams, I. Fleming, Tata McGraw-Hill.
Course Sessional Test: 30
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Photo inorganic Chemistry & Reaction Mechanism of Coordination compounds
Credits 4
Course Category
Contact Course
Type of Course
Course Objectives This course focused mainly on photochemistry of inorganic coordination compounds
and various theories associated with Acid-Base.
Course Outcomes After successful completion of this course students will be able to:
1. Understand the basics of Photochemistry.
2. Properties of Excited States and reaction kinetics of important photochemical
reactions.
3. Various types of photochemical process with special reference to Cr(III) and Co(III)
complexes
4. Theories of Acid-Base with suitable examples.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Basics of Photochemistry
Absorption, excitation, photochemical laws, quantum yield, electronically excited
states, Flash photolysis, Energy dissipation by radiative and non-radiative processes,
absorption spectra, Franck-Condon Principle, photochemical stages-primary and
secondary processes.
Unit –II Properties of Excited States and Excited States of Metal Complexes
Electronically Excited States of Metal Complexes, Chanrge Transfer Spectra,
Photochemical rate law, Kinetics of some important photochemical reactions, Energy
Transfer in Photochemical Reactions, Photosensitization and Quenching.
Unit –III Ligand Field Photochemistry
Photosubstitution, Photooxidation and Photoreduction. Mechanism of
Photosubstitution and photoreduction reactions of Co(III) complexes and
photosubstitution reaction of Cr(III) complexes, Examples, Adamson’s rule.
Unit –IV Binding Strength and Reaction Rates: Acids, Bases, Various Theories specific acid
catalysis specific Base Catalysis. General Acid Catalysis, Bronsted Equation. General
influence of Solvents on reaction rates. Identification and isolation of intermediates,
kinetic isotopic effects.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Inorganic Reaction Mechanism F. Basolo & R.G. Pearson
2. Inorganic Reaction Mechanism J.O. Edwards.
3. Photochemistry – Rohtagi Mukherjea.
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Theoretical aspects of bonding in Transition Metal Complexes
Course Objectives To focus on the study of the metal ions in various crystal fields and thermodynamic
aspects of crystal fields. Electronic spectra of metal ions in weak and strong field
ligand systems and to study the metal ligand interactions through various theories
including symmetry.
1. General understanding of the effects of a cubic crystal field on S,P,D,F, G H and I
terms.
2. How to determine term energy level correlation diagram of various electronic
metal systems.
3. Electronic spectral studies of complex ions in weak and strong fields along with
charge transfer transitions.
4. Postulates and applications of molecular orbital theory (MOT) considering the
symmetry of the orbitals.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Atomic spectroscopy 16
The free ion. Free ion terms, terms wave functions, spin-orbit coupling.
Free Ions in Weak Crystal Fields
The effects of a cubic crystal field on S,P,D,F, G H and I terms. Thermodynamic
aspects of crystal field: Crystal field stabilization energies (c.f.s.e.), Lattice energies
and c.f.s.e. Heats of ligation and c.f.s.e., chemical stability and c.f.s.e.
Unit –II Free ion in medium and strong crystal fields 16
Strong field configurations, transitions from weak to strong crystal fields, term
energy level diagramscorrelation diagram of d1, d9 and stereochemistry; d2 (Oh),
d8(Td), d3(Oh), d4(Td), d6(Oh) and d5(Oh) and Td).
Unit –III Electronic spectra of Complex Ions 16

Selection rules, spectra in solids, spectra of aquous solutions of M(H2O)m+, the
spectra of individual ions e.g. d1 (Ti3+). d9(Cu2+), d8(Ni2+), d3 (Cr3+), d7(Co2+) d6(Fe2+)
and d5(Mn2+, Fe3+). Spectra of spin free and spin paired [ML6]n+, spectra of distorted
Octahedral Complexes. The spectrochemical and naphelauixetic series, Charge
Transfer Spectra.
Unit –IV Molecular orbital Theory 16
Qualitatvie principles, MO as applied to linear molecules, tetrahedral and octahedral
complexes. The MO of sigma bonded compounds, the effect of double-bonding.
Quantitative calculations according to simple semi-emperical method.
TOTAL: 64
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Books*/ References:
References 1. Introduction to Ligand Field by B.N. Figgis, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Introduction to Ligand Field Theory by C.J. Ballhausen, McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Inorganic Electronics spectroscopy by A.B.P. Lever, II Edition Elsevier, Amstadam, 1984.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Organic Synthesis II

Credits 4

Course Objectives  To impart knowledge of some important organic reagent.
 To develop the synthesis & utility of reagents & designing of organic
molecules.
Course Outcomes After completion of the course the students shall be able to understand:
 The advance synthetic application of organic reagents.
 The basic concepts of retrosynthesis & their utility to synthesized small
molecules.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I (a) Reagents in Organic Synthesis II
Use of the following reagents in organic synthesis and functional group
transformations: complex metal hydrides, Gilman’s reagent (Lithium dimethyl
cuprate), lithium di-isopropyl amide (LDSA), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) and
selenium dioxide (SeO2).
(b) Protection of the following groups
Principles of protection of carbon-carbon double bonds, alcohol, amine, carbonyl and
carboxyl groups.
Unit –II Disconnection approach to syntheses of organic molecules
An introduction to synthons and synthetic equivalents, conversion and interconversions of
functional groups, selective reactions (Chemo-, regio- and stereoselective), formation of
C-C, C-O and C-N bonds.
Unit –III (a) One Group C-C Disconnection
Alcohols and carbonyl compounds, consideration of regioselectivity. Alkene synthesis
and uses of acetylenes in organic synthesis.
(b) Two Group C-C Disconnection:
Diels Alder reaction, 1,3-difunctionalised compounds, , -unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, 1,5-difunctionalised compounds. Michael addition
and Robinson annulation.
Unit –IV Application of the above for designing the synthesis of: -
N-2-chloroethyl piperidine, cyclohexylpropanol, 3,4-diphenyl-3-hydroxy-butane-2-one,
cyclohexane-1, 3-dione, carboxymethylcyclohexanone, α,β-unsaturated ketone,
nitrocinnamaldehyde, citral, α-terpenol, multistrialein.
TOTAL:
Books*/ 1. Designing Organic Synthesis, S. Warren, Wiley.
References 2. Organic Synthesis-Concept, Methods and Starting Materials, J. Fuhrhop and G. Penzillin,
Veriage VCH.
3. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis. W. Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press.
4. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.P. House, W.A. Benjamin.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, J. March, Wiley.
6. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic & Professional.
7. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Chemistry of Natural Product

Course Number CHM - 4022
Credits 4
Course Category
Course Objectives To get the knowledge of natural products, their isolation and their
significance.
Course Outcomes After completion of the course the students will be able to understand
 The basic knowledge of various classes of natural products such as
terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids.
 The procedure of isolation of natural products and their purification
 The structure elucidation of natural products with the help of chemical
and physical methods
 The students gets the knowledge of spectral methods (IR, UV, 1HNMR,
13CNMR, MS etc) applied for structure elucidation of natural products.
 The idea of biosynthesis of natural products

No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectures
Unit –I Alkaloids 1
Definition, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure
elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Role of
alkaloids in plants and their physiological action.
Structure, stereochemistry, synthesis and biosynthesis of the following :
Ephedrine, (+)- Coniine, Quinine and Morphine.
Unit –II Steroids. 1

Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel's hydrocarbon and stereochemistry.
Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of Cholesterol, Bile acids,
Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Cortisone.
Biosynthesis of steroids.
Unit –III Terpenoids: Isolation and general methods of structure elucidation of terpenoids. 1
Structure determination and synthesis of Geraniol, -Pinene, Camphor, Menthol,
Zingiberene and Phytol. Biosynthesis of terpenoids.
Unit –IV Flavonoids: Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure 1
determination. Isolation and synthesis of Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, Myrcetin,
Vitexin, Diadzein, Cyanidin, Hirsutidin. Biosynthesis of flavonoids: Acetate pathway
and Shikimic acid pathway.
TOTAL: 4
Books*/ References:
References [1] Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J. Mann, R.S. Davidson,
J.B. Hobbs, D.V. Banthope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
[2] Organic Chemistry, Vol, I.L. Finar ELBS.
[3] Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, jM. Norgradi, VCH.
[4] Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from
the Americas, Ed. Kurt Hostettmann, M.P. Gupta and A. Marston, Harwood
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Academic Publishers.
[5] Introduction to Flavonoids, B.A. Bohm, Harwood Academic Publishers.
[6] New Trends in Natural Product Chemistry, Atta-ur-Rahman and M.I.
Choudhary, Harwood Academic Publishers.
[7] Insecticides of Natural Origin, Sukh Dev, Harwood Academic Publishers.
Assessment/
Grading
Total 100
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Electrochemistry

Course Objectives To study the Interfacial potential difference, Selective Electrodes, Non Faradaic
Processes, Kinetics of Electrode Reactions, Microelectrode Techniques.
Liquid junction potentials their calculations, Function of Glass electrode,
different models of double layer structure, Kinetics of electrode reactions,
applications of Current-Potential characteristics, Modes of mass transfer.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Interfacial Potential Difference: 8
Electrochemical potentials. Liquid junction potentials: Potential differences at
electrolyte – electrolyte boundary, types of liquid junctions, transference numbers and
mobility, calculation of liquid junction potentials.
Selective electrodes: selective interfaces, glass electrodes, other ion-selective
membranes, gas sensing electrodes, enzyme-coupled devices.
Unit –II Non-Faradaic Processes and Nature of Electrode/Solution Interface 8
Ideal polarized electrode, capacitance and charge of an electrode, thermodynamics of
electrical double-layer, surface excess, experimental evaluation of surface excesses and
electrical parameters, Models for double-layer structure: Helmholtz, Gouy-Chapman,
Stern and BDM models, specific adsorption.
Unit –III (A) Kinetics of Electrode Reactions 8
Elementary treatment of principles of electrode kinetics, factors affecting electrode
reaction rate, model based on free-energy curves, kinetic model based on
electrochemical potentials, implications of the current-potential characteristics.
(B) Mass Transfer
Modes of mass transfer: migration, diffusion and convection, semi-empirical treatment
of steady-state and non-steady-state mass-transfer, mathematical treatment of mass
transfer by migration and diffusion.
Unit –IV (A) Contolled Potential Microelectrode Techniques: 8
Potential Step Methods: Types of techniques, potential step under diffusion control,
limiting currents at d.m.e., sampled current voltammetry for reversible electrode
reaction.
(B) Potential Sweep Methods: Introduction, reversible systems, Reversal Techniques:
Nernstian systems.
TOTAL: 32
Books*/ References:
References 1. Electrochemistry for Chemists, D. T. Sawyer, A. Sobkowiak and J. L. Roberts, Jr., 2nd ed., John
Wiley, 1995.
2. Electrochemical Methods, A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, John Wiley, 1980.
3. Ion Selective Electrodes, J. Koryta and K. Stulik, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Assessment/ End Semester Examination 70
Evaluation/ Total 100
Grading
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Statistical Thermodynamics
Credits 04
Course Category Elective course
Contact Course
Course Objectives Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of chemical systems applying
statistical principles.
Course Outcomes After competition of the course the students are expected to learn.
1. Distribution of particular in the most probable distribution.
2. Evaluation of chemical equilibrium.
3. Part functions and thermodynamic properties in terms of partition
function.
4. Ensembles concept.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Systems of Independent Particles
Concept of a distribution, number of wave functions for a distribution: for Fermi-Dirac and
Bose Einstein cases, Distinguishable particles, corrected Boltzons, fundamental distribution
law, parameters  and , perfect gas and , statistical expression for heat change, heat change
statistical mechanical entropy, thermodynamic functions for a system of corrected boltzons,
comments on the Boltzmann distribution and corrected Boltzmann statistics, Fermi-Dirac and
Bose-Einstein statistics, conditions for the applicability of Boltzmann statistics.
Unit –II (A) Statistical Mechanics and Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant in terms of partition functions, change in the zero of energy,
partition functions for translational and internal degrees of freedom, free energy and
q/N for different standard states.
(B) Distribution laws, Partition Functions and Thermodynamic Functions for Atoms and
Diatomic molecules
Distribution law and thermodynamic functions for separable degrees of freedom,
electronic partition function of atoms, rigid rotor, vibrational energy levels, rotational
and vibrational partition function and their thermodynamic functions, electronic states
and partition function.
(C) Nuclear Spin Statistics & Isotope Effects
Ortho and para hydrogen and its equilibrium mixtures, other examples of nuclear spin
statistics, isotopes and symmetry numbers, isotope effects for diatomic molecules.
Unit –III Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensembles

Canonical ensemble and ensemble average, perfect gas in canonical ensemble, entropy and
free energy, grand canonical ensemble, entropy and other thermodynamic functions in grand
canonical ensemble.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Unit –IV (A) Fluctuations
Mean of the distribution and the mean-square deviation, fluctuation in energy in a
canonical ensemble, density fluctuations in grand ensemble: one component systems,
energy fluctuations in grand ensemble.
(B) Real Gases
Virial Expansions, configuration Integral and the canonical partition function, the second
virial coefficient.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Norman Davidson, Statistical Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
2. R.P.H. Gasser and W.G. Richards, Introduction of Statistical Thermodynamics, World
Scientific, Singapore (1995).
3. T.L. Hill, An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics, Dover, New York (1986).
4. A. Ben-Naim, Statistical Thermodynamics for Chemists and Biologists, Plenum, New York
(1992).

Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Ion–Exchange & Polymers
Credits 04
Course Objectives To focus on (i) Principle of ion-exchange process and to study the ion exchange
aquilibria and kinetics of ion exchange. General concept for synthesis and
characterization of polymers is also included.
After completion of the course, the students will have a sound theoretical
knowledge regarding polymers.
Course Outcomes After successful completion of course students will be able to:
1. Understand the concept of ion exchange chromatography and their
applications in separation of compounds of interest.
2. To develop synthetic procedures for polymers
3. To make us of various technique for characterization of polymers.
4. After completion of the course, the students will have a sound theoretical
knowledge regarding polymers polymerization processes and their
characterization methods.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I (a). Basic Principles and Capacity Determination
Definition and units, classification, preparation and basic properties of ion exchange
resin. weight capacity, sorption and overall sorption capacity, volume capacity,
concentration of fixed charges, apparent capacity, pH- titration, determination of pK
values problems.
(b).Ion-Exchange Equilibria
Theoretical approaches and models, swelling: swelling-principles and general rules,
water of hydration and free water, sorption of solutes, Donnan potential, ion exchange
equilibria, ligand exchange, reactions with materials of low solubility.
Unit –II Ion Exchange Kinetics
Mechanism of ion exchange, rate determining step, rate laws of ion exchange, isotopic
exchange, particle diffusion control, film diffusion control, ion exchange, ideal limiting laws,
experimental distinction between particle and film diffusion controlled exchange,
theoretical prediction of the rate controlling process problems.
Unit –III Polymers, Polymerization Reactions and Kinetics
Importance of polymers; Basic concepts: monomers, repeat units, degree of
polymerization; Classification of polymers: skeletal structures, monomer arrangements,
properties and polymerization mechanism; Polymerization reactions: linear step
polymerization, Carothers theory, statistical theory, non- linear step polymerization, Chain
polymerization- free radical, cationic, anionic and coordination; Kinetics of chain
polymerization.
Unit –IV Polymer Characterization, Structure and Properties
Polydispersion and average molecular weight concept: Number, weight & viscosity average
molecular weights; Measurement of molecular weights: End-group, membrane osmometry
light scattering and viscometry; Polymer cystaliization, morphology and chain tacticity;
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Melting (Tm) and glass transition(Tg) temperature, efects of molecular weight, dilutents,
chemical structure, branching and cross linking, relationship between Tm and Tg; Thermal
analysis and visco-elastic properties.
TOTAL:
Books*/ References:
References 1. Ion Exchange, F. Helfferich, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York 1962.
2. Inorganic Ion Exchangers, C.B. Amphlett, Elsevier Publ. Co. New York (1964).
3. Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials, A. Clearfield, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton (1982).
4. Zeolite, A. Dyer.
5. Textbook of Polymer Science, F.W. Billmeyer Jr., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
6. Introduction to Polymers, R.J. Young and P.A. Lovel, Chapman & Hall, London.
7. Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, R.B.Seymour & C.E. Carraher, Jr., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
8. Principles of Polymerization, G. Odian, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
9. Polymer Science and Technology, Joel Fried, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN : 0130181684.
10. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Malcolm P. Stevens, Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0195124448.
11. Fundamentals of Polymer Science, Paul C. Painter, Michael M. Coleman, CRC; 2 ed, ISBN: 1566765595
Assessment/
Grading
Total
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Electroanalytical Methods
Credits 04
Course Category ESA
Course Objectives To focus on the theoretical and practical aspects of electrolysis. Disseminate
knowledge on different kind of electrolytic phenomenon. To explain the tests
/ reaction which involves the coulometric and ampere-metric measurements.
Different kinds of electrodes used in electrolysis.
Principles, Instrumentation and applications of electroanalytical analytical
methods- electrolysis, coulometry, voltammetry, potentiometry and conductometry.
Course Outcomes After successful completion of the course students will be able:
1. To design different kind of electrochemical cells. How the electroplating is
carried out, and how different kind of electrolytic separation method can
be used more efficiently.
2. To determine the measurement of charge and current is helpful in the
quantitative determination of various analyte.
3. How to use these techniques for separation, preconcentration,
identification, speciation and determination of different analyte;
fundamental studies of oxidation/reduction process, kinetics, adsorption
on surfaces. Electrode manipulations for different targets.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lecture
Unit –I Electrolytic Separation 16
Fundamentals, electrochemical cells (galvanic, electrolytic), electrode potentials
(theoretical, actual), current (residual, limiting, capacitive), over potential,
electrogravimetry, constant current electrolysis, separation with controlled electrode
potential, constant voltage electrolysis, mercury cathode, internal electrolysis,
electrography.
Unit –II Coulometric Methods 16
Fundamentals, current efficiency, measurement of charge transfer, coulometers (silver,
copper and gas), controlled potential coulometry, constant current coulometry,
potential buffers, coulometric titrations.
Amperometric titrations
Fundamentals, amperometric titration curves, amperometric titrations with one
indicator electrode (precipitation, neutralization, complexation and oxidation-
reduction reactions, successive titrations), amperometric titrations with two indicator
electrodes, biamperometric titrations, comparison with other titrimetric methods.
Unit –III Voltammetry and Polarography 16
General principles, excitation signals, instrumentation, voltammogram; Polarography-
the dropping mercury electrode (DME) and potential range, limiting current, diffusion
current & Ilkovic equation, factors affecting the diffusion current, dependence of 'm'
upon mercury height, effect of temperature, residual current, interferring electrode
A.M.U., ALIGARH
reactions, polarographic maxima, linear scan polarography, normal and differential-
pulse polarography, square-wave polarography; Cyclic voltammetry; Stripping
voltammetry.
Unit –IV Potentiometry 16
General principles, liquid-junction potential, reference electrodes, pH meter, direct
potentiometric measurements, potentiometric pH measurements with glass electrode
and combination pH electrode, potentiometric titration.
Conductometry
Basic principles, instrumentation, conductance cells, conductometric titrations- acids of
different pk values at various concentrations by strong and weak base, modifications
a
for titration of weak acid, mixture of a strong and weak acid.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Introduction to chemical Analysis, R. D.Braun, Mc. Graw-Hill, International Book Co.,
1983
2. Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Kolthoff, sandell Meehan and Bruckestein; Mcmillan Co.,
London, 1969
3. Instrumental methods of chemical Analysis, G.W. Wing, McGraw-Hill (London), 1975.
4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th edn. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, Jr. and J.A. Dean and
F.A. Settle, Jr. Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Instrumental Analysis, G. D. Christian, (Second Edition) James E. Reilly, Allyn and Bcon,
Inc., Bostan London.
6. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Saunders
College Publishing, New York, 1988.
7. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog Holler, Neiman (2001). V. Edn.
Assessment/
Grading
Total Three
Policy
A.M.U., ALIGARH
Course Title Chemistry in Daily Life

Credits 04
Course Category Open Elective
Course Assessment Home assignment – 10%
Sessional test – 20%
End term exams – 70%
Course Objectives Physical: To learn the advantages of Solid State Battery technology and potent
effects on Energy conservation. Also to learn about the applications of Solid State
Ionic materials to batteries.
Inorganic: To focus on the study of separation techniques polymers and
different types of batteries.
Analytical: To disseminate the importance of chromatography in the separation
of analyte components
Organic: To focus on general concept of polymers with potential application of
polymers and rubbers along with the synthesis and importance of drugs.
Course Outcomes Physical: A detailed knowledge of the properties of the different components of
Solid State batteries which is essential to the development of a physically based
model capable of accurately predicting delivered capacity and end-of-life
behavior for various battery designs.
Inorganic:
Through this course, students will learn:
1. Various chromatographic techniques
2. Minerals and ores and their properties.
3. Polymers and their synthesis and applications.
Solid state batteries and their properties and applications.
Analytical: To handle the different method of analysis, classical and
instrumental.
Organic: After successful completion of the course student will be able to going
the knowledge of polymerization to obtain different types of polymers and
rubbers and apply the historical back ground of pharmaceuticals sciences ad
design the synthesis of drugs.
No. of
SYLLABUS
Lectur
Unit –I Chromatography: 16
Introduction, general description of chromatography, classification of chromatographic
methods, Ion exchange: principles and applications, paper chromatography, thin layer
chromatography, column chromatography (liquid-liquid), size-exclusion, gas
chromatography, applications.
Unit –II Occurrence of mineral and ores of Fe, Cu, Zn and Al. Roasting, Calcination and Froth 16
flotation method of concentration of ores. Extraction of Fe and Al metal. Hydrogen
peroxide preparation, manufacture, physic-chemical properties and applications. Zeolite
- its application in daily life. Electron deficient compounds involving 3C – 2e― bonding in
B2H6 and (BeH2)x .
Unit –III (a) Polymers: Monomers, Polymers and Polymerisation. Classifications based on 16
source, structure of polymer, mode of polymerisation, molecular forces.
Types of polymer reactions; addition and condensation polymerisation and
copolymerisation, preparation of polythene, teflon, nylon 6,6, polyester,
natural and synthetic rubber; vulcanisation of rubber.
A.M.U., ALIGARH
(b) Drugs: Classificant of Drugs. Therapeutic action of different classes of Drugs
(Antacids, antihistamines, Tranquilizers Analgesics, Antimicrobial,
antiseptic/ disinfectants. Some important drugs from each class.
Unit –IV Solid state Batteries; Sodium Sulfur Batteries, Lithium iron Sulfide Batteries, 16
Sodium Chloride Batteries and Lithium chloride Batteries, Advantages of Solid
State Battery Technology.
TOTAL: 64
Books*/ References:
References 1. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day & A.L. Underwood, Pearson.
2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, P.K. Dasgupta & K.A. Schug, Wily, 2013.
3. Principle of Inorganic Chemistry, Puri and Sharma.
4. Polymer Chemistry, Billmayer.
5. Polymer Chemistry, Gowarikar.
6. Solid State Chemistry and its Application by Anthony R. West.
Course Assessment/ Sessional Total: 30
Evaluation/ Grading End Semester Examination 70
Policy Total 100

Department of Chemistry A.M.U., Aligarh: Analytical Chemistry - I CHM 1001

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Course Title Analytical Chemistry – I

Course Number CHM 1001

Course Number CHM 1002

Course Title Organic Chemistry-I

Course Category Core Course

Course Number CHM 1004

Course Number CHM 1011

Unit –III Photophysical Kinetics of Bimolecular Processes.

Course Title Name Reactions & Molecular Rearrangement

Course Sessional Total: 30

Course Number CHM 2001

Course Number CHM 2002

Course Title Organic Chemistry-II

Course Category Core Course

Course Number CHM 2004

Course Outcomes After completion of this course the student will

Course Number CHM 2011

Unit –III Atomic Force Microscopy

Course Number CHM-2019

Course Number CHM 2014

Unit –IV Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules: the Born-Oppenheimer 8

Course Title Bio-Inorganic & Bio-Physical Chemistry

Course Number CHM 3001

Course Outcomes After completion of this course

Course Title Applications of Spectroscopy to Inorganic System

Course Number CHM 3002

Course Title Organic Photochemistry

Course Number CHM3003

Course Title Instrumental Methods of Analysis

Course Number CHM 3011

Course Sessional Total:

Course Title Advanced Methods of Chemical Analysis

Course Number CHM 3012

Course Title Organotransition Metal Chemistry

Course Number CHM 3021

Course Category Regular Specialized

Contact Course 3-1-0 (Lectures-Tutorials-Presentation)

Course Title Supramolecular Chemistry & its application

Course Number CHM 3022

Course Title Organic Synthesis -I

Course Title Heterocyclic Chemistry

Course Number CHM 3032

Course Sessional Total: 30

Course Title Chemical Dynamics & surfactants

Course Number CHM 3041

Course Title Solid State Chemistry

Course Title Analytical Techniques

Course Number CHM 4001

Course Sessional Total: Two

Course Title Structural Elucidation of Organic Systems by Spectroscopic Methods

Course Number CHM4002

Course Number CHM 4011

Course Title Theoretical aspects of bonding in Transition Metal Complexes

Course Number CHM 4012

Unit –III Electronic spectra of Complex Ions 16

Course Title Organic Synthesis II

Course Category M.Sc.

Course Title Chemistry of Natural Product

 The idea of biosynthesis of natural products

Unit –II Steroids. 1

Course Title Electrochemistry